UT IL 313

MODULE 01
B UILDIN G UTILITIE S - E LE CTR ICA L, E LE CTR ON ICS A N D
ME CH A N ICA L S Y S TE MS

A R . MA R IS S E G. R OME R O, UA P
MODULE 01

IN TR ODUCTION TO
E LE CTR ICA L S Y S TE M
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY ?
ELECTRICITY is a form of energy generated by friction, induction
or chemical change, having magnetic, chemical and radiant
effect. In short electricity is Electrons in motion
Electricity is one of the most useful discovery of man which
paved the way to the numerous inventions from the simple tools
to the most sophisticated gadgets ·making. . what originally
seemed to be impossible become a reality.
Contrary to some belief. .electricity is not new. lt.has been here
with us ever since and, its: existence is as old as the universe
which was discovered accidental. by the ancient Greeks
sometime in 600 B.C; However, the title· of “FATHER OF
ELECTRICITY" was accredited to William Gilbert , an English
Physicist after publishing his studies. on the "Electric Attraction“
and “The Electric Force."
WILLIAM GILBERT
Born on May 24 1544 into a wealthy family in
Colchester, William Gilbert quickly discovered a
passion for science and at the age of 14 began
studying at St. Johns College at Cambridge University.
Whilst there he excelled achieving a bachelor’s,
masters and doctoral degrees before finishing his
studies in 1569.

WILLIAM GILBERT AS THE FATHER OF

ELECTRICITY
Gilbert is cited as the father of electricity for his
recording of knowledge from the past, his
experimentation and for creating terminology that is
still in use 400 years after his death. Both the terms
of electricity and electrical force are credited to him
as are the concepts of electrical attraction and the
magnetic poles.
ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY is a property of the basic

particles of matter which like an atom
consist of
• Electron
• Proton
• Neutron
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRON : is the negatively charged
particle of an atom sometimes referred to as
the negative charge of electricity.
PROTON : is the positively charged particle
on an Atom which is sometimes referred to
as the positive charge of electricity that
weighs about 1850 times as much as Electron
NEUTRON : is the particle of an Atom which
is not electrically charged and weigs slightly
more that the proton
THEORIES
1. That, all matters are made up of molecules.
2. That, molecules are made up of atom
3. That, atom contains neutrons, electrons and protons
4. That, neutron is neutral. It is neither positive or
negatively charge
5. That, the electron of an atom of any substance could
be transformed into another atom.
SOURCE OF ENERGY

Electricity cannot be mined from the ground like

coal. So it is called a secondary source of energy,
meaning that it is derived from primary sources,
including coal, natural gas, nuclear fission
reactions, sunlight, wind, and hydropower. Most
direct uses of primary energy are limited to
generating heat and motion. Electricity, by
contrast, is extremely versatile, with a wide range
of complex applications. Electricity plays such an
essential role in contemporary American life that
its supply and demand are often examined
separately from the primary sources used to
produce it.
SOURCE OF ENERGY
BATTERY
a combination of two or more electric cells capable of
storing and supplying direct current by electro-chemical
means.

1. Primary Batteries - delivers electricity as

soon as its parts are assembled, or put together,
provided that it is connected to a circuit.

2. Secondary/Storage Batteries – electricity

from some external source must be passed through it
before it can deliver an electric current (charging the
battery”. Main uses are: to supply emergency lighting
circuits for hallways, stairways, exits and to energize
police and fire alarm systems and certain types of signal
systems.
SOURCE OF ENERGY
GENERATOR
a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

Alternating Current Generators or Alternators – The bulk

of electrical energy utilized today is in the form of
alternating current, including energy for power and
lighting.

