Engr. Dave Ian G.

Catausan, REE, RME

2
1. Understand the basic electrical engineering principle, concepts,
laws and theorems.
2. Distinguish the general aspects of direct current system.
3. Define Ohm’s Law and apply mathematical formulas in solving
basic electrical problems.
4. Determine the temperature-resistance effect.
5. Understand electrical circuits and apply the power, current,
resistance and voltage equations.
 The invisible energy that constitutes the flow of electrons in a closed circuit to do work is called

‘electricity’.It is a form of energy that can be easily converted to any other form. Previously, it was

thought that electricity is a matter which flows through the circuit to do work. However, now it has

been established that electricity constitutes the flow of electrons in the circuit, and in this process, a

work is done. It is form of energy. The Greatest discoveries of man that come from the Greek word

“electron” which means amber. Electricity is all about electrons, which are the fundamental cause

of electricity.
Static Electricity - involves electrons that are moved from one place to
another, usually by rubbing or brushing. Static Electricity is nothing but
the contact between equal amount of protons and electrons (positively
and negatively charged subatomic particles). In order to make this
friction work the particles are supposed to be of opposite nature (+,-). If
two same-kind particles i.e. positive-positive or negative-negative, it
would then be called as a ‘Non-friction.
Current Electricity - involves the flow of electrons in a conductor.
Current Electricity is a flow of electric charge across an electrical field.
This current is lead through a conductor. The conductors are generally of
two types, Good and Bad conductors. Good conductors are the ones
which let the electric charge flow through them (Copper wires) and the
bad conductors are the ones which resists the electric charge (Wood).
The constant flow of electric charge causes the conductor to heat up
very often.
THE SHOCKING HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
• Around 600 BC Greeks found that by rubbing a hard fossilized resin (Amber)
against a fur cloth, it would attract particles of straw. This strange effect
remained a mystery for over 2000 years.

Two Thousand Years Later

• Around 1600, William Gilbert, a physician who lived in London at the time of
Queen Elizabeth I and Shakespeare, studied magnetic phenomena and
demonstrated that the Earth itself was a huge magnet, by means of his
"terrella" experiment. He also studied the attraction produced when
materials were rubbed, and named it the "electric" attraction. From that
came the word "electricity" and all others derived from it.
 Father of electricity

 The word “electricity” was coined by Gilbert, who based it on the

Greek word for amber.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
In 1752, Franklin proved that lightning and the spark from
amber were one and the same thing. This story is a familiar one,
in which Franklin fastened an iron spike to a silken kite, which he
flew during a thunderstorm, while holding the end of the kite
string by an iron key. When lightning flashed, a tiny spark jumped
from the key to his wrist. The experiment proved Franklin's theory,
but was extremely dangerous - he could easily have been killed.
GALVANI AND VOLTA
• In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian professor of medicine, found that when the leg of
a dead frog was touched by a metal knife, the leg twitched violently. Galvani
thought that the muscles of the frog must contain electricity.

• By 1792, another Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, disagreed: he realized that the
main factors in Galvani's discovery were the two different metals - the steel knife
and the tin plate - upon which the frog was lying. Volta showed that when
moisture comes between two different metals, electricity is created.

• This led him to invent the first electric battery, the voltaic pile, which he made from
thin sheets of copper and zinc separated by moist pasteboard.

• In this way, a new kind of electricity was discovered, electricity that flowed
steadily like a current of water instead of discharging itself in a single spark or
shock.

• Volta showed that electricity could be made to travel from one place to another
by wire, thereby making an important contribution to the science of electricity.
The unit of electrical potential, the Volt, is named after him.

•
MICHAEL FARADAY
• The credit for generating electric current on a practical scale goes to the
famous English scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was greatly interested in
the invention of the electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took earlier
experiments still further. If electricity could produce magnetism, why couldn't
magnetism produce electricity?

• In 1831, Faraday found the solution. Electricity could be produced through

magnetism by motion. He discovered that when a magnet was moved inside
a coil of copper wire, a tiny electric current flows through the wire. Of course,
by today's standards, Faraday's electric generator was crude (and provided
only a small electric current), but he had discovered the first method of
generating electricity by means of motion in a magnetic field.

