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Intercultural Communication Speech Act Style Context1

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Intercultural Communication 1.

Intrapersonal – This refers to communication that centers on one person where the
Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. .
meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999). 2. Interpersonal – This refers to communication between and among people and establishes
Intercultural communication pertains to communication among people from different personal relationship between and among them.
nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003). Types of Interpersonal Communication
Intercultural communication as communication that is influenced by different ethnicities, Dyad Communication – communication that occurs between two people
religions, and sexual orientations. Small Group – This refers to communication that involves at least three but not
Intercultural communication is the sending and receiving of messages across languages and more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal.
cultures. 3. Public – This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
Intercultural communication can flow smoothly and become very interesting for a cross- message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or
cultural group. However, things may not go as planned when communication is disrupted by persuasive purposes
cultural collisions. 4. Mass Communication – This refers to communication that takes place through television,
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a structure that explores Types of Speech Style
how people experience cultural differences. According to Bennett and Bennett (2004), it has 1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or
six stages. These are the following: individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
Stage 1: Denial. The individual does not recognize cultural differences. 2. Casual – This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular
Stage 2: Defense. The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by language are used.
them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for the 3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language
new one. is a must in this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers and
Stage 3: Minimization. Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and
universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences. his/her constituents.
Stage 4: Acceptance. The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences in 4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way.
behaviors and eventually in values. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President,
Stage 5: Adaptation. The individual is very open to world views when accepting new formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.
perspectives. 5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
Stage 6: Integration. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and
and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints. Allegiance to country or flag.
Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators -World Bank (2010) Definition of Speech Acts
1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the
2. reflectiveness or mindfulness functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request,
3. open-mindedness complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech act might contain just one word or
4. sensitivity several words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and “Thank you for always being there for
5. adaptability me. I really appreciate it” both show appreciation regardless of the length of the statement.
6. ability to engage in divergent thinking and systems-level thinking Three Types of Speech Act
7. politeness 1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
Note that in addition to culture, other elements such as gender, age, social status, and 2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
religion must also be taken into consideration when communicating with others. Refrain from 3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular
showing bias when talking to someone by following the tips below. context in which the speech act was mentioned.
1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a certain group. Indirect speech acts occur when there is no direct connection between the form of the
2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and “man” to refer to a general group of utterance and the intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e., intention) from the
people. To remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or rewrite a sentence to avoid inferred speech act.
using pronouns. The use of his/her is also acceptable. Performatives
3. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly. Austin also introduced the concept of performative utterances: statements which enable the
4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others. speaker to perform something just by stating it. In this manner, verbs that execute the speech
5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social act that they intend to effect are called performatives. A performative utterance said by the
class than you. right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world. Note that certain
Types of Speech Context conditions have to be met when making a performative utterance.

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