E Thesis Hemanth

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR
OF FRP STRENGTHENED DEEP BEAMS WITH OPENINGS
A thesis
submitted by
HEMANTH KUMAR G
Roll no.210CE2024
In the partial fulfillment for

the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA 769008
May 2012
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR
OF FRP STRENGTHENED DEEP BEAMS WITH OPENINGS
A thesis
submitted by
HEMANTH KUMAR G
Roll No. 210CE2024
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the award of Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
DR. K. C. BISWAL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA 769008
May 2012
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL
STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR OF FRP STRENGTHENED DEEP BEAMS WITH
OPENINGS” submitted by Hemanth Kumar G in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of Master of Technology degree in Civil Engineering with specialization
in Structural Engineering to the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is an
authentic record of research work carried out by him under my supervision. The contents
of this thesis, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institute or
University for the award of any degree or diploma.
Project Guide
Rourkela-769 008 Dr. K. C .Biswal

Date: Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, praise and thanks goes to my parents and my brothers for their
unconditional love, moral support, and encouragement has been a major stabilizing force
till this moment.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. K.C.Biswal, Associate Professor, my advisor and guide, for
the motivation, guidance, throughout the research work. I appreciate his broad range of
expertise and attention to detail, as well as the constant encouragement he has given me
over the years.
I extend my sincere thanks to the Head of the Civil Engg Department Prof. N. Roy, for
his advice and unyielding support over the year. I am also grateful to Prof Dr. S.K.Sahu,
for his valuable suggestions and timely co-operation during the project work.
I am also thankful to Mr. S. K. Sethi, Mr. R. Lugun and Mr. Sushil and administrative
staff of this department for their timely help.
I express my most sincere admiration to Haran, Paramananda, Soumya Subhashree,
Mallikarjun B, Snehash, Chhabi, Sukumar and Avadhoot for their hard work towards
the project without which the project would have been an impossible task.
Hemanth Kumar G.
210CE2024
M.Tech Structures
i
ii
ABSTRACT
Reinforced concrete deep beams are widely used as transfer girders in offshore structures and
foundations, walls of bunkers and load bearing walls in buildings. The presence of web
openings in such beams is frequently required to provide accessibility such as doors and
windows or to accommodate essential services such as ventilating and air conditioning ducts.
Enlargement of such openings due to architectural/mechanical requirements and/or a change in
the building’s function would reduce the element’s shear capacity, thus rendering a severe safety
hazard. Limited studies have been reported in the literature on the behavior and strength of RC
deep beams with openings. When such enlargement is unavoidable adequate measures should be
taken to strengthen the beam and counteract the strength reduction.
The present experimental investigation deals with the study of deep beams containing openings
and the validation of results with FEM model using ANSYS. A total of 5 deep beams with
openings are casted without shear reinforcements and are tested under three-point loading. Test
specimen has a cross section of 150x460 mm and a total length of 1200 mm. Two circular
openings, one in each shear span, are placed symmetrically about the mid-point of the beam. The
structural response of RC deep beams with openings was primarily dependent on the degree of
the interruption of the natural load path. Externally bonded GFRP shear strengthening around the
openings was found very effective in upgrading the shear strength of RC deep beams. The
strength gain caused by the GFRP sheets was in the range of 68–125%. Finite element modeling
of RC deep beams containing openings strengthened with GFRP sheets is studied using ANSYS
and the results are compared with experimental findings.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii
TABLES OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. .viii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... xi
NOTATIONS ............................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Deep beam .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Deep beam with openings .................................................................................3
1.3 Fibre reinforced polymer ..................................................................................4
1.4 Advantages of FRP ...........................................................................................4
1.5 Disadvantages of FRP ......................................................................................6
1.6 Importance of strengthening .............................................................................6
1.7 Need for present work .......................................................................................7
1.8 Objective ...........................................................................................................7
1.9 Organization of thesis .......................................................................................8
iii
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................9
2.2 Critical observations ......................................................................................14
2.3 Scope of present work .....................................................................................15
2.4 Methodology ...................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................16
3.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Lever arm ........................................................................................................16
3.1.3 Reinforcement .................................................................................................17
3.2 Minimum thickness .........................................................................................18
3.3 Steps of Designing Deep beams .....................................................................18
3.4 Design example ...............................................................................................19
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
4.1 Casting of beams .............................................................................................23
4.1.1 Beam dimensions ............................................................................................23
4.1.2 Casting of specimen ........................................................................................23
4.1.3 Materials for casting .......................................................................................23
4.1.4 Concrete properties .........................................................................................24
4.2 Reinforcement detailing ..................................................................................24
4.3 Glass fibres......................................................................................................25
4.4. Form work .......................................................................................................26
iv
4.5 Mixing, Compaction and Curing of Concrete.................................................27
4.6 Strengthening of beams...................................................................................28
4.7 Experimental setup..........................................................................................28
4.8 Fabrication of GFRP plate ..............................................................................29
4.9 Determination of ultimate stress, ultimate load and young’s modulus ...........32
4.10 Testing of beams .............................................................................................33
4.10.1 Beam No.1 (Control Beam) ............................................................................34
4.10.2. Beam No.2 ......................................................................................................36
4.10.3 Beam No. 3 .....................................................................................................39
4.10.4 Beam No. 4 ......................................................................................................42
4.10.5 Beam No. 5 .....................................................................................................45
CHAPTER 5 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
5.2 Introduction .....................................................................................................48
5.2 Finite Element modelling ................................................................................48
5.2.1 Reinforced Concrete .......................................................................................48
5.2.2 Steel reinforcement .........................................................................................49
5.2.3 Steel plates ......................................................................................................50
5.2.4 Laminates ........................................................................................................50
5.3 Material properties ..........................................................................................51
5.4 Geometry and loading conditions ...................................................................51
CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................53
6.2 Failure modes ..................................................................................................53
v
6.3 Load deflection analysis .................................................................................54
6.4 Ultimate load carrying capacity ......................................................................65
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Conclusions .....................................................................................................67
7.2 Scope of the future work .................................................................................68
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................69
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Title Page No
Table 4.1 Properties of Glass Fibres ......................................................................26
Table 4.2 Size of the specimens for tensile test .....................................................32
Table 4.3 Result of the specimens .........................................................................33
Table 4.4 Deflection Values of Control Beam.......................................................35
Table 4.5 Deflection Values of Beam-2 ................................................................38
Table 5.1 Material properties and elements used in the modelling ......................51
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Title Page No
Fig. 1.1 Deep beam without openings ......................................................................2
Fig. 1.2 Deep Beams with openings .........................................................................3
Fig. 3.1 SFD and BMD of the shown beam ............................................................20
Fig. 3.2 Reinforcement detailing ............................................................................22
Fig. 4.1(a) Reinforcement cage ...................................................................................25
Fig. 4.1(b) Reinforcement cage ..................................................................................25
Fig. 4.2 Deep beam frame .......................................................................................27
Fig. 4.3 Experimental setup ....................................................................................29
Fig. 4.4 Specimens for testing.................................................................................30
Fig. 4.5 Experimental set up of INSTRON 1195....................................................31
Fig. 4.6 Failure of specimen after tensile test .........................................................31
Fig. 4.7 Deep Beam specimen for testing ...............................................................34
Fig. 4.8(a) Specimen showing the crack pattern (front) .............................................34
Fig. 4.8(b) Specimen showing the crack pattern (back) .............................................35
Fig. 4.9 U-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 2 ............................................................36
Fig. 4.10 Beam 2 after testing .................................................................................36
Fig. 4.11 Flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam ..............................................37
Fig. 4.12 Debonding of GFRP .................................................................................37
Fig. 4.13 Debonding of GFRP at 232 KN .................................................................38
Fig. 4.14 U-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 3 .............................................................39
Fig. 4.15 Debonding of GFRP ...................................................................................39
Fig. 4.16 Debonding of GFRP ...................................................................................40
viii
Fig. 4.17 Beam 3 showing both the flexural and shear cracks ..................................40
Fig. 4.18 Full-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 4 .........................................................42
Fig. 4.19 Beam 4 after testing ....................................................................................42
Fig. 4.20 Beam 4 showing flexural crack and rupture of GFRP................................43
Fig. 4.21 Rupture of GFRP at the bottom of the Beam 4 ..........................................43
Fig. 4.22 Full-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 5 ....................................................... 45
Fig. 4.23 Beam 5 after testing ...................................................................................45
Fig. 4.24 Rupture of GFRP at the top of the beam 5 ................................................46
Fig. 4.25 Beam 5 showing Debonding of GFRP ......................................................46
Fig. 5.1 SOLID65 element ......................................................................................49
Fig. 5.2 BEAM188 element ....................................................................................49
Fig. 5.3 SOLID45 ...................................................................................................50
Fig. 5.4 SHELL91 element .....................................................................................50
Fig. 5.5 Deep beam model in ANSYS ....................................................................51
Fig. 5.6 Reinforcement model in ANSYS ..............................................................52
Fig. 5.7 Deep beam model with FRP in ANSYS ....................................................52
Fig. 6.1 Load vs. Deflection curve for control Beam-1 ..........................................55
Fig. 6.6 Load vs. Deflection curve for Beam-1 and Beam-2 ..................................60
ix
Fig. 6.10 Load vs. Deflection curve for all the beams ............................................64
Fig. 6.11 Generalised deflection plot of deep beam model in ANSYS ..................65
Fig. 6.12 Ultimate load carrying capacity ...............................................................65
Fig. 6.13 Percentage increase in ultimate carrying capacity w.r.t. control Beam-166
x
ABBREVIATIONS
ACI American Concrete Institute
CEB-FIP Comité Euro-International du Béton- Fédération Internationale