• Faraday also realized that the electric force is transmitted by

an electric field.
JAMES WATT

• When Edison's generator was coupled with Watt's steam

engine, large scale electricity generation became a practical
proposition. James Watt, the Scottish inventor of the steam
condensing engine, was born in 1736. His improvements to
steam engines were patented over a period of 15 years, starting
in 1769 and his name was given to the electric unit of power,
the Watt.
ANDRE MARIE AMPERE

• Andre Marie Ampere, a French mathematician

who devoted himself to the study of electricity
and magnetism, was the first to explain the
electro-dynamic theory. A permanent memorial
to Ampere is the use of his name for the unit of
electric current.
GEORGE OHM

• George Simon Ohm, a German mathematician and

physicist, was a college teacher in Cologne when in
1827 he published, "The Galvanic Circuit Investigated
Mathematically". His theories were coldly received by
German scientists, but his research was recognized in
Britain and he was awarded the Copley Medal in
1841. His name has been given to the unit of electrical
resistance.
 HOW ELECTRICITY PRODUCED
 Electricity Produced from Frictional Energy (Static Electricity)
 Electricity produced from Pressure
 Electricity Produced from Heat
 Electricity Produced from Chemical Reaction
 Electricity Produced from Light
 Electricity Produced from Magnetism
ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM HEAT

• The amount of charge produced depends on the

difference in temperature between junction and the
opposite ends of two wires. A greater temperature
difference results in a greater charge. Electricity is
produced by heating the junction of a thermocouple.
D. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM CHEMICAL
REACTION
• Electric cells are electricity produced
by chemical reactions.
E. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM LIGHT

• The electricity is produced by light striking

photosensitive materials. These materials release
electrons when excited by light under the right
conditions. These releases of electrons are
called photoelectric effect.
F. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM MAGNETISM

Electricity produced by relative movement of a

magnet and a wire that result in the cutting of lines
of force. The amount of electricity produced will
depend on:
a. the number of turns in coil
b. the speed with which relative
motions of the coil and the magnet take place
c. the strength of the magnet
QUICK REVIEW OF THE ATOM
 Matter is made up of atoms

 Atoms are made of nucleons (called protons and neutrons) and electrons

 Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, electrons have a negative
charge

 The charges of protons and electrons are equal and opposite

ATOMS ARE EVERYWHERE

 Electrons move in and out of fixed pathways around the nucleus
 Changing the number of electrons in a particular type of atom creates an
ion of that atom
• On the Move

 Electrons in the outer rings or shells of atoms are bound more loosely to the nucleus

 Such electrons tend to break free from the nucleus and wander around amongst other nearby atoms

 Such electrons are called free electrons

MATTER

▪ Anything that occupy space and has weight

ELEMENT

▪ A substance that cannot be decomposed any farther by chemical reaction

ATOM

▪ Smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the chemical properties of the element. It is the
smallest building block of matter.

COMPOUND

▪ A combination of two or more elements.

MOLECULE

▪ It is the smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to before it breaks down to its elements.
ELECTRONS NUCLEUS

▪ Negatively charged particles that revolve around The central part of the atom where the protons and
the nucleus of an atom. Electron is one of the neutrons are located.
lightest particles with a known mass.
ATOMIC NUMBER
▪ The mass of electron is about 9.11 x 10-31 kg.
 Represents the number of electrons or protons of
PROTONS an atom.

▪ Positively charged particles that stays in the ATOMIC MASS

nucleus of an atom.
▪ Represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an
▪ Proton is very small, but it is fairly massive atom.
compared to the other particles that make up
matter. The mass of one proton is 1.675 x 10-27 kg. VALENCE ELECTRONS

NEUTRONS ▪ Electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an

atom.
▪ Particles having no charge.

▪ Neutrons are about the same size as protons but

their mass is slightly greater, 1.675 x 10-27 kg
CONDUCTORS

 In conductors, electric charges are free to move through the material. In insulators, they are not.

 In conductors:

 The charge carriers are called free electrons

 Only negative charges are free to move

 When isolated atoms are combined to form a metal, outer electrons of the atoms do not remain attached to individual
atoms but become free to move throughout the volume of the material

Other Types of Conductors

 Electrolytes

 Both negative and positive charges can move.

 Semiconductors

 In-between conductors and insulators in their ability to conduct electricity

 Conductivity can be greatly enhanced by adding small amounts of other elements

 Requires quantum physics to truly understand how they work.

