International Journal of Electronics Engineering Research.

ISSN 0975-6450 Volume 15, Number 1 (2023) pp. 27-35

© Research India Publications
https://dx.doi.org/10.37622/IJEER/15.1.2023.27-35

Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

Dr. P. Ramakrishna Reddy

Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department
G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology & Science, Hyderabad, India
email: ramakrishna@gnits.ac.in

D. Architha, V. Supraja Rao, V. Nandana, Y. Rani, B. Pavani

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department
G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology & Science Hyderabad, India

Abstract

The major goal of a solar wireless EV charging system is to shorten EV

charging times by utilizing the electromagnetic induction mechanism. This
method uses a solar panel to produce power, which can then be utilized to
charge an electric vehicle (EV) while it is moving. Battery, regulatory circuit,
copper coils, Boost Converter, LED lights, and solar panel are also used. This
model shows how charging for electric vehicles can be done while they are in
motion, doing away with the need to pull over. As a result, a wireless solar-
powered charging system for electric vehicles can be added to the road.

I. Introduction
We are all aware that the development of electric vehicles will be crucial to the future
of automobiles in this current era of technological evolution. Fossil fuels like petrol,
diesel and other such fuels are almost completely depleted due to the current trend of
excessive use. And everyone now understands how crucial it is to protect these fossil
resources as a result of this truth. Thus, the quest for an appropriate successor for these
cars got underway. Electric vehicles are the most interesting and capable replacement
we have. When purchasing an electric vehicle, the length of time needed to charge one,
the few available charging station installations for the infrastructure, and the challenge
of locating appropriate sites for charging electric vehicles in and around the roadways
in India is the most common argument given for not doing so.
Solar wireless electric vehicle charging systems have been created to address this issue.
This system uses wireless power transmission technology to wirelessly charge EVs
using solar energy, offering an effective and ecological solution to the issue of EV.
Here, we build a solar road made of transmitter coils and receiver coils that are
integrated into the car so that an EV's battery can be charged while it is moving on the
28 Dr. P. Ramakrishna Reddy et al

road, cutting down on the amount of time needed to wait at charging stations while the
battery is being charged, as is done with conventional EVs. Although electric vehicles
represent an alternative, their charging infrastructure needs to be improved.
Dynamic charging systems should be created for this reason since they are more
dependable, user-friendly, and time-effective. Additionally, the range can be increased
while the battery size is decreased. The bus stations, traffic signals, and transit routes
can all use this charging system.

II. Solar panels

Solar cells are another name for photovoltaic cells. They are a way to capture solar
energy and transform it into power. Semiconductors absorb photons from the sun, and
the photons then knock electrons along electrical lines until the current (flow of
electrons) reaches a device that can be driven by electricity.
Photovoltaic cells made of crystalline silicon will convert 15% of the sun's energy into
electricity, whereas newer, less expensive materials like amorphous silicon and gallium
arsenide will only do so for 8% of the energy, making them just half as effective as
silicon-based cells. However, photovoltaic technology is evolving quickly, and new
research might result in a few years from now in better efficiency. Amorphous silicon
and gallium arsenide, for example, could be used to create more affordable rigid
crystalline flexible photovoltaic technologies that are just as dependable and effective
as crystalline silicon.

Specifications
Open Circuit Voltage: 11.25 V
Short Circuit Current: 0.41 A
Peak Current: 0.34 A
Peak Voltage: 9 V
Maximum System Voltage: 1000 VDC
Wind Resistance: 2400 Pa

Solar panel
Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System 29

III. Boost converter

The boost converter, a type of DC-DC converter, is specifically designed to elevate or
increase the applied DC input. It takes a fixed DC input and "boosts" it to generate a
variable DC output voltage. The XL6009 module, which is a DC-to-DC buck-boost
converter, operates at a switching frequency of 400kHz. This higher frequency allows
for the use of smaller filter components compared to low frequency switching
regulators. The XL6009 module is an enhanced version of the LM2577-based module.

XL6009 Technical specifications

Total voltage given as input 3V to 32V

Total Voltage received at output end 5V to 35V
Output Current 4A
Efficiency <94%
Load Regulation 0.5%
Voltage Regulation 0.5%
Dimensions 45*20*14 mm (L*W*H)

Overview of XL6009
The DC-DC step-up module XL6009 offers a rated current of 4A, accepting input
voltages ranging from 3V to 32V. By adjusting the potentiometer on the power module,
you can modify the output voltage according to your requirements. Higher input
voltages allow for increased load current capacities, although it is recommended to
employ an additional heat sink if the output power exceeds 15W, even when utilizing a
PCB-based heat sink. This module is particularly suitable for audio electronics due to
its high conversion efficiency, which is less than 94%, and a load regulation of 0.5%.
Additionally, the improved conversion efficiency enables the use of battery-powered
applications.