de la Précontrainte
CFRP Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer
CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association
CSA Canadian Standards Association
FE Finite Element
FRP Fibre Reinforced Polymer
GFRP Glass Fibre Reinforced plastic
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
HSC High Strength Concrete
HSSCC High Strength Self Compacting Concrete
HYSD High Yield Strength Deformed
IS Indian Standards
PSC Portland Slag Cement
RC Reinforced Concrete
SCC Self Compacted Concrete
STM Strut and Tie Model
xi
NOTATIONS
ENGLISH
l Effective span
D Overall depth of the beam
Ld Development length for the design stress in the reinforcement
t Thickness of the beam
L Overall length of the beam
f ck Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete
Mu Moment of resistance
d Effective depth
z Lever arm
A st Area of steel
xii
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEEP BEAM
Beams with large depths in relation to spans are called deep beams. As per the Indian Standard,
IS 456:2000, Clause 29, a simply-supported beam is classified as deep when the ratio of its
effective span L to overall depth D is less than 2. Continuous beams are considered as deep
when the ratio L/D is less than 2.5. The effective span is defined as the centre-to-centre distance
between the supports or 1.15 times the clear span whichever is less. They are structural
elements loaded as simple beams in which a significant amount of the load is carried to the
supports by a compression force combining the load and the reaction.
As a result, the strain distribution is no longer considered linear, and the shear deformations
become significant when compared to pure flexure. Because of their proportions deep beams
are likely to have strength controlled by shear rather than flexure. On the other hand, their
shear strength is expected to be significantly greater than predicted by the usual equations,
because of a special capacity to redistribute internal forces before failure and to develop
mechanisms of force transfer quite different from beams of common proportions (Winter and
Nelson, 1987).Deep beams are widely used as transfer girders in offshore structures and
foundations, walls of bunkers, load bearing walls in buildings, plate elements in folded
plates, pile caps, raft beam wall of rectangular tank, hopper, floor diaphragm and shear
walls.
With the strong growth of construction work in many developing countries, deep beam
design and its behaviour prediction is a subject of considerable relevance. Traditional
1
design assumptions, especially regarding plane section remaining plane after bending
for shallow beams, do not apply to deep beams. Even the definition of transition from
shallow to deep beam is imprecise in most codes of practice. The ACI 318-99 and CIRIA
Guide 2 use span/depth ratio to define RC deep beams while the Canadian code CSA 1994
and CEB-FIP model code employs the concept of shear span/depth ratio. The ACI code
defines beams with clear span to effective depth ratios less than 5 as deep beams, whereas
CEB-FIP 1993 code treats simply supported and continuous beams having span/depth ratios
less than 2 and 2.5 respectively, as deep beams. However it should be noted that the design
of these structural elements are not adequately covered by existing codes of practices.
Failure behaviour of deep beams is significantly different from that of shallow beams
because of geometry and load transfer mechanism. Thus serviceability and failure
pattern of these structural elements is not reported extensively due to the lack of clear
procedure for prediction of their behaviour.
Fig. 1.1 Deep Beam without openings
2
1.2 DEEP BEAM WITH OPENINGS
In contrast to solid deep beams, there has been little work done with deep beams with
openings. Large openings through structural members are frequently required for
mechanical and electrical conduits or even for means of passageways, such as openings
for doors and hallways in buildings. Openings in deep beams may be desired for such
things as windows and doors, or for passage of utility lines and ventilation ducts. By
allowing openings in deep beams for utilities to pass, there can be reduction in building
storey height.
Fig. 1.2 Deep Beams with openings (Source: Google)
3
1.3 FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP)
High strength non-metallic fibres, such as carbon, glass and aramid fibres, encapsulated in a
polymer matrix in the form of wires, bars, strands or grids have shown great potentials as
reinforcement for concrete, particularly where durability is of main concern. It is commonly
known as fibre reinforced polymer or, in short, FRP. Despite being a recent development,
numerous investigations have already been reported in the literature on various aspects of its
structural use. Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) have been used for structural
reinforcement materials and also for bridge construction materials such as bridge decks
and materials. One area where FRP can play a major role is in strengthening and retrofitting of
degraded or strength deficient structures already in existence. By virtue of its light-weight,
extraordinarily high strength and high corrosion resistance, FRP presents an attractive material for
structural rehabilitation. Moreover, being available in the form of thin sheets, such a system makes
very little change to the dimension of the existing member.
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF FRP
FRP materials have higher ultimate strength and lower density as compared to steel. When these
properties are taken together they lead to fibre composites having a strength/weight ratio
higher than steel plate in some cases. The lower weight of FRP makes installation and
handling significantly easier than steel. These properties are particularly important when
installation is done in cramped locations. Other works like works on soffits of bridges and
building floor slabs are carried out from man-access platforms rather than from full
scaffolding. We all know that steel plate requires heavy lifting gear and are to be held in
place while the adhesive gains its strength and bolts are fitted through the steel plate into the
parent concrete to support the plate while the adhesive cures. On the other hand, the
application of FRP plate or sheet material is like applying wallpaper; once it has been rolled
4
on carefully to remove entrapped air and excess adhesive it may be left unsupported. Here, no
bolts are required; in fact, the use of bolts would seriously weaken the material unless
additional cover plates are bonded on. Furthermore, because there is no need to drill into the
structure to fix bolts or other mechanical anchors there is no risk of damaging the existing
reinforcement. Fibre composite materials are available in very long lengths while steel plate
is generally limited to 6 m. The availability of long lengths and the flexibility of the material
also simplify installation:
• Laps and joints are not required
• The material can take up irregularities in the shape of the concrete surface
• The material can follow a curved profile; steel plate would have to be pre-bent to the
required radius.
• The material can be readily installed behind existing services
• Overlapping, required when strengthening in two directions, is not a problem because
the material is thin.
The materials fibres and resins are durable if correctly specified, and require little
maintenance. If they are damaged in service, it is relatively simple to repair them, by adding
an additional layer. The use of fibre composites does not significantly increase the weight of
the structure or the dimensions of the member. The latter may be particularly important for
bridges and other structures with limited headroom and for tunnels.
In terms of environmental impact and sustainability, studies have shown that the energy
required to produce FRP materials is less than that for conventional materials. Because of
their light weight, the transport of FRP materials has minimal environmental impact. These
various factors in combination lead to a significantly simpler and quicker strengthening
process than when using steel plate. This is particularly important for bridges because of the
5
high costs of lane closures and possession times on major highways and railway lines. It has
been estimated that about 90% of the market for plate strengthening in Switzerland has been
taken by carbon plate systems as a result of these factors.
1.5 DISADVANTAGES OF FRP
The main disadvantage of externally strengthening structures with fibre composite materials
is the risk of fire, vandalism or accidental damage, unless the strengthening is protected. A
particular concern for bridges over roads is the risk of soffit reinforcement being hit by over-
height vehicles. A perceived disadvantage of using FRP for strengthening is the relatively high
cost of the materials. However, comparisons should be made on the basis of the complete
strengthening exercise; in certain cases the costs can be less than that of steel plate bonding. A
disadvantage in the eyes of many clients will be the lack of experience of the techniques and
suitably qualified staff to carry out the work. Finally, a significant disadvantage is the lack of
accepted design standards.
1.6 IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTHENING
As infrastructures have aged, interest in the need for an effective means to rehabilitate concrete
structures has increased. One of the most challenging tasks in this regard is to upgrade the overall
capacity of the concrete structures in strength and ductility. Recently, composite materials have
been widely employed to retrofit concrete structures due to their advantages in non-corrosiveness,
high resistance to chemicals, high strength-to-weight ratio, and improved response in fatigue and
damping. Concrete columns retrofitted by external steel jackets improved both the shear and
bending responses of the members. Recently, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have been
promoted as one of the most promising and economical alternatives for rehabilitating concrete
structures. FRP materials are lighter, easier to assemble, and more durable than alternative repair
systems. Several experiments have shown that concrete wrapped by glass or carbon FRP jackets
6
improved the strength and ductility of the confined concrete. A great deal of research on CFRP
retrofitted concrete systems has been conducted. The investigations of CFRP retrofit systems,
however, have primarily focused on flexural and shear strengthening for slender concrete
members. Limited work has been done on CFRP strengthened deep reinforced concrete RC
members, in which the Bernoulli hypothesis is not applicable. Therefore, in current design guides
such as the ACI code, CFRP strengthened slender members can be analyzed with some accuracy,
while CFRP strengthened deep members are still being analyzed by approximate procedures that
have been developed for slender members.
1.7 NEED FOR PRESENT WORK
Reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams have been used in high-rise buildings, offshore
structures, transfer girders, some walls, and pile caps. The presence of web openings in
such beams is frequently required to provide accessibility such as doors and windows or to
accommodate essential services such as ventilating and air conditioning ducts. Enlargement
of such openings due to architectural/mechanical requirements and/or a change in the
building’s function would reduce the element’s shear capacity, thus rendering a severe safety
hazard. Up to date, limited studies have been reported in the literature on the behaviour and
strength of RC deep beams with openings. It was concluded that increasing the opening size
would result in a significant reduction in the shear strength. When such enlargement is
unavoidable adequate measures should be taken to strengthen the beam and counteract the
strength reduction.
1.8 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this investigation is to study the shear behaviour of deep beams containing
openings loaded up to failure and to study the effects and enhancement of strength in deep
beams containing openings when strengthened externally by FRP.
7
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
This introductory chapter (Chapter 1) gives a brief introduction to the concept of deep beam
and deep beam with openings and its uses. The importance of fibre reinforced polymer in
strengthening of degraded concrete structures and the advantages and disadvantages of FRP
the need for present work and also the objective of the project is presented in this chapter.
Review of literature on deep beams and its behaviour with and without openings along with
the, scope and methodology of the proposed work have been presented in Chapter 2.
Chapter 3 deals with the design stipulations of deep beam in general. An example with
detailed reinforcement diagrams is also explained in this chapter.
Chapter 4 presents the detailed experimental study. Testing of all the beams with different
FRP systems is also been covered in this chapter.
Finite element modelling of deep beam with openings using ANSYS have been presented in
chapter 5.
Chapter 6 deals with the results and discussions which cover different failure modes
observed, load deflection analysis and ultimate load carrying capacity of all the beams.
Chapter 7 deals with the conclusions and the scope for the future work.
8
CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 OVERVIEW