INSULATORS
• Insulators on the other hand are the exact opposite of conductors. They are
made of materials, generally non- metals, that have very few or no “free
electrons” float about within their basic atom structure because the
electrons in the outer valence shell are strongly attached by the positively
charge inner nucleus. So if a potential voltage is applied to the material no
current will flow as there are no electrons to move which gives these
materials their insulating properties.
• Examples of good insulators are marble, p.v.c plastics, rubber, glass ,oil,
asphalt, fiberglass, porcelain, ceramic, dry cotton, dry copper, dry wood,
air, diamond, mica, textile fiber, and wax.
• Insulators play an important tool within electrical and electronics because
without them electrical circuit would short together and not work. For
example, insulators made of glass or porcelain are used for insulating and
supporting overhead transmission cables while epoxy glass resin materials
are used to make printed circuit boards, PCB’s etc.
 In representing a circuit and its elements, we must
define a consistent system of units for the quantities
occurring in the circuit. At the 1960 meeting of the
General Conference of Weights and Measures, the
representatives modernized the metric system and
created the Systeme International d’Unites, commonly
called SI units.
 SI PREFIXES
PREFIX SI symbol Exponent Form
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
femto f 10-15
atto a 10-18
• Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional,
so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. As
opposed to alternating current, the direction and amperage of
direct currents do not change. It is used in many household
electronics and in all devices that use batteries. Anything that
works with a battery works on DC.

https://energyeducation.ca/wiki/images/f/ff/DC.gif
▪ Fundamental theory upon which all branches of electrical
engineering are built.
▪ Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power,
electric machines, control, electronics, communications, and
instrumentation, are based on electric circuit theory.
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements and each
component of the circuit is known as an element.

A simple electric circuit in the figure above consists of basic elements

such as battery, a light bulb, connecting wires and a switch.
A electric circuit is always a closed path. A closed circuit is one that is
complete, with good continuity throughout.
 Closed Circuit

Open Circuit- implies that the two terminals are points are externally
disconnected, which is equivalent to a resistance R=∞ . This means that zero
current can flow between the two terminals, regardless of any voltage difference.

Short Circuit- implies that the two terminals are externally connected with
resistance R=0 , the same as an ideal wire. This means there is zero voltage
difference for any current value.
Electrical Symbols are used for components in electrical circuit
diagrams.
AMMETER
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure current and must be connected in series
with the circuit. Figure shows an ammeter connected in series with the lamp to measure
the current flowing through it. Since all the current in the circuit passes through the
ammeter it must have a very low resistance.
 VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential
difference between two points in an electric circuit. and must be
connected in parallel with the part of the circuit whose potential
difference is required. In the Figure , a voltmeter is connected in
parallel with the lamp to measure the potential difference across
it. To avoid a significant current flowing through it a voltmeter
must have a very high resistance.
WATTMETER

A wattmeter is an instrument for the measurement of power in an

electrical circuit.
OHMMETER

An ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring resistance.

 MULTIMETER
A multimeter, or universal instrument, may be used to
measure voltage, current and resistance.
 Charge is an electrical property of the atomics particles of which
matter consists, measured in Coulombs(C ).
Like charges repel while unlike charges attract.
1 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = −1.602𝑥10−19 C
1 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1.602𝑥10−19 C
1 coulomb (C )= 6.24 x 1018 electrons or protons

𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
Where:
Q = Charge in Coulumbs(C)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
t = time in seconds (s)
 If a current of 10A flows for four minutes, find the quantity of
electricity transferred.
60𝑠𝑒𝑐
Given: I = 10A, t= 4mins x = 240 seconds,
1𝑚𝑖𝑛

Solution:
Quantity of electricity, Q =It
Q= 10A(240sec)= 2400 Coulombs(C)
1. How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?
2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by six million
protons.
3. In what time would a current of 10A transfer a charge of 50 C?
 Such movement of free electrons creates an electric current
 Materials with large numbers of free electrons are called
electrical conductors. They conduct electrical current.

 rate of flow of electron or electric charge through a conductor

or circuit elements

 measured in amperes (A) or Coulombs/sec

𝑄
I= 𝑡
Where:
Q = Charge in Coulombs(C)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
t = time in seconds (s)
 1. Direct Current (DC) – is a current that remains constant
with time.
2. Alternating Current(AC)- is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time.

If the current does not

change with time, but
remains constant, we call
it a direct current (DC).

A time-varying current is represented by the symbol i.