Boost converter
30 Dr. P. Ramakrishna Reddy et al

The XL6009 module has an easy-to-use interface. By connecting the load directly to
the OUT+ and OUT- pins and the regulated or unregulated input to the IN+ and IN-
pins, you may adjust the output voltage using the potentiometer.

IV. Lithium-ion battery

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are composed of a protective circuit board and one
or more lithium-ion cells. Once placed inside a device along with the protective circuit
board, these batteries are referred to as cells. Within a lithium-ion battery, lithium-ions
(Li+) move internally between the cathode and anode, while electrons flow in the
opposite direction through the external circuit. This migration generates the electrical
current that enables the battery to supply power to the device. During discharge, the
battery's anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, facilitating an electron flow that
drives the device. Conversely, when the battery is being charged, the cathode releases
lithium ions that are then absorbed by the anode.

Lithium-ion battery

18650 Cell Features and Technical Specifications

 Nominal Voltage: 3.6V
 Nominal Capacity: 2,850mAh
 Minimum Discharge Voltage: 3V
 Maximum Discharge Current: 1C
 Charging Voltage: 4.2V
 Charging Current:0.5C
 Charging Time: 3 hours(approx.)
 Charging Method: CC and CV
 Cell Weight: 48g (approx.)
 Cell Dimensions: 18.4mm (diameter) and 65mm (height)

V. Transistor
The SOT-32 plastic box contains a bipolar NPN transistor, similar to the BD139.
Because of its low cost and high collector current, this type of transistor is utilised in
Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System 31

many different electrical circuits. This transistor can drive loads such as motors, high-
power LED relays, etc. up to 1.5 A. It may easily be used in an electrical circuit due to
the exceptionally high VCE (collector-emitter) and VCB (collector-base) voltages. The
12.5W dissipation current of the collector terminal makes it ideal for usage in audio
amplifier circuits. Just 0.5V is the transistor's saturation voltage.
Currently, lithium-ion technology is the most commonly employed type of rechargeable
battery. It is responsible for energizing our everyday devices such as electric vehicles
and cell phones.

BD139 transistor

BD139 Transistor Pin Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

Emitter, which is often connected to ground,
1 Emitter
allows current to drain out.
controls the transistor biasing, which is used to
2 Base
switch the transistor to ON state as well as OFF state
Through a collector that is typically attached to
3 Collector
a load, current enters.

Features
• It is mounted in a plastic case and comes in the To-225 box.
• This transistor's collector current (IC) is 1.5A.
• This transistor has an 80V collector base voltage and a 5V breakdown voltage
from the emitter to the base.
• This transistor's DC gain (hfe) ranges from 40 to 160, and its breakdown voltage
from emitter to base (VBE) is 5 volts.
• Collector has a dissipation factor of 12.5 W
32 Dr. P. Ramakrishna Reddy et al

• The junction's operating and storage temperature spans the range of -55 to
+150°C.
• This transistor can be found in PB-Free packages as well.

VI. Coils
Transmission coils, also known as the High-voltage, high-frequency alternating current
(AC) is generated using Tesla coils, which are electrical resonant transformer circuits.
Two essential parts make up the fundamental design: a primary coil and a secondary
coil. The primary coil produces high-frequency alternating current by being linked to a
power source. currents. The secondary coil, with a significantly higher number of turns,
is tuned to resonate at the same frequency as the primary coil.

Copper coil

When the primary coil is energized, it creates a rapidly changing magnetic field around
the coils. This changing magnetic field induces a high amounts of the voltage in the
secondary side of the coil through electromagnetic induction. The primary and
secondary coils are designed to have a resonant frequency, which allows for efficient
energy transfer between them. This resonance is achieved by using capacitors and
inductors in the circuit, which store and release energy in a cyclical manner.

