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    Consolidation Settlement

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    giorgio-elia

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    Consolidation Settlement

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    giorgio-elia
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    Consolidation Settlement

    Uploaded by

    giorgio-elia

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Consolidation

    Settlement

    Structural Guide

    Consolidation
     Occurs in Clay Soils
     When the application of additional load, pore water pressure in the saturated clay
    increases as the hydraulic conductivity of the clay is very small.
     Some time is required for excess pore water pressed to dissipate and increase the
    stress to be transferred to the soil skeleton.
     This gradual increase in the effective stress in the clay layer will cause settlement over
    a period of time and is referred to as consolidation settlement.

     Application of load tends to volumetric compression underlying soils. When the soil is
    saturated, pore water pressure increases immediately upon the application of loads.
     Consolidation is the process by which there is a reduction in volume due to the
    expulsion of water from the pores of the water.
     The dissipation of excess pore water pressure is accompanied by an increase in
    effective stress and volumetric strain. Cohesive soils have much lower hydraulic
    conductivity, and, as a result, consolidation required a far longer time to complete.

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    Consolidation Settlement
    Time dependence process
    Three-dimensional process, with water movement in any direction.
    However, with the soil confinement in the lateral direction, it could be considered as
    vertical
    Permeability of soil impacts on consolidation of soil

    Stages of Consolidation

    Primary Consolidation Settlement


    Secondary Consolidation Settlement

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    Terminology
    Primary Consolidation
     The process of dissipation of increased pour water pressure due to the application of
    loads on the soil layer and increase in the effective stress in the soil skeleton
     Settlement caused due to reduction of volume

    Secondary Consolidation
     Occurs after the primary consolidation with the dissipation of the increased pore
    water pressure.
     Occurs with rearrangement of the soil skeleton with the dissipation of the pore water
    pressure and with the reduction of the volume.
     This is also called as creep Process

    Primary Consolidation Settlement


    Secondary Consolidation Settlement

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    Overconsolidation Past Present

     Comparison of stress acting on the soil in the current stage to its highest stress
    experienced by soil
     If the current stress is less than that applied in the past, the soil is overconsolidated.

    Overconsolidation Ratio OCR


     Used to define the consolidation stage of the soil with respect to the past
     OCR = Highest stress experienced by soil / Current stress on soil
     It works like a factor of safety against further consolidation.

    Normally Consolidated Soil


     A soil that is currently experiencing its highest stress is said to be “Normally
    Consolidated Soil” and has an OCR of one.
     Highest stress experience by soil = Current Stress on Soil
     The higher overburden pressure expense by the soil (weight or stress applied by the
    other layers on top) remains the same as now.

    Preconsolidation Pressure
     The maximum effective vertical overburden stresses that a particular soil sample has
    sustained in the past.
     The preconsolidation pressure is also expressed in other terms such as pre-
    consolidation stress, precompression stress, pre-compaction stress, and preload stress.

    4
    Degree of Consolidation
    Degree of Consolidation = Amount of consolidation at a given time with a soil mass /
    Total amount of Consolidation obtainable under the given stress condition.

    Degree of Consolidation = Settlement of the clay layer at the time t after the load is
    applied / Maximum consolidation settlement that the clay layer will undergo under given
    loading.

    Soil Type Undergo Consolidation

     Clay
     Organic Soils
     Silty Soils

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    Primary Consolidation

     Two stages of soil are


     Normally Consolidated Soil - Current state same as past
     Over Consolidated Soil – Previously higher load applied than now

    Calculation of Consolidation Settlement of


    Normally Consolidated Soil
     Consider stress distribution under the foundation – on the clay layer
     Need to consider the average stress in the clay layer in settlement calculation.
     Average increase in the pressure in the clay layer can be calculated as
     Δσ’av = (1/6)[Δσ’t + Δσ’m + Δσ’b ]

    6
    Calculation of Consolidation Settlement of
    Overconsolidated Consolidated Soil
     Case 01: Applied Stress is less than Preconsolidatioon Stress
     Case 02: Applied Stress is greater than Preconsolidation Stress

    Secondary Consolidation of Soil

     The settlement caused due to the plastic adjustment of the soil fabrics at the end of
    the primary consolidation is called secondary consolidation.
     Secondary Consolidation also can be explained as slippage and reorientation of soil
    particles under sustained loads.

     Organic and highly compressible soils are more susceptible to higher secondary
    consolidation
     The secondary consolidation is less significant in overconsolidated inorganic clays as
    the secondary compression index is very small.

    7
    Work Example: Primary Consolidation
    Settlement on Normally Consolidated Clay

    Work Example: Conti…

     Settlement can be calculated in normally consolidated soil from


     Sc = CcHc/(1+e0) log[(σ’0+Δσ’av)/σ’0]

     Sc – consolidation settlement in the normally consolidated clay


     Cc – Compression index – to be evaluated from the laboratory testing
     Hc – Height of the clay layer
     e0 – Initial void ratio of the clay layer – to be obtained from the laboratory testing of
    undisturbed sample
     σ’0 – Soil stress at mid-height of the clay layer
     Δσ’av – Average increase in the stress in the clay layer due to the foundation load

    8
    Work Example: Conti…

     Calculate soil stress (σ’0 ) at mid-height of the clay layer


     σ’0 = 1.5×16 + 0.5(17-9.81) + 1x(17-9.81) = 34.785 kN/m2
     Calculate Increase in the Soil Stress due to Foundation load at Mid Height of the Clay Layer
     Δσ’av = (1/6)[ Δσ’t + 4Δσ’m + Δσ’b ]
     We may refer to book Principles in Foundation Engineering for easy method

    Work Example: Conti…


     Consider the width and length of the foundation as (BxL = 1mx2m). The depth”z” is
    measured from the bottom of the foundation.
     q0 = 150 kN/m2 e0 – 0.8

    Stress m1 z n1 Ic q0Ic
    ∆σ’t 2 1 1 0.800 120
    ∆σ’m 2 2 4 0.190 28.5
    ∆σ’b 2 3 6 0.095 14.25

     Δσ’av = (1/6)[ Δσ’t + 4Δσ’m + Δσ’b ]


     Δσ’av = (1/6)[ 120 + 4×28.5 + 14.25 ] = 41.375 kN/m2

    Calculate Settlement

     Sc = CcHc/(1+e0) log[(σ’0+Δσ’av)/σ’0]
     Sc = 0.3×2/(1+0.8) log[(34.785+41.375)/34.785] = 0.113 m = 113 mm

    9
    Thank you

    Structural Guide
    Civil & Structural Engineering Knowledge Base

    10

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