Limited studies have been reported in the literature on the behaviour and strength of deep
beams and deep beams with openings [21]-[42], a fairly common structural element in
tall buildings, offshore structures and in foundations systems. A. K. Sachan [21]
performed an experimental study on “Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Deep
Beams”, a total of 14 concrete deep beams were tested to failure and the effects of fibre
content, percentage reinforcement and the type of loading were studied. It was found that
the addition of steel fibres to concrete results in a significant increase in ultimate strength
of deep beams. It was also observed that the failure of fibre reinforced concrete beams
was more ductile and gradual compared with the failure of plain and reinforced concrete
beams.
H. K. Lee [24] worked on “Behaviour and Performance of RC T-Section Deep Beams
Externally Strengthened in Shear with CFRP sheets”. In the paper a series of experimental
tests were carried out to investigate the behaviour and performance of reinforced concrete
(RC) T-section deep beams strengthened in shear with CFRP sheets. A total of 14 RC T-
section deep beams were designed to be deficient in shear with a shear span-to-effective
depth ratio (a/ d) of 1.22. Crack patterns and behaviour of the tested deep beams were
observed during four-point loading tests. It was concluded from the test results that the
key variables of strengthening length, fibre direction combination, and anchorage have
significant influence on the shear performance of strengthened deep beams. In
9
addition, a series of comparative studies between the present experimental data and
theoretical results in accordance with the commonly applied design codes were made to
evaluate the shear strength of a control beam and deep beams strengthened with CFRP
sheets.
H. S. Kim [25] worked on “Structural Behaviours of Deep RC Beams under Combined
Axial and Bending Force”. The paper presents experimental studies of deep reinforced
concrete (RC) beam behaviours under combined axial and bending loads. In order to
investigate the effect of axial loads on the structural behaviours of the deep RC beams,
specimens were prepared to have different shear span-to-depth ratios and subjected to axial
loads of 235kN or 470kN. From the experiments, structural behaviours such as failure modes,
load-deflection relationships, and strains of steel bar and concrete are observed. As results, for
the deep beam with shear span-to-depth ratio of 0.5, load at the beam failure decreases as
applied axial load increases, while the deep beams with shear span-to-depth ratios of 1.0 and
1.5 shows that the applied axial load delays the beam failure. In addition, failure mode of the
deep beam changes from shear failure to concrete crushing due to compressive stress at the
top corners of RC beams as shear span-to-depth ratio decreases. From the experiments, it is
important to notice that deep beam with relatively small span-to-depth ratio under axial load
shows early failure due to concrete crushing, which cannot be directly applied to widely known
design method for deep beam, strut-to-tie model.
Keun-Hyeok Yang [26] worked on “Shear Characteristics of High Strength Concrete
Deep Beams without Shear Reinforcements”. A total of 21 beam specimens were tested
to investigate their shear characteristics with the variables of concrete strength, shear
span/depth ratio, and overall depth. Experimental results showed that the decrease in
shear span/depth ratio and the increase in overall depth under the same shear span/depth
ratio led to more brittle failure with wide diagonal cracks and high energy release rate related
10
to size effects. The high-strength concrete deep beams exhibited more remarkable size effects
with regard to brittle behaviour.
M. R. Islam [27] studied on “Shear Strengthening of RC Deep Beams using Externally
Bonded FRP systems”. Six concrete deep beams were fabricated and tested to failure.
One of the beams was tested in its initial condition to serve as reference, while the
remaining five beams were tested after being strengthened using carbon fibre wrap, strip
and grids. Tests have shown that the use of a bonded FRP system leads to a much slower
growth of the critical diagonal cracks and enhances the load carrying capacity of the
beam to a level quite sufficient to meet most of the practical upgrading requirements.
Abdur Rashid [28] studied on “Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam under
Uniform Loading”, a total of 14 concrete deep beams were tested under four point
loading condition simulating approximately the uniform distributed load. The test beams
were simply supported and were made with brick aggregate concrete. The test beams
were divided into two series in which first beam of each series was designed and detailed
as per recommendations of the ACI Building Code 318-89 (ACI, 1989). In the remaining
six beams of each series, the amount of either the flexural reinforcement or, the
horizontal web reinforcement or, both were increased in relation to that of first beam of
the corresponding series. Results shown that the diagonal crack develops first in
relatively deeper beams and flexural cracks develop first in the shallower beams
provided the beams have sufficient reinforcements.
Mohd. Zamin [29] studied on “Failure Modes and Serviceability of High Strength Self
Compacting Concrete Deep Beams”. The main purpose of the study was to facilitate the
prediction of deep beam failure related to tensile bar and web reinforcement percentage
variations. Six high strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) deep beams were tested
11
until failure. Strains were measured on concrete surface along mid span, tensile bar and
compression strut trajectory. The load was incrementally applied and at each load
increment new cracks, their widths and propagation were monitored. The results clearly
showed that, at ultimate limit condition, the strain distribution on concrete surface
along mid-span is no longer parabolic. In deep beams several neutral axes were obtained
before ultimate failure is reached. As the load increased, the number of neutral axis
decreased and at failure load it reduced to one. The failure of deep beams with longitudinal
tensile steel reinforcement less than that suggested by ACI codes is flexural and is
accompanied by large deflections without any inclined cracks. As the longitudinal
tensile steel reinforcement increased, the failure due to crushing of concrete at nodal
zones was clearly observed. The first flexural crack at mid-span region was always
vertical. It appeared at 25-42% of peak load. The crack length was in the range of
0.24-0.6 times the height of section. As the tensile bar percentage increases number of
cracks increases with reduced crack length and crack width.
Mohd. Zamin [30] studied on “An Experimental Investigation of the Stress-Strain
Distribution in High Strength Concrete Deep Beams”. The paper discusses the behaviour,
design and analysis of high strength reinforced concrete (HSC) deep beams regarding the
neutral axis variation. Six(HSC)deep beams designed and casted with self-compacted
concrete (SCC). The paper deals with the study of the stress-strain distribution along the beam
section at mid-span and the variation of the neutral axis within the depth. Strain gauges were
been attached on the concrete surface, on the tensile reinforcement and on the horizontal and
vertical web bars to monitor the strains, both in concrete and in the different reinforcement bars.
The data show clearly that the distribution of strains, and hence of stresses, in the deep beams
studied is completely different from the linear one, commonly accepted for ordinary beams.
12
They also have more than one neutral axis, making the ordinary beam theory used in
flexural design not justified in deep beams.
Sangdon Park [35] worked on “Strut-and-Tie Method (STM) for CFRP Strengthened
Deep RC Members”. STM was used for the analysis of CFRP strengthened deep
reinforced concrete members since a bonded CFRP element acts as an addition tension
tie. A practical analysis and design process for CFRP strengthened deep RC members
using the STM was presented in the paper. In addition, seven effective factor models
accounting for reduction of strength in cracked concrete were also investigated. A total of 17
experimental deep beam test results were compared with the proposed STM approach
results. It has been shown that the proposed STM approach with an effective factor model
depending on the strut angle provides the best agreement with the test results.
T. M. Roberts [37] worked on “Shear Failure of Deep Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Beams”. Totally nine deep, steel fibre reinforced concrete beams were tested to
investigate the influence of fibres on the shear failure of deep beams. Only one type of
fibre ’Duoform’ brass coated fibre, 0.38mm diameter by 38mm long was used in test
programme. Results confirmed that the steel fibres can prevent shear failure in deep
beams.
Tamer El Maaddawy and Sayed Sherif [38] worked on “FRP composites for shear
strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams with openings” The paper presents the
results of a research work aimed at examining the potential use of externally bonded carbon
fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite sheets as a strengthening solution to upgrade
reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams with openings. A total of 13 deep beams with openings
were constructed and tested under four-point bending. Test specimen had a cross section of
80 x 500 mm and a total length of 1200 mm.
13
Two square openings, one in each shear span, were placed symmetrically about the mid-point
of the beam. Test parameters included the opening size, location, and the presence of the
CFRP sheets. The structural response of RC deep beams with openings was primarily
dependent on the degree of the interruption of the natural load path. Externally bonded CFRP
shear strengthening around the openings was found very effective in upgrading the shear
strength of RC deep beams. The strength gain caused by the CFRP sheets was in the range of
35–73%. A method of analysis for shear strength prediction of RC deep beams containing
openings strengthened with CFRP sheets was studied and examined against test results.
Wen-Yao Lu [40] studied on “Shear Strength prediction for Steel Reinforced Concrete
Deep Beams”. In the paper the study on analytical method for determining the shear
strengths of steel reinforced concrete deep beams under the failure mode of concrete
crushing originally based on the softened strut-and-tie modal was carried out. By
comparing the predictions of the proposed method with the available test results from the
literature, it was found that the proposed method is capable of predicting the shear
strengths for steel reinforced concrete deep beams with sufficient accuracy.
2.2 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS
The following critical observations are made from the existing literature in the area of
reinforced concrete deep beams and deep beams with openings.
• Most of the reported works are limited to deep beams.
• Limited work is done in deep beams with openings.
• Very fewer studies reported in deep beams without shear reinforcements.
14
2.3 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK
In the present work it is proposed to study the behaviour of shear deficient reinforced
concrete deep beams containing circular openings. All the beams are strengthened using
externally bonded GFRP except one beam which serves as the control beam.. The beams are
tested to failure by applying three point loading to evaluate the enhancement of shear strength
due to strengthening of beams with GFRP. Finite element modelling of RC deep beams
containing openings strengthened with GFRP sheets is studied using ANSYS and the results
are compared with experimental findings.
2.4 METHODOLOGY
The methodology worked out to achieve the above-mentioned objectives is as follows:
(i) Review the existing literature and Indian design code provision for designing the
deep beam.
(ii) Adopting a mix design of M15 grade concrete (as per IS 10262-2009) to construct
the deep beam with circular openings.
(iii) A total of 5 beams were casted along with 3 cubes each for a beam.
(iv) All the beams were tested under single point loading after 28 days curing and even
the cubes to determine the compressive strength of concrete.
(v) One beam was tested in its initial condition and remaining 4 beams were
strengthened using glass fibre with different orientations and with increasing layers
to determine the maximum strength condition.
(vi) All the beams are modeled in ANSYS by considering linear analysis and are
compared with experimental models.
(vii) Results and discussions.
15
CHAPTER-3
DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the design criteria of deep beams. The following are the criterion to
design a deep beam as per Indian Standard code (IS 456:2000)
3.1.1 Definition
As per clause 29.1; A beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam whenthe ratio of effective
span to overall depth, (l/D)is less than:
1) 2.0 for a simply supported beam; and
2) 2.5 for a continuous beam.
3.1.2 Lever Arm
As per clause 29.2; The lever arm z for a deep beam shall be determined asbelow:
a) For simply supported beams:
𝑧𝑧 = 0.2(𝑙𝑙 + 2𝐷𝐷) 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 ≤ 𝑙𝑙/𝐷𝐷 ≤ 2

