6-Water in Soil
6-Water in Soil
6-Water in Soil
Outlines
Introduction
Darcy’s Law
Volume of water flowing per unit time
Measuring K in laboratory
Seepage Theory
Flow Net
Introduction
All soils are permeable materials, water being free to flow
through the interconnected pores between the solid particles.
You must know how much water is flowing through a soil per
unit time.
This knowledge is required to
Design earth dams.
Determine the quantity of seepage under hydraulic structures.
and dewater foundations before and during their construction.
The pressure of the pore water is measured relative to
atmospheric pressure and the level at which the pressure is
atmospheric (i.e. zero) is defined as the water table (WT) or the
phreatic surface.
Below the water table the soil is assumed to be fully saturated,
Below the water table the pore water may be static, the
hydrostatic pressure depending on the depth below the water
table, or may be seeping through the soil under hydraulic
gradient: this chapter is concerned with the second case.
Introduction
Bernoulli’s theorem applies to the pore water but
seepage velocities in soils are normally so small
that velocity head can be neglected
In this equation,
v = Darcy velocity (unit: cm/sec)
k = hydraulic conductivity of soil (unit: cm/sec)
i = hydraulic gradient
The hydraulic gradient is defined as
where
h = piezometric head difference between the sections at AA and B B
L = distance between the sections at AA and BB
(Note: Sections AA and BB are perpendicular to the direction of flow.)
Volume of water flowing per unit time
where q is the volume of water flowing per unit time, A the cross-
sectional area of soil corresponding to the flow,
The K also varies with temperature, upon which the viscosity of the
water depends. If the value of k measured at 20 C is taken as 100%
then the values at 10 and 0 C are 77 and 56%, respectively. The
coefficient of permeability can also be represented by the equation:
qin=qout (2)
In Eq 3
Gs 1 w Gs 1
i i cr ( )
w 1 e w 1 e