A common form of time-varying current is the
sinusoidal current or alternating current (AC).
Conventional current flow: (a) positive current flow, (b) negative
current flow
The three main effects of an electric current are:
(a) magnetic effect
(b) chemical effect
(c) heating effect
Some practical applications of the effects of an electric current include:
Magnetic effect: bells, relays, motors, generators, transformers,
telephones, car-ignition and lifting magnets
Chemical effect: primary and secondary cells and electroplating
Heating effect: cookers, water heaters, electric fires, irons, furnaces,
kettles and soldering irons
 What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is to be transferred
1𝑠𝑒𝑐
in 15 ms? Given: I = ?, Q= 0.24 C, t= 15ms x = 0.015 seconds,
1000𝑚𝑠
Solution:
𝑄
I=
𝑡
0.24𝐶
𝐼= = 16C/sec or 16 A
0.015𝑠𝑒𝑐
1. The current in an electric lamp is 5 amperes. What quantity of
electricity flows towards the filament in 6 minutes?
2. A constant current of 4 A charges a capacitor. How long will it
take to accumulate a total charge of 8 coulombs on the
plates?
 We know that like charges repel each other whereas unlike charges
attract each other. To overcome this force of attraction or repulsion, a certain
amount of work or energy is required. When the charges are moved, it is said
that a potential difference exists and the work or energy per unit charge
utilized in this process is known as voltage or potential difference.
 Also known as electromotive force (emf); electric pressure; potential
difference.
The energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured
in volts (V)

Where:
W= WORK DONE ( joule)
Q= CHARGE (coulomb)
DC Voltage
- commonly produce by batteries
AC Voltage
- produced by electric generator

A constant voltage is called dc voltage and is represented by V,

Whereas a sinusoidal time varying voltage is called an ac voltage
represented by v.
A polarity (+. -) is used to indicate a voltage across an element.
Voltages , like currents, can be positive or negative.
 The potential at point a with respect to point b is Vab.
• The Vab can be interpreted in two ways: (1) Point a is at a
potential of Vab volts higher than point b, or (2) and point b
-Vab volts above point a. It follows logically that in general
 A battery can deliver 10 Joules of energy to move 5 coulombs of

charge. What is the potential difference between the terminals of the battery?
Given: V = ?, W= 10 Joule, Q= 5 Coulombs
Solution:
𝑊
V=
𝑄
10 𝐽
V= = 2 J/C or 2 V
5𝐶
1. Work equal to 136.0 joules is expended in moving 8.5 𝑥1018
electrons between two points in an electric circuit. What potential
difference does this establish between the two points?
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W) or J/s, Watt is the unit of Power.
Equivalent to one joule of energy consumed in one second.
• Named after the British engineer and inventor James Watt.

𝟐 𝑽𝟐
P= 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑰 R =
Where: 𝑹
P= electrical power (watt)
V= voltage (volt)
I= current (ampere)
R= resistance (ohm)
 A portable machine requires a force of 200 N to move it. How

much work is done if the machine is moved 20 m and what average

power is utilized if the movement takes 25 s?

Given: F = 200 N, d = 20m, t= 25 seconds

Solution:

Work done = force x distance = 200N x 20 m =4000 Nm or 4kJ

𝑊 4000𝐽 𝐽
P= 𝑡
= 25 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 160 𝑠 = 160 𝑊
1. A mass of 1000 kg is raised through a height of 10 m in
20 s. What is (a) the work done and (b) the power
developed?
2. An electric kettle has a resistance of 30 Ω.What current will flow
when it is connected to a 240 V supply? Find also the power
rating of the kettle.
Energy is the capacity to do work.

W= 𝑷𝒕
Where:
W= electrical energy (joule)
P= electrical power (watt)
t= time (second)

Kilowatt-hour (kW-hr)
-unit in which electrical energy is sold to a consumer.
1 calorie= 4.186 joules
1 hp = 746 watts
1 BTU= 252 calories
1 kWh= 3600 kJ= 3413 BTU =860 kcal
1 joule= 1 x 𝟏𝟎𝟕 ergs
1 day = 24 hours
1 month = 30 days = 720 hours
1 year = 365 days = 8760 hours
 AA source e.m.f. of 5 V supplies a current of 3 A for 10
minutes. How much energy is provided in this time?

Given: V = 5 V, I = 3 A, t= 10 minutes

Solution: W = Pt, P= VI = 5V(3A)= 15W

60𝑠𝑒𝑐
W= 𝑃𝑡 = 15𝑊 10𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑥 = = 9000𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝐽
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. Electrical equipment in an office takes a current of 13 A
from a 240 V supply. Estimate the cost per week of electricity
if the equipment is used for 30 hours each week and 1 kWh
of energy costs 7 pesos.

2. An electric heater consumes 3.6 MJ when connected to

a 250 V supply for 40 minutes. Find the power rating of the
heater and the current taken from the supply.

