Fundamentals OF Electricity

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
ELECTRICITY
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICITY
Electricity is an apparent force in nature

that exists whenever there is a
net electrical charge between any two
objects. Basics of
Electrostatics: Electrical charges are
either negative (electrons) or positive
(protons) The unit of charge, q , is called
the coloumb.
Function of Electricity
Electricity is all around us-powering
technology like our cell phones, computers,
lights, soldering irons, and air conditioners.
It's tough to escape it in our modern world.
Even when you try to escape electricity, it's
still at work throughout nature, from the
lightning in a thunderstorm to the synapses
inside our body.
THREE ELEMENTS
OF ELECTRICITY
1.Voltage source (such as a battery or
generator). A device that supplies the energy.
2.Load (such as a resistor, motor, or lamp). A

device that uses energy from the voltage
source.
3.Conductive pathway (such as an insu-

lated wire or printed circuit board). A path
from voltage source to load and back, which
carries electrical current.
Voltage
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical
circuit’s power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting
loop, enabling them to do work such as
illuminating a light.
Current
is the rate at which charge is flowing. It is
defined as the amount of charge that passes a
point in a second. For example, if 3 Coulombs
of charge pass a single point in a wire over the
course of 2 seconds, there exists a current of
1.5 Amperes (A) in the system.
I = Q/t
Where
I: Current
Q: Charge
t: Time
The relationship between current and
voltage is integral in understanding how
much power is "developed" in a system,
that is to say, how much electrical power
is generated and dissipated. It is
important to understand that in a circuit,
current is a conserved quantity.
Resistance
Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by
the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named
after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a
German physicist who studied the relationship
between voltage, current and resistance. He is
credited for formulating Ohm's Law.
Resistance is the opposition to electrical
current in a material. To put it another
way, resistance is the inverse of a
material's ability to conduct electricity.
Resistance is an important concept to
understand when discussing electricity
because it dictates how quickly charge
will flow through a circuit and therefore
how much current will exist.
All materials resist current flow to some
degree. They fall into one of two broad
categories:
Conductors: Materials that offer very little

resistance where electrons can move easily.
Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
Insulators: Materials that present high

resistance and restrict the flow of electrons.
Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and
plastic.
Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law is a formula used to calculate the
relationship between voltage, current and
resistance in an electrical circuit.
To students of electronics, Ohm's Law (E = IR) is
as fundamentally important as Einstein's
Relativity equation (E = mc²) is to physicists.
E=IxR
When spelled out, it means voltage = current x
resistance, or volts = amps x ohms, or V = A x
Ω.
Named for German physicist Georg Ohm (1789-
1854), Ohm's Law addresses the key quantities at
work in circuits:
ELECTRIC POWER
Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which

electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
Electric power is usually produced by
electric generators, but can also be supplied by
sources such as electric batteries. It is usually supplied
to businesses and homes (as domestic
mains electricity) by the electric power industry
through an electric power grid.
DIRECT CURRENT
Direct current (DC) is the one directional flow of
electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime
example of DC power. Direct current may flow
through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow
through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a
vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric
current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it
from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used
for this type of current was galvanic current
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which
periodically reverses direction and changes its
magnitude continuously with time in contrast to
direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.
Alternating current is the form in which electric power
is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the
form of electrical energy that consumers typically use
when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans
and electric lamps into a wall socket.
PARALLEL
CONNECTION
AND
SERIES CONNECTION
PARALLEL CONNECTION
If two or more components are
connected in parallel, they have the
same difference of potential (voltage)
across their ends. The potential
differences across the components are
the same in magnitude, and they also
have identical polarities. The same
voltage is applied to all circuit
components connected in parallel.
The total current is the sum of the currents
through the individual components, in
accordance with Kirchhoff's current law.
Voltage
In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same for
all elements.
Current
The current in each individual resistor is found by
Ohm's law. Factoring out the voltage gives
Resistance
To find the total resistance of all components, add the
reciprocals of the resistances of each component and take
the reciprocal of the sum. Total resistance will always be
less than the value of the smallest resistance:
SERIES CONNECTION
Series circuits are sometimes referred
to as current-coupled or daisy chain-
coupled. The electric current in a
series circuit goes through every
component in the circuit. Therefore,
all of the components in a series
connection carry the same current.
A series circuit has only one path in
which its current can flow. Opening or
breaking a series circuit at any point
causes the entire circuit to "open"
or stop operating. For example, if
even one of the light bulbs in an older-
style string of Christmas tree lights
burns out or is removed, the entire
string becomes inoperable until the
bulb is replaced.
Difference Between Series and Parallel
Circuits
SERIES PARALLEL
 The same amount of  The current flowing through

current flows through all each component combines to
the components form the current flow through
the source.
 When resistors are put in a  When resistors are put in a

series circuit, the voltage parallel circuit, the voltage
across each resistor is across each of the resistors is
different even though the the same. Even the polarities
current flow is the same
are the same.
through all of them.
 In an electrical circuit,  In an electrical circuit,
components are arranged in components are arranged
a line parallel to each other
 If one component breaks  Other components will

down, the whole circuit will function even if one
burn out. component breaks down,
each has its own
independent circuit
 If Vt is the total voltage  If Vt is the total voltage

then it is equal to then it is equal to
V1+V2+V3 V1=V2=V3
QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is an example of a
load in a circuit?
A. Battery
B. Fuse
C. Wire
D. Bulb
QUESTIONS
2. Which of the following is not a circuit
protection device?
A. Fuse
B. Relay
C. Circuit Breaker
D. Fusible Link
QUESTIONS
3. If a series circuit has 4 resistors that are 2 ohms
each, the total resistance of the circuit would be:
A. 10
B. 6
C. 2
D. 8
QUESTIONS
4. A _______circuit has more than one path
to ground.
A. series
B. Series-parallel
C. Short
D. parallel
QUESTIONS
5. If a circuit has no continuity is is said to be
________.
A. Closed
B. Open
C. Shorted to ground
D. Shorted to voltage
QUESTIONS
6. Conventional current is the flow of
electrons.
A. True
B. False
QUESTIONS
7. There is only one path for current to flow
in a parallel circuit.
A. True
B. False
QUESTIONS
8. An ammeter is used to measure current.
A. True
B. False
QUESTIONS
9. Adding more resistors to a series
circuit increases the current.
A. T rue
B. False
QUESTIONS
10. In a circuit, the fuse should be connected
to the earth wire.
A. True
B. False
END OF
PRESENTATION
THANKYOU!!

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FUNDAMENTALS

Electricity is an apparent force in nature

2.Load (such as a resistor, motor, or lamp). A

3.Conductive pathway (such as an insu-

Conductors: Materials that offer very little

Insulators: Materials that present high

Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which

 The same amount of  The current flowing through

 When resistors are put in a  When resistors are put in a

 If one component breaks  Other components will

 If Vt is the total voltage  If Vt is the total voltage

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