� (3.1𝑎𝑎)
𝑧𝑧 = 0.6𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙/𝐷𝐷 < 1
b) For continuous beams:

𝑧𝑧 = 0.2(𝑙𝑙 + 1.5𝐷𝐷) 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 ≤ 𝑙𝑙/𝐷𝐷 ≤ 2.5
� (3.1𝑏𝑏)
𝑧𝑧 = 0.5𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙/𝐷𝐷 < 1
Where l is the effective span taken as centre to centre distance between supports or 1.15 times
the clear span, whichever is smaller, and D is the overall depth.
16
3.1.3 Reinforcement
As per clause 29.3.1, positive reinforcement is, the tensile reinforcement required to resist
positive bending moment in any span of a deep beam shall:
a) extend without curtailment between supports;
b) be embedded beyond the face of each support, so that at the face of the support it shall
have a development length not less than 0.8 L d where L d is the development length
for the design stress in the reinforcement; and
c) be placed within a zone of depth equal to0.25D – 0.05ladjacent to the tension face of
the beam where D is the overall depth and l is the effective span.
As per clause 29.3.2, negative reinforcement is
a) Termination of reinforcement- For tensile reinforcement required to resist negative
bending moment over a support of a deep beam:
i) It shall be permissible to terminate not more than half of the reinforcement at a
distance of 0.5 D from the face of the support where D is as defined in clause 29.2
of IS 456:2000; and
ii) The remainder shall extend over the full span.
b) Distribution- When the ratio of clear span to overall depth is in the range 1.0 to 2.5,
tensile reinforcement over a support of a deep beam shall be placed in two zones
comprising:
i) a zone of depth 0.2 D, adjacent to the tension face, which shall contain a
proportion of the steel given by
𝑙𝑙
0.5 � − 0.5� (3.2)
𝐷𝐷
Where l is the clear span

