GOOD

AFTERNOON!
LESSON 3:

ELECTRICI
TY
TOPIC:

INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICITY
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

Electricity is a form of energy generated by

friction, induction or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect.

In short electricity is ELECTRON IN

MOTION.
Electricity is one of the most useful discovery of
man which paved the way to the numerous
inventions from the simple tools to the most
sophisticated gadgets making what originally
seemed to be impossible become a reality.
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE IN THE DISCOVERY AND USE
OF ELECTRICITY:

 Michael Faraday (1791-1867): He was a

British scientist and physicist who discovered
the principle of electromagnetic induction.

 The father of electricity.

 Benjamin Franklin: He was one of the
Founding Fathers of the United States and is
also renowned for his studies of electricity.

 Experiment with a kite one stormy night in

Philadelphia, the principles of electricity
gradually became understood.
 Thomas A. Edison (1847) : He is credited with
developing the first practical electric light bulb,
 Alessandro Volta (1745–1827): He is credited
with the invention of the electric battery in 1800.
 Hans Christian Orsted (1777–1851): He was a
Danish physicist who discovered that electric
currents create magnetic fields, which was a
major contribution to electromagnetism.
 Andre-Marie Ampere (1775–1836): He was
a French physicist and mathematician who is
generally regarded as one of the main
discoverers of electromagnetism.

 Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854): He was a

German physicist and mathematician who
formulated
Ohm's Law, which describes the relationship
between voltage, current, and resistance in an
THE ELECTRON
THEORY : are made up of molecules.
1.All matters
2. Molecules are made up of Atoms.
3. Atoms contains Neutrons, Electrons, and Protons.
4. Neutrons is the neutral particle . It is neither
positive or negatively charge.
5. Electrons is the negatively charge particle.
6. Protons is the positively charge particle.
7. The electrons of an atom of any substance could
be transformed into another atom.
THE KINDS ELECTRICITY :

a) STATIC ELECTRICITY - When two objects are

rubbed together, electrons are moved from the
surface atoms, relatively more from one
material than from the other.

b) DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY - This refers to electrons

in motion.
THE SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY :
1.Friction –static electricity is generated by the
action of friction between two materials.

2. Chemical Action – a great deal of the world’s

electricity is produced by batteries. These devices
generate a different or potential means of
chemical action.
THE SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY :
3. Heat Action – two dissolution metals bonded
together in a junction when heated, exhibit a
difference of potential. Such bond is called
thermocouple.

Electricity generated by heat action is called

Thermoelectricity.
THE SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY :
4.Light Action – photo-cells are semi-conduction
devices which convert light directly into electrical
energy.
This process is called Photo-Electricity .
5. Pressure - a difference of potential appears across

the faces of certain crystals, such as quartz, when

they are squeezed or stretched. This action is
called Piezo-Electricity .
THE SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY :

6. Mechanical Action – all electricity in large useful

amounts is at present produce by rotating
machines working with the use of magnets.

These machines, known as generators, are turned

by waterpower, gas engines or steam engines and
sometimes by electric motors.
 ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTICS :
1.Volt or Voltage: The electric potential difference
between two points in a circuit,
measured in volts (V).
Volt was named after - It is the electrical pressure
Alessandro Volta an
that causes the electrons to
Italian Scientist.
move through a conductor
(wire)
- It is an Electromotive
force(emf).
 2. Current: The flow of electric charge through a
conductor, measured in amperes (A).

AMPERE is the standard unit

AMPERE was
named after Andre used in measuring the strength
Marie Ampere. of an electric current.
3. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric
current in a circuit, measured in ohms
(Ω).
OHMS is named after Georg Simon Ohm.

4. Capacitance: The ability of a component to store

electrical charge, measured in farads
(F).
FARADS is named after Michael Faraday.
 5. Inductance: The property of a component to
store
energy in a magnetic field when
current flows through it, measured
in
HENRIES is named after an American scientist Joseph Henry.
henries (H).
6. Impedance: The total opposition to the flow of
alternating current in a circuit, combining
resistance, capacitance, and inductance, measured
in ohms (Ω).
7. Power: The rate at which work is done or
energy is transferred in an electrical circuit,
measured in watts (W).

WATTS is named after a Scottish engineer James Watt.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC
CURRENT
1.Direct Current (DC): Direct current flows in a
constant direction without changing polarity. It
is typically produced by batteries, fuel cells, or
rectifiers. In a circuit with DC, the current
always flows from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal.
2. Alternating Current (AC): Alternating
current periodically changes direction and
polarity. It is the type of current supplied by
power grids and is commonly used in homes and
businesses.
3. Pulsating Current: Pulsating current is a type
of current that varies in magnitude but maintains
a constant direction. It is often produced by
rectifying AC current using diodes or other
devices.
4. Sinusoidal Current: Sinusoidal current is a
type of AC current that follows a sinusoidal
waveform. It has a smooth and continuous
variation in magnitude and direction, resembling
a sine wave.
5. Steady State Current: Steady state current is a
constant current that does not change over time. It
occurs when a circuit reaches a stable condition
after transient effects have settled.
6. Transient Current: Transient current refers
to a temporary and non-steady state current
that occurs during the switching on or off of a
circuit or due to sudden changes in voltage or
load.
 TYPES OF
CIRCUITS
1. Series Circuit: In a series circuit, the
components are connected in a single path,
one after another.

2. Parallel Circuit: In a parallel circuit, the

components are connected in multiple
paths, branching out from a common
point.
3. Combination Circuit: A combination
circuit is a combination of series and
parallel circuits. It contains both series and
parallel connections of components.

4. Open Circuit: An open circuit is a

circuit that is not complete or broken. It
does not allow the flow of current because
the path is interrupted.
5. Closed Circuit: A closed circuit is a
circuit that forms a complete loop or
path for the current to flow. It allows
the current to flow from the power
source through the components and
back to the source
THANK YOU!