Direct Current Generators – These furnish electrical

energy for elevators, escalators, intercommunicating
telephone systems, control of signal systems, and clock
systems.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
By definition, Electric Current is the flow or
rate of flow of electric force in a conductor.
A current will only flow if a circuit is formed
comprising a complete loop and contains all
the following required components.
1. Source of voltage
2. A closed loop of wiring
3. An electric load
4. A means of opening and closing the circuit

ELECTRIC CURRENT IS CLASSIFIED AS:

1. Direct Current (DC)
2. Alternating Current (AC)
DIRECT CURRENT

The DC electricity, flows in one

direction. The flow is said to be from
negative to positive. The normal source
of a DC electricity, is the dry cell or
storage battery.
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
• Flows in one direction
• Uniform in strength
• Battery/dry cell
DIRECT CURRENT
The AC electricity constantly reverse its
direction flow. It is generated by
machine called generator. This type of
current is universally accepted because
of its unlimited number of applications
with the flow advantage.
1. It is easily produced.
2. It is cheaper to maintain.
3. It could be transformed into higher
voltage
4. It could be distribution to far
distance with low voltage drop.
5. It is more efficient compared with
direct current
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ION – Is the term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balance. It
is an atom or molecule that is electrically charge. It simply means there is a loss or
gain of one or more electrons
Ions occur when the electrons in the atom is loosened through friction by
another atom. Therefore, the presence of electrons in any organic or inorganic
substance is fact, that electricity is always present.

VOLT or VOLTAGE – Is the electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move
through a conductor (wire). In other words, Voltage is the electromotive force.
Comparatively, to have 12 volts 12 pounds of water pressure inside the pipe of water
system. Thus, the higher the voltage, the more electricity will be forced to flow.
Volt was named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist who discovered that
electrons flow when two different metals are connected by a wire and then dipped
into a liquid that conduct or carry electrons.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
AMPERE - is the standard unit used in measuring the strength on an electric current,
named after Andre M. Ampere.
It is the amount of current flow, sent by one volt through the resistance of one
Ohm. When there is too much flow of electricity in a small conductor or wire, heat is
produced which eventually may blow-off the protective devise called fuse, or burn
the wire insulator and create fire.

WATT – Is the rate or measure of power used or consumed. It represents the

equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by lights, appliances or motors. A term
commonly labeled on light bulbs or appliances, giving us an idea of what kind of
circuit would be installed. The term is named after James Watt a Scottish inventor.

RESISTANCE – is the friction or opposition to the flow of current by wires and

transformers, analogous to plumbing installation, where the flow of water is
subjected to resistance caused by friction between the water and the inside wall of
pipe, and the various form of turns and fittings. For direct current (DC electricity),
the term Resistance is used for friction and Impedance for alternating current (AC
electricity)
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE
1. Composition of the Conductor. This refers to a conductor having free electrons that
has low resistance.
2. Length of wire. The longer the wire the higher is the resistance.
3. Cross sectional area of wire. The bigger the cross sectional area of wire, the lower
its resistance
4. Temperature. Metal offer high resistance to high temperature (heat)
OHMS LAW
In 1926, George Simon Ohm, a German scientis, discovered the the relation between
the Current, Voltage and Resistance now referred to as the Ohms Law which states
that: “The higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the higher the resistance,
the lower the current.”
The relationship between the current, voltage and resistance is presented in the
following equations known as the Ohms law.
I = V/R
Where:
I = Current flow (amperes)
V = Electromotive force (volts)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
To find the:
* Voltage electrical pressure (Volts)
V = IR
* Current (Ampere)
I = V/R
* Resistance (Ohms)
R= V/I
*Power
P = VxI
OHMS LAW
Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 ohms on a 120 volts
and 240 volts current supply. (Circuit refers to the electrical wiring installation)
1. For 120 volts:
I = V/R = 120/5
I = 24 amperes
1. For 240 volts:
I = V/R = 240/5
I = 48 amperes
Examining the Ohms Law, it will be noted that the current is in inversely proportional
to the resistance. Thus, as resistance decreases, current increases. It can be
concluded from the foregoing illustration that a 240 volts circuit, is better choice that
using a 120 volt circuit as computed with 48 and 24 amperes respectively.
ADVANTAGE OF USING 240 VOLTS OVER THE 120 VOLTS SUPPLY ARE:
1. Economy through the use of smaller wires.
2. Lower power loss.
3. 3. Smaller percentage of power drop
RESISTANCE
In hydraulic system, the flow of fluid is impeded or resisted by friction between the
wall of the pipe, fittings and other turns and offsets. In the same manner, the flow of
current in a circuit (electrical wiring installation) is also impeded or resisted by the
wire, transformer and other devices. This is called Impedance, The electrical term for
Friction in AC electricity. In direct current DC circuit, this Impedance is called
Resistance. However, both are expressed in the unit measure called Ohms.
1. The higher the voltage, the larger the Current.
2. The higher the Resistance, the lower the Current
Their relationship may be expressed by the following equiation known as the Ohms
Law.