and D is the overall depth
17
ii) a zone measuring 0.3 D on either side of the mid-depth of the beam, which
shall contain the remainder of the tension steel, evenly distributed. For span to
depth ratios less than unity, the steel shall be evenly distributed over a depth of
0.8 D measured from the tension face.
3.2 MINIMUM THICKNESS
The minimum thickness of deep beams should be based on two considerations. First, it
should be thick enough to prevent buckling with respect to its span and also its height. The
empirical requirement to prevent bulking can be expressed as follows:
D/b<25 and L/b<50
Where ‘b’ is thickness of the beam. Second, the thickness should be such that the concrete
itself should be able to carry a good amount of the shear force that acts in the beam without
the assistance of any steel.
3.3 STEPS OF DESIGNING DEEP BEAMS
The important steps in the design of R.C. deep beams are the following:
1) Determine whether the given beam is deep according to the definition.
2) Check its thickness with respect to buckling as well as its capacity to carry the
major part of the shear force by the concrete itself.
3) Design for flexure.
4) Design for the minimum web steel and its distribution in the beam.
5) Design for the shear, if the web steel already provided is inadequate, design
additional steel for shear requirements
6) Check safety of supports and loading points for local failure.
18
7) If the beams are not top loaded design the special features required for deep beam
action under the special loading conditions.
8) Detail the reinforcements according to accepted practice.
3.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE

Overall Depth (D) = 0.5m
Width (b) = 0.2m
Overall Length (L) = 0.9m

Effective Span (l) = 0.6m
Clear cover = 25mm
Diameter of steel rods = 16mm
Effective Depth (d) = D-25-(16÷2)
= 500-25-8
= 467mm
19
Fig. 3.1 SFD and BMD of the shown beam
Providing concrete grade M 20 and Fe 415
f ck = 20 N/mm2
Considering a balance section
Moment of resistance (M u ) = 0.138 f ck bd2
= 0.138×20×200×4672
= 120.38 KN m
Equating bending moment = Moment of resistance
Wl/3 = 120.38
W=601.9 KN
(i) Calculation of lever arm
For simply supported beam
z = 0.2(l+2D)
= 0.2(0.6+2(0.5))
= 0.32m
Moment of resistance with respect to compression in concrete

0.87 f y A st z = M u
20
0.87×415×A st ×320 = 120.38×106
A st =1041.92 mm2
(ii) Calculation of zone of depth
Zone of depth = 0.25D-0.05l

= (0.25×0.5-0.05×0.6)
= (0.125-0.03)
= 0.095m
Provide 6 bars of 16mm diameter @ 0.095m from soffit
(iii) Calculation of minimum horizontal reinforcement
Minimum horizontal reinforcement = 0.002×gross concrete area

= 0.002×200×1000
= 400mm2
 200mm2on both the sides
Provide 3 bars of 6mm diameter on both the faces @ 120mm c/c
(iv) Calculation of minimum vertical reinforcement
Minimum vertical reinforcement = 0.0012×gross concrete area
= 0.0012×200×1000
= 240mm2
 120mm2on both the sides

Provide 5 number of stirrups of 6mm diameter @ 180mm c/c
21
Fig. 3.2 Reinforcement detailing
1) 5 no.of stirrups of 6mm diameter @ 180mm c/c.

2) 6 no.of 6mm diameter bars @ 120mm c/c.
3) 6 no.of 16mm diameter bars spaced equally @ 0.095m from soffit.
22
CHAPTER-4
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
4.1 CASTING OF BEAMS.
4.1.1 Beam Dimensions.
As per clause 29 of IS 456:2000 the beam dimensions were finalised as follows:
Length (L) = 1.2 m
Width (b) = 0.15 m
Depth (D) = 0.46 m
Effective span (l) = 0.9 m
It has been tested after 28 days with three point loading.
4.1.2 Casting of specimen.
For conducting experiment, the proportion of 1: 2: 4 is taken for cement, fine aggregate and
course aggregate. The mixing is done by using concrete mixture. The beam is cured for 28
days. Three cubes are casted and are tested after 28 days to determine the compressive
strength of concrete for 28 days.
4.1.3 Materials for casting.
• Cement
Portland Slag Cement (PSC) (Konark Cement) is used for the experiment. It is tested
for its physical properties in accordance with Indian Standard specifications. It is
having a specific gravity of 2.96.
23
• Fine aggregate.
The fine aggregate passing through 4.75 mm sieve and having a specific gravity of
2.67 are used. The grading zone of fine aggregate is zone III as per Indian Standard
specifications.
• Coarse aggregate.
The coarse aggregates of two grades are used one retained on 10 mm size sieve and
another grade contained aggregates retained on 20 mm sieve. It is having a specific
gravity of 2.72.
• Water.
Ordinary tap water is used for concrete mixing in all the mix.
4.1.4 Concrete properties.
a) Concrete grade = M15
b) Characteristics strength = 15 N/mm2
c) Degree of quality control = Good
d) Degree of exposure = Mild
4.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
High-Yield Strength Deformed bars of 12 mm and 8 mm diameter are used for the
longitudinal reinforcement and 6 mm diameter bars are used as stirrups. The tension
reinforcement consists of 2 no’s 12 mm diameter HYSD bars. Two bars of 8 mm of HYSD
bars are also provided as hang up bars .The detailing of reinforcement of the beam is shown
in figure 4.1(a) and 4.1(b).
24
Fig. 4.1(a) Reinforcement cage
Fig. 4.1(b) Reinforcement cage
4.3 GLASS FIBRES
Fibreglass (or glassfibre) (also called glass-reinforced plastic, GRP, glass-fibre reinforced
plastic, or GFRP), is a fibre reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by
fine fibres of glass. Fibreglass is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material. The
glass fibres are divided into three classes: E-glass, S-glass and C-glass. The E-glass is
designated for electrical use and the S-glass for high strength. The C-glass is for high
25
corrosion resistance, and it is uncommon for civil engineering application. Of the three fibres,
the E-glass is the most common reinforcement material used in civil structures.
Although strength properties of glass fibres are somewhat lower than carbon fibre and it is
less stiff, the material is typically far less brittle, and the raw materials are much less
expensive. Its bulk strength and weight properties are also very favourable when compared to
metals, and it can be easily formed using moulding processes. The plastic matrix may
be epoxy, a thermosetting plastic (most often polyester or vinyl ester) or thermoplastic.
Common uses of fibreglass include boats, automobiles, baths, hot tubs, water tanks, roofing,
pipes, cladding, casts and external door skins.
Table 4.1 Properties of Glass Fibres