3. How many calories does an electric heater of 100 watts

generate per second?
https://www.codrey.com/resistor/types-of-resistors
LAW OF RESISTANCE
• its varies directly as its length (l)
• its varies inversely as the cross-sectional (A) of the conductor
• it depends on the nature of the material
• it depends on the temperature of the conductor
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY (Ρ)
• The resistance of electrical materials in terms of unit dimensions length and
cross – sectional area.
• The amount of change of resistance in a material per unit change in
temperature.
• The unit is ohm – circular mils per foot

Where:
R = Resistance The resistance is directly proportional to the conductor length.
A = Cross-sectional area The resistance is inversely proportional to the cross – sectional
ρ = Resistivity area.
L = Length
V = Volume
RESISTIVITY OF COMMON ELEMENTS AT 𝟐𝟎℃.
 Calculate the resistance of a copper conductor having
a length of 2 km and a cross-section of 22 𝑚𝑚2 . Assume the
resistivity of copper is 1.72 𝑥 10−8 Ω-m.
Given: l = 2km = 2 𝑥 103m , A= 22 𝑚𝑚2 = 22𝑥 10−6𝑚2 , ρ = 1.72 𝑥 10−8 Ω-m.
Solution:

𝑙 2 𝑥 103 m
R= ρ 𝐴
= 1.72 𝑥 10 Ω−m
−8
22𝑥 10−6 𝑚2
=1.56Ω
1. The substation bus bar is made up of 2 inches round copper
bars 20 ft. long. What is the resistance of each bar if resistivity is
1.724 x10-6ohm-cm.

2. Determine the resistance of a bus bar made of copper if the

length is 10m long and the cross section is 4x4 cm2. Use 1.724 x10-6
ohm-cm as the resistivity.
What is the size in square millimeter of the cable of 250 MCM size?

2. A 500 MCM ACSR cable has 37 strands. Determine the

diameter in mills of each strand.

3. Using the given particulars, calculate the resistances of the

following conductors at 20℃.
Material – Copper-Annealed, Length- 1000 ft., CM – 3220 circular
mils.
• Solution:
•
• Rise in temperature – increases the R of pure metals
• Rise in temperature – increases the R of alloys
• Rise in temperature – decreases the R of electrolytes and insulators.

Where:
R1 = initial resistance
Where: Absolute temperature
R2 = final resistance
1 𝟏
∝𝑡1 = T= 𝜶𝟎 T = inferred absolute temperature
𝑇 + t1
(temperature when resistance of a given material is zero)
ΔT = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 𝜶𝟎 =
𝟏
𝟏
− 𝒕𝒏 t1 = initial temperature
𝜶𝒏

𝟏 t2 = final temperature
𝜶𝒏 = 𝟏
+ 𝒕𝒏 𝜶 = temperature coefficient of resistance= ohmic change
𝜶𝟎
per degree per ohm of specified temperature.
INFERRED ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE (T) IN 0C

COPPER ANNEALED = 234.5

SILVER = 243
ALUMINUM = 236
HDC (HARD DRAWN COPPER) = 242

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (@ 20 0C)

COPPER = 0.00393/0C
SILVER = 0.0038/0C
ALUMINUM = 0.0039/0C
 Resistance vs. Temperature

Using Similar Triangles,

R2 R1
=
𝑇 + t2 𝑇 + t1
 If the resistance of a copper wire is 50 Ω at 20℃, what is
its resistance at 100℃ (boiling point of water)?
Given: R1 = 50 Ω , t1 = 20℃ , t2 = 100℃ , R2 = ?
Solution: R2 R1
=
𝑇 + t2 𝑇 + t1

R2 50Ω
=
234.5°𝐶 +100°𝐶 234.5°𝐶 +20°𝐶

50Ω(334.5°𝐶)
R2 = = 65.72Ω
254.5°𝐶
1. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 62
ohm, at a room temperature of 24 ℃. What will be
its resistance at?
a) 80 ℃ 𝑏) − 20 ℃.
2. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100Ω
when its temperature is 0°C. Determine its
resistance at 70°C if the temperature coefficient of
resistance of copper at 0°C is 0.0043/°C.
CONDUCTORS UNDERGOING DRAWING PROCESS
(CONSTANT VOLUME, SAME MATERIAL)

