CHAPTER 02

THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

FORMULAE SHEET
FORMULAE: SYMBOLS:
Topic: Subatomic Particles
here,
➢ No. of protons = p+ = Z For an element X,
A ±Y
➢ No. of electrons = e- = Z – (charge with sign) ZX
➢ No. of neutrons = n⁰ = A – Z A = Atomic mass or mass number
➢ Nucleon number = N = p+ + n⁰ Z = Atomic number
±Y = Positive or negative charge
OR
Nucleon number = N = A
Topic: Planck’s Quantum Theory
here,
➢ Energy of photon: E = Energy of photon
E = hυ [Unit: Joule (J)]
h = Planck’s constant = 6.625 × 10-34 J.sec
➢ Speed & Frequency of electromagnetic wave:
c = υλ (Speed) υ = Frequency (pronunciation: nu)
c [Unit: Hertz (Hz)]
υ = (Frequency)
λ c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
➢ Other expressions for energy of photon: λ = Wavelength (pronunciation: lambda)
hc [Unit: m or cm]
E =
λ υ = Wave number (pronunciation: nu bar)
OR [Unit: m-1 or cm-1]
1
E = hcῡ (∵ ῡ = )
λ
Topic: Bohr’s Atomic Theory here,
m = Mass of electron
➢ Angular momentum of electron: v = Velocity of electron revolving in orbit
nh nh r = Radius of orbit
mvr = 𝐎𝐑 L= (∵ L = mvr)
2π 2π L = Angular momentum of electron [Unit: J.sec]
n = Energy level
➢ Radius of nth orbit of H atom:
h = Planck’s constant = 6.625 × 10-34 J.sec
rn = 0.529 × n2 [Unit: Angstrom (Å)]
rn = Radius of nth orbit
➢ Energy of nth orbit of H atom: En = Energy of nth orbit
n1 = Lower Energy shell
−2.18 × 10−18 J n2 = Higher Energy shell
En = [Unit: ]
n2 atom
υ = Wave number (pronunciation: nu bar)
➢ Energy difference b/w two orbits of H atom: [Unit: m-1 or cm-1]
1 1 J RH = Rydberg constant
E = 2.18 × 10−18 ( – ) [Unit: ]
n12 n22 atom = 1.09678 × 10⁷ m-1 OR 109678 cm-1
υ = Frequency (pronunciation: nu)
➢ Wave number of photon when electron of H atom
[Unit: Hertz (Hz)]
jumps b/w two orbits:
c = Speed of light = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
1 1
ῡ = RH ( 2 – 2 ) [Unit: m−1 𝐎𝐑 cm−1]
n1 n2 Conversion factors
Angstrom (Å) J/atom → KJ/mol
➢ Frequency of photon emitted or absorbed when
1A = 10-10 m 6.02 × 1023
electron of H atom jumps b/w two orbits: 1A = 10-8 cm ×( )
1000
υ = c×ῡ [Unit: Hertz (Hz)] 1A = 10-7 mm

Page 1
 CHAPTER 02
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Topic: Hydrogen Spectrum

➢ Spectral lines:
Lyman series: n=1 (When electron jumps from high energy level to 1st shell)
Balmer series: n=2 (When electron jumps from high energy level to 2nd shell)
Paschen series: n=3 (When electron jumps from high energy level to 3rd shell)
Bracket series: n=4 (When electron jumps from high energy level to 4th shell)
P-fund series: n=5 (When electron jumps from high energy level to 5th shell)
Topic: Quantum Numbers
➢ No. of electrons in a shell = 2n²
here,
➢ No. of orbitals in a shell = n²
n = Principal quantum number
➢ No. of electrons in a subshell = 2(2𝑙 +1) 𝑙 = Azimuthal quantum number
➢ No. of orbitals in a subshell = 2𝑙 +1

Summary:
Energy level
Sub energy levels (𝒍) Orientation of orbitals (m)
(n)
Maximum electrons
n 𝑙 Orbitals −𝑙 to 0 to +𝑙
2(2𝑙 +1)
1 0 s 2 0
0 s 2 0
2
1 p 6 -1, 0, +1
0 s 2 0
3 1 p 6 -1, 0, +1
2 d 10 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
0 s 2 0
1 p 6 -1, 0, +1
4
2 d 10 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
3 f 14 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

Topic: Electronic Configuration

➢ Order of filling:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ 7s² 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7p⁶ 8s²

Page 2
 CHAPTER 02
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 02
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Use full scape sheets i.e. loose sheets for solving the assignment.
2. Don’t make title page separately, instead write your full name, section and code no. on the first page & start the
assignment below these formalities. Mention page numbers too.
3. Attempt all the questions in the sequence they are given. No need to copy questions.
4. There is no need to purchase a file for submitting the assignment, simply staple the assignment and submit it
before the deadline.
5. No assignments will be accepted after the deadline.
6. The deadline will be announced in the class.

Q.1: Derive the following expressions for Hydrogen atom:

i. Radius of nth orbit
ii. Energy of nth orbit
iii. Difference of energy between two orbits
iv. Frequency and wavenumber of radiations emitted by an electron

Q.2: What is the relationship between:

➢ Energy and wavelength
➢ Frequency and wavelength

Q.3: Calculate the following for H atom:

i. Radius and energy of N-shell
ii. Energy difference in KJ/mol between 5th and 2nd shell
iii. Wavelength of photon when electron jumps from Brackett series to Balmer series
iv. Angular momentum of electron in L-shell

Q.4: A photon of wavelength 486 nm is emitted when an electron transitions from a higher orbit to n = 2. Find the initial
orbit of the electron and identify the spectral series. (Hint: nano ‘n’ = 𝟏𝟎−𝟗)

Q.5: A photon of light with energy 10−16 J is emitted by a light. Convert this energy into wavelength, frequency &
wavenumber of photons in terms of nm, Hz & m−1 respectively.

Q.6: Do as directed:
i. Define Radiocarbon dating and iso electronic ions
ii. Write the names of all subshells that have the value of (n + 𝑙) = 7
iii. Write the electronic configuration of the following: 16S −2, 38Sr 2+ , 42Mo, 24Cr, 29Cu

Page 3