Typical Properties E-Glass S-Glass
Density (g/cm3) 2.60 2.50
Young's Modulus (GPa) 72 87
Tensile Strength (GPa) 1.72 2.53
Tensile Elongation (%) 2.4 2.9
4.4 FORM WORK
Form work is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or
similar materials are poured. The form work for the deep beam that is used to carry out the
present project is as shown in Fig. 4.2
26
Fig.4.2 Deep beam frame
4.5 MIXING, COMPACTION AND CURING OF CONCRETE
Mixing of concrete is done thoroughly with the help of machine mixer so that a uniform
quality of concrete is obtained. Compaction is done with the help of needle vibrator in all the
specimens and care is taken to avoid displacement of the reinforcement cage inside the form
work. Then the surface of the concrete is levelled and smoothened by metal trowel and
wooden float. Curing is done to prevent the loss of water which is essential for the process of
hydration and hence for hardening. It also prevents the exposure of concrete to a hot
atmosphere and to drying winds which may lead to quick drying out of moisture in the
concrete and there by subject it to contraction stresses at a stage when the concrete would not
be strong enough to resists them. Here curing is done by spraying water on the jute bags
spread over the surface for a period of 14 days.
27
4.6 STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS
At the time of bonding of fibre, the concrete surface is made rough using a coarse sand paper
texture and then cleaned with an air blower to remove all dirt and debris. After that the epoxy
resin is mixed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. The mixing is carried out in a
plastic container (100 parts by weight of Araldite LY 556 to 10 parts by weight of Hardener
HY 951). After their uniform mixing, the fabrics are cut according to the size then the epoxy
resin is applied to the concrete surface. Then the GFRP sheet is placed on top of epoxy resin
coating and the resin is squeezed through the roving of the fabric with the roller .Air bubbles
entrapped at the epoxy/concrete or epoxy/fabric interface are eliminated.
During hardening of the epoxy, a constant uniform pressure is applied on the composite
fabric surface in order to extrude the excess epoxy resin and to ensure good contact between
the epoxy, the concrete and the fabric. This operation is carried out at room temperature.
Concrete beams strengthened with glass fibre fabric are cured for 24 hours at room
temperature before testing.
4.7 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The Deep beams with holes are tested in the loading frame of the “Structural Engineering”
Laboratory of National Institute of Technology, Rourkela. The testing procedure for the all
the specimen is same. First the beams are cured for a period of 28 days then its surface is
cleaned with the help of sand paper to make the cracks clearly visible after testing. One point
loading arrangement is used for testing of beams.
The load is transmitted through a load cell and spherical seating directly at the midpoint of
the beam. The specimens placed over the two steel rollers bearing leaving 150 mm from the
28
ends of the beam. One dial gauge is used for recording the deflection of the beam and is
placed at the centre of the beam.
Fig.4.3 Experimental setup
4.8 FABRICATION OF GFRP PLATE
There are two basic processes for moulding: hand lay-up and spray-up. The hand lay-up
process is the oldest and simplest fabrication method. The process is most common in FRP
marine construction. In hand lay-up process, liquid resin is placed along with FRP against
finished surface. Chemical reaction of the resin hardens the material to a strong light weight
product. The resin serves as the matrix for glass fibre as concrete acts for the steel reinforcing
rods.
The following constituent materials were used for fabricating plates:
1. Glass Fibre
2. Epoxy as resin
3. Hardener as diamine (catalyst)
4. Polyvinyl alcohol as a releasing agent
29
A plastic sheet was kept on the plywood platform and a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol was
applied as a releasing agent by the use of spray gun. Laminating starts with the application of
a gel coat (epoxy and hardener) deposited in the mould by brush, whose main purpose was to
provide a smooth external surface and to protect fibres from direct exposure from the
environment. Steel roller was applied to remove the air bubbles. Layers of reinforcement
were applied and gel coat was applied by brush. Process of hand lay-up is the continuation of
the above process before gel coat is hardened. Again a plastic sheet was applied by applying
polyvinyl alcohol inside the sheet as releasing agent. Then a heavy flat metal rigid platform
was kept top of the plate for compressing purpose. The plates were left for minimum 48
hours before transported and cut to exact shape for testing.
Plates were casted using two different glass fibres of 2 layers, 4 layers which are closely
spaced and the specimen of 2 layers, 4 layers which are largely spaced and are tested.
Fig.4.4 Specimens for testing.
30
Fig.4.5 Experimental set up of INSTRON 1195
Fig.4.6 Failure of specimen after tensile test
31
Table4.2 Size of the specimens for tensile test
No. of layers Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness (cm)
2(closely spaced) 15 2.3 0.1
4(closely spaced) 15 2.3 0.25
2(largely spaced) 15 2.3 0.3
4.9 DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE STRESS, ULTIMATE LOAD AND
YOUNG’S MODULUS
The ultimate stress, ultimate load and young’s modulus was determined experimentally by
performing unidirectional tensile test on the specimens cut in longitudinal and transverse
direction. The dimensions of the specimens are shown in Table 4.2. The specimens were cut
from the plates by diamond cutter or by hex saw. After cutting by hex saw, it was polished in
the polishing machine.
For measuring the young’s modulus, the specimen is loaded in INSTRON 1195 universal
tensile test machine to failure with a recommended rate of extension. Specimens were
gripped in the upper jaw first and then gripped in the movable lower jaw. Gripping of the
specimen should be proper to prevent slippage. Here, it is taken as 50 mm from each side.
Initially, the stain is kept zero. The load as well as extension was recorded digitally with the
help of the load cell and an extensometer respectively. From these data, stress versus stain
graph was plotted, the initial slope of which gives the Young’s modulus. The ultimate stress
and the ultimate load were obtained at the failure of the specimen. The average value of each
layer of the specimens is given in the Table 4.3.
32
Table 4.3 Result of the specimens
No.of layers of the Ultimate stress Ultimate Load (N) Young’s

specimen
(MPa) modulus(MPa)
2 Layers(closely 172.79 6200 6829.9

spaced)
4 Layers(closely 209.09 9200 7788.5
spaced)
2 Layers(largely 268.6 30890 6158
spaced)
4 Layers(largely 271.48 31221 6224.02
spaced)
4.10 TESTING OF BEAMS
All the five are tested one by one. Four with FRP and one without FRP which is taken as the
control Beam .All of them are tested in the above arrangement. The gradual increase in load
and the deformation in the strain gauge reading are taken throughout the test. The dial gauge
reading shows the deformation. The load at which the first visible crack is developed is
recorded as cracking load. Then the load is applied till the ultimate failure of the beam.
The deflections at the midpoint mentioned for the beams with and without GFRP are
recorded with respect to increase of load and are furnished in table. The data furnished in this
chapter have been interpreted and discussed in the chapter 6 to obtain a conclusion.
33
4.10.1 Beam No.1 (Control Beam)
Fig. 4.7 Deep Beam specimen for testing
Fig. 4.8(a) Specimen showing the crack pattern (front)
34
Fig. 4.8(b) Specimen showing the crack pattern (back)
Table 4.4 Deflection Values of Control Beam
Load (KN) Deflection (mm) at L/2 Remarks
10 0.15
20 0.23
30 0.32
40 0.44
50 0.54
60 0.69
70 0.89
80 1.12
90 1.39 1st crack appeared
100 1.69
110 1.94
120 2.49 Ultimate load
35
4.10.2 Beam – 2
Double layered U- wrap GFRP (closely spaced) bonded in the clear shear span.
Fig. 4.9 U-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 2
Fig. 4.10 Beam 2 after testing
36
Fig. 4.11 Flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam
Fig. 4.12 Debonding of GFRP
37
Fig. 4.13 Debonding of GFRP at 232 KN
Table 4.5 Deflection Values of Beam-2
10 0.19
20 0.28
30 0.39
40 0.49
50 0.59
60 0.65
70 0.75
80 0.86
90 0.90
100 1.02
110 1.13
120 1.24
130 1.39
140 1.57
150 1.67
160 1.80
170 1.94
180 2.14
200 2.75
210 3.00
220 3.10
232 Ultimate load
38
4.10.3 Beam-3
Four layered U- wrap GFRP (closely spaced) bonded in the clear shear span.
Fig. 4.14 U-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 3
39
Fig. 4.17 Beam 3 showing both the flexural and shear cracks
40
10 0.19
20 0.29
30 0.39
40 0.49
50 0.58
60 0.64
70 0.72
80 0.80
90 0.88
100 0.94
110 1.08
120 1.19
130 1.34
140 1.51
150 1.62
160 1.69
170 1.80
180 1.93
190 2.28
210 2.42
220 2.54
230 2.74
Crack started inside the
240 2.92
fibre
270 Ultimate load
41
4.10.4 Beam-4
Double layered Full-wrap GFRP (largely spaced) bonded in the clear shear span.
Fig. 4.18 Full-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 4
42
Fig. 4.20 Beam 4 showing flexural crack and rupture of GFRP
Fig. 4.21 Rupture of GFRP at the bottom of the Beam 4
43
10 0.18
20 0.24
30 0.32
40 0.39
50 0.46
60 0.52
70 0.59
80 0.65
90 0.74
100 0.85
110 0.97
120 1.14
130 1.29
140 1.46
160 1.79
170 2.07
180 2.29
190 2.54
200 2.85
202 Ultimate load
44
4.10.5 Beam-5
Four layered Full-wrap GFRP (largely spaced) bonded in the clear shear span.
Fig. 4.22 Full-wrap GFRP wrapped at Beam 5
45
Fig. 4.24 Rupture of GFRP at the top of the beam 5
Fig. 4.25 Beam 5 showing Debonding of GFRP
46
10 0.19
20 0.28
30 0.32
40 0.40
50 0.49
60 0.58
70 0.64
80 0.70
90 0.76
100 0.81
110 0.90
120 1.21
130 1.31
150 1.65
160 1.78
170 1.97
180 2.03
190 2.36
200 2.46
210 2.58
232 Ultimate load
47
CHAPTER-5
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The finite element method is a numerical analysis technique for obtaining approximate
solutions to a wide variety of engineering problems. ANSYS is a general purpose finite
element modelling package for numerically solving a wide variety of problems which include
static/dynamic structural analysis (both linear and nonlinear), heat transfer and fluid
problems, as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems. The Deep beams with tensile
reinforcement and without shear reinforcement have been analyzed using a finite element
(FE) model in ANSYS. Here, a linear analysis is considered throughout the study by
assuming that there is a perfect bonding between reinforcement and the steel.
5.2 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING.
5.2.1 Reinforced Concrete.
SOLID65 is used for the 3-D modelling of solids with or without reinforcing bars (rebar).
The solid is capable of cracking in tension and crushing in compression. In concrete
applications, for example, the solid capability of the element may be used to model the
concrete while the rebar capability is available for modelling reinforcement behaviour. Other
cases for which the element is also applicable would be reinforced composites (such as
fibreglass), and geological materials (such as rock). The element is defined by eight nodes
having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions.
Up to three different rebar specifications may be defined.
48
Fig. 5.1 SOLID65 element
5.2.2 Steel Reinforcement.
To model concrete reinforcing, discrete modelling is used by assuming that bonding between
steel and concrete is 100 percent. BEAM188 is used as reinforcing bars, it is a quadratic
beam element in 3-D. BEAM188 has six degrees of freedom at each node. These include
translations in the x, y, and z directions and rotations about the x, y, and z directions. This
element is well-suited for linear, large rotation, and/or large strain nonlinear applications.
Fig. 5.2 BEAM188 element
49
5.2.3 Steel Plates.
To model supports and under the load steel plate is used, which SOLID 45 is used, it is used
for the 3-D modelling of solid structures. The element is defined by eight nodes having three
degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The element
has plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection, and large strain capabilities.
Fig. 5.3 SOLID45 element.
5.2.4 Laminates.
To model laminated composites SHELL 91 is used. It may be used for layered applications of
a structural shell model or for modelling thick sandwich structures. Up to 100 different layers
are permitted for applications with the sandwich option turned off. When building a model
using an element with fewer than three layers, SHELL 91 is more efficient than SHELL 99.
Fig. 5.4 SHELL91 element.
50
5.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES.
Linear analysis is considered for modelling of deep beam with openings, Table 5.1
summarizes the material linear properties and elements used in the modelling.
Table 5.1 Material properties and elements used in the modelling.
Materials Density Elastic Poison’s Fc28 Fy Element