- In the process, the waste of the material is assumed

negligible (efficiency is 100%), thus keeping the volume
to be constant all throughout the process.
1. A kilometer of wire having a diameter of 11.7 mm and a
resistance of 0.031 ohm is drawn down so that its diameter is 5.0
mm. what does its resistance become?
2. A one – meter rod of 2 – cm diameter is drawn until its
resistance is 100 times the initial resistance. Its length afterward is?
3. A copper wire of unknown length has a resistance of 0.80 ohm.
By successive passes through drawing lies, the length of the wire is
increased to 2 and ½ times its original value. Assuming that
resistivity remains unchanged during the drawing process,
determine the new value of its resistance.
COLOR DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
BLACK 0 1
BROWN 1 101
RED 2 102
ORANGE 3 103
YELLOW 4 104
GREEN 5 105
BLUE 6 106
VIOLET 7 107
GRAY 8 108
WHITE 9 109
GOLD 10-1 ±5%
SILVER 10-2 ± 10 %
NO COLOR ±20 %

TOLERANCE
▪ Tolerance is the amount (in percent) by which the actual ohmic
resistance can be different from the color coded value.
 Brown Black Orange Gold
1 0 103 ±5%

Solution:
Find the Rated value, Minimum, Maximum, Ohmic values and Range of
the given color bands.
1. Black, Yellow, White and Silver
2. Red, Red, Orange and No color
3. Red, Violet, Gray and Gold
4. Green, Blue, Brown and Silver
5. Green, Yellow, Red and No color
6. Blue, Blue, Black and Gold
7. Blue, Red, Gray and Gold
8. White, Violet, Green and Silver
9. Black, Red, Yellow and Silver
10.White, Orange, Violet and Gold
states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly
proportional to the impressed emf applied to the circuit and
inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit. Named
after the German physicist, Georg S. Ohm (1787-1854)

𝑽
I=
𝑹

Where:
V= impressed voltage (volt)
I = current drawn (ampere)
R= resistance (ohm)
 The current flowing through a resistor is 0.8 A when a
potential difference of 20 V is applied. Determine
the value of the resistance.
Given: I = 0.8 A ,V = 20 V
𝑽
Solution: I=
𝑹
𝑽 𝑽 𝟐𝟎𝑽
I= R= = = 25Ω
𝑹 𝑰 𝟎.𝟖 𝑨
1. Determine the voltage which must be applied to a 2 kΩ resistor
in order that a current of 10 mA may flow.

2. A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a

current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the resistance of the resistor. If
the voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will be the new value of
the current flowing?
CONDUCTANCE (G)
• Conductance is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct
electric current.
• Reciprocal of Resistance
• measured in mho (Ʊ), siemens (S)
𝟏 𝑨 𝜹𝑨
G= = =
𝑹 𝝆𝒍 𝑳
SIEMENS (formerly mho)
• - unit of conductance.
• Named after the german engineer, Earnst Werner von Siemens (1816-
1892)
Conductivity (δ)– reciprocal of resistivity
𝟏 𝑨 𝜹𝑨 𝟏
G= = = δ=
𝑹 𝝆𝒍 𝑳 𝝆

Where:
δ = conductivity (siemens per meter) ρ = specific resistance
(resistivity)(ohm- meter)
L = length(meter)
A = cross sectional area(square meter)
G = conductance(siemens)
R = resistance(ohm)
Solve the following problems completely.
1. The voltage across a 1.1 kW toaster that produces a current of 10 A is
.
2. A telephone wire has a current of 20 µA flowing through it. How long
does it take for a charge of 15 C to pass through the wire?
3. A lightning bolt carried a current of 2 kA and lasted for 3 ms. How
many coulombs of charge were contained in the lightning bolt?
4. A battery may be rated in ampere-hours (Ah). An lead-acid battery is
rated at 160 Ah. (a) what is the maximum current it can supply for 40
h? (b) how many days it last if it discharged at 1 mA?
5. How much work is done by a 12-V automobile battery in moving 5 x
1020 electrons from the positive terminal to the negative terminal?
6. How much energy does a 10-hp motor deliver in 30 minutes?
Assume that 1 horsepower = 746 W.
7. A 2-kW electric iron is connected to a 120-V line. Calculate the
current drawn by the iron.
8. The maximum current that a 2W, 80 kΩ resistor can safely
conduct is .
9. A business uses two 3 kW fires for an average of 20 hours each
per week, and six 150W lights for 30 hours each per week. If the
cost of electricity is 14.25 p per unit, determine the weekly cost of
electricity to the business.
10. The resistance of 1.5 km of wire of cross-sectional area 0.17
𝑚𝑚2 is 150Ω. Determine the resistivity of the wire.