VII. Block diagram

Block diagram of Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System, consists of Solar
panel, Boost converter (xl6009), Lithium-Ion batteries of 3.7V each. These batteries are
connected to a regulatory circuit through a two-pole switch. Transmitter coils are
connected in regulatory circuit, which are of 30 turns and receiver coil is integrated
onto the vehicle. An LED is used for indication of the current generated.
Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System 33

Block diagram

VIII. Circuit diagram

Circuit diagram
34 Dr. P. Ramakrishna Reddy et al

The development of the project involves the utilization of a solar panel, battery, boost
converter, regulator circuits, copper coils, and LED. This innovative creation enables
the charging of electric cars while they are in motion, eliminating the necessity to make
stops for recharging. The solar panel, facilitated by a charge controller, supplies power
to the battery, which in turn stores the received DC power for later use. For gearbox,
the DC power must now be changed to AC or pulsating DC. Here, we employ a
transistor to this end. A transistor is then used to convert the power into pulsing DC,
and regulator circuitry is used to regulate it. Now, the copper coils are energised using
this electricity. Here, we employ a transistor to this end. A transistor is then used to
convert the power into pulsing DC, and regulator circuitry is used to regulate it. The
copper coils that are utilised for wireless energy transfer are now energised using this
power. The electric car also has a copper coil fitted underneath it. When the automobile
drives over the transmitter coil, energy is transferred to the EV coil. The transmitter coil
transmits energy to the EV coil when the car is driven over it. DC current is induced
into this coil to provide the energy. The wireless power transmission is indicated by an
LED. The technology therefore exhibits an integrated solar-powered wireless charging
solution for electric automobiles.

XI. Working
Solar panels absorb the sunlight and converts the light energy in to electrical energy.
This is then given as input to xl6009 boost converter, the main aim of this converter is
to step-up the input voltages to required level. The output of the boost converter xl6009
can be varied by varying the potential divider of it. The output terminals of the xl6009
is connected to series of Lithium Ion batteries each of 3.7V capacity. The Overall
battery capacities after connecting in series is around 12V, this battery arrangement is
connected to regulatory circuit through a two-pole switch. The regulatory circuit
consists of several circuit elements such as resistors and transistors connected to
transmitter coils of 30 turns. The transmitter coils are integrated on the road. The
receiver coil which is of 30 turns is integrated on to the vehicle. The vehicle when
passes on the road where transmitter coils are located, due to the principle of
electromagnetic induction, Current will be induced on the receiver side coil. This
current generation is indicated using an LED.

X. Results
A solar panel, battery, boost converter, regulator circuits, copper coils, and LED are
used in the development of the project. The technology will render it practicable to
charge battery-powered cars while they are moving forward minimising the need to
stop. The storage device is powered by the solar panel through the use of a charge
controller. The battery takes in and stores DC electricity. The DC power for the gearbox
must now be transformed to AC or pulsating DC. Here, we use a transistor to achieve
this. The electrical current is then converted into pulsing DC by a transistor, which is
subsequently regulated by regulator circuitry. This electricity is now used to excite the
copper coils that are used for wireless energy transfer. The electric car additionally
Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System 35

features a copper coil equipped underneath it. When the automobile drives over the
transmitter coil, energy is transferred to the EV coil. The energy is generated by
injecting DC current into this coil. An LED indicates the wireless power transmission.
The design therefore demonstrates the implementation of a wireless, on-road, solar-
powered charging system for electric automobiles. This model's output voltage is
displayed through an LED.

Output working model

Conclusion
This concept provides a creative framework for quick charging for next electric
automobiles. It is a charging element that practises solar-powered boards. Finding a
different source of energy is appealing from the standpoint of public transport in order
to reduce the by-product of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles offer a way to reduce fossil
fuel by products without using petrol. A remote charging framework might be a very
practical solution to make the charging of electric vehicles more innovative, simple to
use, and hassle-free. Solar roads can eventually replace conventional ones, but this will
require a substantial initial investment. With such a higher energy return and without
having to replace the current infrastructure, the solar-powered roadway may very well
be constructed for less money. The circle of sun-oriented street placement could
function smoothly because it is expected that old streets will be maintained. Sun-
oriented streets will address our nation's concerns about energy, pollution, coal
contamination, waste contamination, and transportation subsidies. When implemented,
this novel remote charging method for electric vehicles will significantly reduce CO2
emissions. Comparing an electric vehicle to a gas-powered vehicle, carbon dioxide
emission is reduced from 60 to 30 metric tonnes of discharge, or by 50%. This will help
bring about a noble shift in nature while reducing environmental change.
36 Dr. P. Ramakrishna Reddy et al