(kg/m3) Modulus ratio (MPa) (MPa) Used
(MPa)
Concrete 2400 19364 0.17 15 - SOLID65
Reinforcing 7850 210000 0.27 - 415 BEAM188
Steel
Steel Plate 7850 210000 0.27 - 415 SOLID45
5.4 GEOMETRY AND LOADING CONDITIONS.
Simply supported beam is considered having and overall length of 1200 mm with effective
length of 900 mm. Size of the beam is 150 x 460 mm. Figure 5.5 shows the control beam
with boundary conditions used in the analysis. Single point loading is applied at the midpoint
of the beam. To get the accuracy of results mesh size considered as 25 mm as edge length.
Fig. 5.5 Deep beam model in ANSYS.
51
High-Yield Strength Deformed bars of 12 mm and 8 mm diameter are used for the
longitudinal reinforcement and 6 mm diameter bars are used as stirrups. The tension
reinforcement consists of 2 no’s 12 mm diameter HYSD bars. Two bars of 8 mm of HYSD
bars are also provided as hang up bars .The detailing of reinforcement of the beam is shown
in figure 5.6 and figure 5.7 shows the deep beam model with FRP.
Fig. 5.6 Reinforcement model in ANSYS.
Fig. 5.7 Deep beam model with FRP in ANSYS.
52
CHAPTER-6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the experimental results of all the beams with different types of layering of
GFRP are interpreted. Their behavior throughout the test is described using recorded data on
deflection behavior and the ultimate load carrying capacity. The crack patterns and the mode
of failure of each beam are also described in this chapter. All the beams are tested for their
ultimate strengths.Beams-1 is taken as the control beam. It is observed that the control beam
had less load carrying capacity when compared to that of the externally strengthened beams
using GFRP sheets.
All the beams except the control beam are strengthened at clear shear span with GFRP sheets
in different patterns.Beam-2 is strengthened using double layer u-wrap of GFRP(closely
spaced) and similarly beam -3 is strengthened using four layer u-wrap of GFRP(closely
spaced) sheets. Beam-4 is strengthened using double layer full wrap of GFRP(largely spaced)
and beam-5 is strengthened using four layer full wrap of GFRP(largely spaced) sheets.
6.2 FAILURE MODES
The following failure modes are investigated for a GFRP strengthened section:
• Debonding of the FRP from the concrete substrate (FRP debonding).
• Rupture of FRP sheets.
• Shear failure.
• Flexure failure.
53
A number of failure modes have been observed in the experimental study of RC deep beams
with openings strengthened in shear by GFRPs. These include shear failure, shear failure due
to GFRP rupture and crushing of concrete at the top and failure in flexure. Rupture of the
FRP laminate is assumed to occur if the strain in the FRP reaches its design rupture strain
before the concrete reaches its maximum usable strain. GFRP debonding can occur if the
force in the FRP cannot be sustained by the substrate. In order to prevent debonding of the
GFRP laminate, a limitation should be placed on the strain level developed in the laminate.
The GFRP strengthened beam and the control beams are tested to find out their ultimate load
carrying capacity. It is found that all the beams failed in shear and some in flexure. The
beams which failed in shear showed frame type failure which occurs by the formation of two
independent diagonal cracks one in each member bridging the two solid beam segments leads
to failure.Beam-2 and beam-3 failed due to debonding of GFRP sheet followed by shear
cracks and a flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam. Beam-4 failed due to rupture of GFRP
sheets followed by shear cracks and a flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam.Beam-5
failed due to rupture and debonding of GFRP sheets followed by shear cracks and a flexure
crack at the midpoint of the beam.
6.3 LOAD DEFLECTION ANALYSIS
Here the deflection of each beam at different positions is analyzed. Linear analysis of beams
is done in ANSYS and mid-span deflections of each beam are compared with ANSYS model.
Also the load deflection behavior is compared between different wrapping schemes having
the same reinforcement. It is noted that the behavior of the shear deficient beams when
bonded with GFRP sheets are better than the control beams. The use of GFRP sheet had
effect in delaying the growth of crack formation.
54
140
120
100
80
Load in KN
Experimental
60
ANSYS
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
Fig. 6.1 Load vs. Deflection curve for control Beam-1.
Beam 1 is taken as the control beam which is weak in shear. In Beam1 no strengthening is
done. Three point loading is applied on the beam and at the each increment of the load,
deflection values at L/2 are taken with the help of dial gauge. Using this load and deflection
data, load vs. deflection curve is plotted. At the load of 90 KN first crack appeared. Later
with the increase in loading values the crack propagated further. The Beam1 failed
completely in shear showing frame type failure. Since liner FEM model is being adopted, the
deflections obtained using ANSYS are in good agreement for lower range of load values
when compared with experimental results.
55
250
200
150
Load in KN
Experimental
100 ANSYS
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
Fig. 6.2 Load vs. Deflection curve for Beam-2.
Beam-2 is strengthened using double layer u-wrap of GFRP(closely spaced).Three point
loading is applied on the beam and at the each increment of the load, deflection values at L/2
are taken with the help of dial gauge. Using this load and deflection data, load vs. deflection
curve is plotted. At the load of 190 KN initial hairline cracks appeared. Later with the
increase in loading values the crack propagated further. Beam-2 failed due to debonding of
GFRP sheet followed by shear cracks and a flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam. Since
liner FEM model is being adopted, the deflections obtained using ANSYS are in good
agreement for lower range of load values when compared with experimental results.
56
300
250
200
Load in KN
150
Experimental
ANSYS
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Deflection in mm
Beam-3 is strengthened using four layer u-wrap of GFRP(closely spaced).Three point loading
is applied on the beam and at the each increment of the load, deflection values at L/2 are
taken with the help of dial gauge. Using this load and deflection data, load vs. deflection
increase in loading values the crack propagated further. Beam-3 also failed due to debonding
of GFRP sheet followed by shear cracks and a flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam.
Since liner FEM model is being adopted, the deflections obtained using ANSYS are in good
agreement for lower range of load values when compared with experimental results.
57
250
200
150
Load in KN
Experimental
100
ANSYS
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
Beam-4 is strengthened using double layer full wrap of GFRP (largely spaced). Three point
loading is applied on the beam and at the each increment of the load, deflection values at L/2
are taken with the help of dial gauge. Using this load and deflection data, load vs. deflection
increase in loading values the crack propagated further.Beam-4 failed due to rupture of GFRP
sheets followed by shear cracks and a flexure crack at the midpoint of the beam. Since liner
FEM model is being adopted, the deflections obtained using ANSYS are in good agreement
for lower range of load values when compared with experimental results.
58
250
200
150
Load in KN
Experimental
100 ANSYS
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
Beam-5 is strengthened using four layer full wrap of GFRP (largely spaced) sheets. Three
point loading is applied on the beam and at the each increment of the load, deflection values
at L/2 are taken with the help of dial gauge. Using this load and deflection data, load vs.
deflection curve is plotted. At the load of 140 KN initial hairline cracks appeared. Later with
the increase in loading values the crack propagated further.Beam-5 failed due to rupture and
debonding of GFRP sheets followed by shear cracks and a flexure crack at the midpoint of
the beam. Since liner FEM model is being adopted, the deflections obtained using ANSYS
are in good agreement for lower range of load values when compared with experimental
results.
59
140
120
100
80
Load in KN
Beam-1
Beam-2
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
Fig. 6.6 Load vs. Deflection curve for Beam-1 and Beam-2.
From this figure it is observed that deflection in case of Beam-2 which has been strengthened
in the clear shear span with GFRP (closely spaced) is controlled to a certain extent with
respect to the control Beam 1.And the ultimate load has also increased to a certain percentage
which has been illustrated in the figure 6.13.
60
140
120
100
80
Load in KN
60 beam-1
Beam-3
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
in the clear shear span with GFRP (closely spaced) is controlled to a certain extent with
61
140
120
100
80
Load in KN
60 Beam-1
Beam-4
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
in the clear shear span with GFRP (largely spaced) is controlled to a certain extent with
62
140
120
100
80
Load in KN
60 Beam-1
beam-5
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
in the clear shear span with GFRP (largely spaced) is controlled to a certain extent with
63
140
120
100 Beam-1
Beam-2
80 Beam-3
Load in KN
Beam-4
60 Beam-5
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection in mm
Fig. 6.10 Load vs. Deflection curve for all the beams.
Here all the beams are compared with respect to their deflection and load data. And it can be
interpreted that all the beams which are strengthened, shows less deflection when compared
to the control beam. Among all the strengthened beams, beam-4 which is strengthened using
double layer full wrap GFRP (largely spaced) sheets shows the minimum deflection.
64
Fig. 6.11 Generalized deflection plot of deep beam model in ANSYS
6.4 ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
The load carrying capacity of the control beam and the strengthened beams are plotted below.
It is observed that beam 3 is having the maximum load carrying capacity.
300
270
250 232 232
202
200
Ultimate load in KN
150
120
Series1
100
50
0
Beam-1 Beam-2 Beam-3 Beam-4 Beam-5
Name of the beams
Fig. 6.12 Ultimate load carrying capacity.
65
Increase in Load carrying capacity
140
125
120
100 93.3 93.3