I = V/R
POWER
The measuring unit of electric power is the Watt. When multiplied by 1000, the
product is called Kilowatt Power.
Watt = I² x R

By Ohms law:
V=IR
Since W=I² x R
W = VxI
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT

A circuit components can be arranged in several ways but with two fundamental
types of connection, namely:

1. SERIES CIRCUIT
2. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT
In a Series Connection, a single path exist for current flow, that is the elements are
arranged in a series one after the other with no branches. Being a single parth in a
series arrangement voltage and resistance simply adds.

Under the series arrangement where only one part of current is suppling the light.
Failure of any one of the bulbs will cause a break in the circuit cutting of any one of
the entire circuitry.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
The parallel circuit is sometimes referred to as multiple connections where the loads
are placed across the same voltage constituting a separate circuit. In hydraulic
analogy, the connections are similar to branching pipe arrangement. Parallel Circuit
is the standard arrangement for house wiring connections wherein lights constitute
one parallel grouping and the convenience wall outlets constitute the second parallel
grouping.
The fundamental principle under this type of circuitry is that “loads in parallel are
additive for current, and that each has the same voltage imposed.
CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES
ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR
Electric conductors are substances or materials used to convey or allow the flow of
electric current. Insulators on the other hand are substances or materials that resist
the flow of electric current.

Materials Considered as Good Electric Conductors are:

1. Silver 6. Zinc
2. Copper 7. Platinum
3. Aluminum 8. Iron
4. Nickel 9. Lead
5. Brass 10. Tin
WIRES AND CABLES
Wires are those electrical conductors. Cables on the other hand , are those which are
larger that the wires. Wires and Cables are either:
Stranded wire - Consist of a group of wires twisted to form a metallic string.
Solid wire – Solid length of Conductor
WIRES AND CABLES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
Armored Cable (AC) - is a fabricated assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in
flexible metal sheath. Armored cable is used both on exposed and concealed work.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
Mineral Clad Cable (MI) – Is a factory assembled cable of one or more conductors
each individually insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of interlocking tape of a
smooth or corrugated tube. This type of cable is especially used for service feeders,
Brach circuit and for indoor or outdoor work.
Mineral insulated Cable (MI) – Is a factory assembled cable of one or more
conductors insulated with a highly compressed refractory mineral insulation
enclosed in a liquid and gas tight continuous copper sheath. This type of cable is used
in dry, wet or continuously moist location as service feeders or branch circuit.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES

Non – Metallic sheathed Cable (NM) – is also

a factory assembly of two or more insulated
conductors having a moisture resistant, flame
retardant, and non-metallic material outer
sheath. This type is used specifically for one
or two family dwellings not exceeding 3
storey building
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES

Shielded Non- Metallic Sheathed Cable (SNM) –

This type of cable is a factory assembly of two or
more insulated conductors in a extruded core of
moisture resistant and flame retardant material
covered within an overlapping spiral metal tape.
This type is used in hazardous locations and in
cable trays or in raceways.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
Service Entrance Cable – Is of types SE and USE. A single or multi-conductor
assembly provided with or without an over all covering primarily used for
service wire
RACEWAY
Raceway are channels or wiring accessories so designed for holding wires,
cables or busbars that are ither made of metal, plastic or any insulating
mediums.
The common types of raceways for household wiring installation are:
1. The conduit
2. The connectors and other accessories.
CONDUIT
Conduit pipe is the most common electrical raceway used
in all types of construction. With respect to the type of
materials used, Conduit may be classified into:
1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, etc.
2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like
With respect to its make, Conduit may be classified as:
1. Rigid Metal 2.Flexible metal 3.Rigid non metal
4.Flexible non metal
The purpose of Electrical Conduits.
1. To provide a means for the running wires form one
point to another.
2. To physically protect the wires.
3. To provide a grounded enclosure.
4. To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault
in the wiring.
5. To protect the wiring system from damage by the
building and the occupants.
6. To protect the building and the accoupants from damage
by electric system.
 THANK YOU !

A R . MA R IS S E G. R OME R O, UA P