CHAPTER

2 Atomic Structure

Mass Number and Atomic Number

Wave and its Characteristics (For emission/ Absorption of energy)

Bohr's Model of Atom

mv 2 Ke 2 Z nh
 =  mvr =
r r2 2π
n 2h 2 n2
 r=  rn = 0.529 × Å
4π2 mKZe 2 Z

 2πZe 2 K Z
V=  Vn = 2.18 × 106 × m/sec
nh n
2πr v
 T=  f=
v 2πr
2π2 me 4 k 2  z 2 
 T.E. = En = –  2  For H-atom
h2 n 
Z2
 En = – 13.6 eV / atom rn = 0.529 × n2
n2
1 V1
 T.E. = P.E. Vn =
2 n
Z2
 En = – 2.18 × 10–18 J/atom En = E1/n2
n2
n = orbit no.
 T.E. = – K.E.
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen & H-like species. Heisenberg's Uncertainty
hC h h
∆E = hν = ; h = Planck's Constant(h = 6.62 × 10–34 JS)  ∆x . ∆p ≥ or ∆x . (m∆v) ≥
λ 4π 4π
C = Velocity of Light h
 ∆E.∆t ≥ ; Dx = change in position
l = Wavelength 4π
1  1 1  Dp = change in Momentum
 = ν = RZ2  2 − 2  P = y2dv, P = probability of finding electron
λ  n1 n 2 
where, y = wave function
R = Rydberg constant = 1.09678 × 107 m–1
n = Lower energy level
1  Radial nodes = n –  – 1,
n2 = Higher energy level
 Angular nodes = ,
∆n (∆n + 1)
 Number of different line produce = , where ∆n  Total nodes = n – 1
2
= n2 – n1. Quantum Numbers
™ Number of subshell present in nth shell = n.
n2 = higher energy orbit, n1 = lower energy orbit. ™ Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2.
 For single isolated atom maximum number of spectral lines ™ The maximum number of electrons in a principal energy
observed = (n – 1). shell = 2n2.
nh
de-Broglie's Hypothesis ™ Angular momentum of any orbit = .
2π
l = de-Broglie wavelength ™ Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
h = Planck's Constant ™ Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 ×
m = mass of particle (2 + 1).
e = charge on particle h  h 
L
™=  ( +=
1)   ( +1)=
  2π  .
V = Accelerated Potential 2π
h h ™ Orbitals present in a main energy level is ‘n2’.
 =
λ = , p = momentum
mv p
™ µ
= n (n + 2) B.M. , n = No. of unpaired electron.
h
 λ= h
2emV ™ =
Spin angular momentum s(s + 1) .
2π
12.3
 λ= Å 1
V ™ Maximum spin of atom = × No. of unpaired electron.
2

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W Atomic Structure 5