% Increase
80
68.3
60
Increase in Load carrying capacity
40
20
0
Beam-2 Beam-3 Beam-4 Beam-5
Name of the beams
Fig. 6.13 Percentage increase in ultimate carrying capacity w.r.t. Control Beam.
From the above figure we can observe the amount of increase in the strength for each
strengthened beam with respect to the Control Beam.
66
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSIONS
7.1 CONCLUSIONS
The present experimental study is done on the shearbehavior of reinforced concrete deep
beams containing openings strengthened by GFRP sheets. Five reinforced concrete (RC) deep
beams containing openings weak in shear having same reinforcement detailing are casted and
tested under three point loading. From the calculated strength values, the following
conclusions are drawn:
1. The ultimate load carrying capacity of all the strengthen beams is higher when
compared to the control Beam.
2. Initial shear cracks appear at higher loads in case of strengthened beams.
3. The load carrying capacity of the strengthened beam 3 which was strengthened using
four layer u-wrap GFRP (closely spaced) was found to be higher when compared to
beam 2 which was strengthened using double layer u-wrap GFRP(closely spaced).
4. The load carrying capacity of the strengthened beam 5 which was strengthened using
four layer full-wrap GFRP (largely spaced) was found to be higher when compared to
beam 4 which was strengthened using double layer full-wrap GFRP(largely spaced).
5. GFRP which is closely spaced showed better load carrying capacity when compared
to GFRP which is largely spaced.
6. In lower range of load values the deflection obtained using ANSYS models are in
good agreement with the experimental results. For higher load values there is a
deviation with the experimental results because linear FEM has been adopted in
ANSYS modelling.
67
7.2 SCOPE OF THE FUTURE WORK
The following areas are considered for future research
• Strengthening of deep beams containing openings with different type of FRP
(like carbon fibre reinforced polymer).
• Studying the shear behaviour of deep beams with openings by varying the
opening locations.
• Debonding of FRP can be prevented by anchoring the beams using steel
plates.
68
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74

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EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR

OF FRP STRENGTHENED DEEP BEAMS WITH OPENINGS

In the partial fulfillment for

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Roll No. 210CE2024

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR OF FRP STRENGTHENED DEEP BEAMS WITH

OPENINGS” submitted by Hemanth Kumar G in partial fulfilment of the requirement

in Structural Engineering to the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is an

University for the award of any degree or diploma.

Rourkela-769 008 Dr. K. C .Biswal

till this moment.

over the years.

staff of this department for their timely help.

I express my most sincere admiration to Haran, Paramananda, Soumya Subhashree,

Enlargement of such openings due to architectural/mechanical requirements and/or a change in

taken to strengthen the beam and counteract the strength reduction.

and the results are compared with experimental findings.

Title Page No.

TABLES OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. .viii

NOTATIONS ............................................................................................................. xii

1.1 Deep beam .......................................................................................................1

1.2 Deep beam with openings .................................................................................3

1.3 Fibre reinforced polymer ..................................................................................4

1.4 Advantages of FRP ...........................................................................................4

1.5 Disadvantages of FRP ......................................................................................6

1.6 Importance of strengthening .............................................................................6

1.7 Need for present work .......................................................................................7

1.8 Objective ...........................................................................................................7

1.9 Organization of thesis .......................................................................................8

2.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................9

2.2 Critical observations ......................................................................................14

2.3 Scope of present work .....................................................................................15

2.4 Methodology ...................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................16

3.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................................16

3.1.2 Lever arm ........................................................................................................16

3.1.3 Reinforcement .................................................................................................17

3.2 Minimum thickness .........................................................................................18

3.3 Steps of Designing Deep beams .....................................................................18

3.4 Design example ...............................................................................................19

CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

4.1 Casting of beams .............................................................................................23

4.1.1 Beam dimensions ............................................................................................23

4.1.2 Casting of specimen ........................................................................................23

4.1.3 Materials for casting .......................................................................................23

4.1.4 Concrete properties .........................................................................................24

4.2 Reinforcement detailing ..................................................................................24

4.3 Glass fibres......................................................................................................25

4.4. Form work .......................................................................................................26

4.6 Strengthening of beams...................................................................................28

4.7 Experimental setup..........................................................................................28

4.8 Fabrication of GFRP plate ..............................................................................29

4.10 Testing of beams .............................................................................................33