WIRELESS HEART ATTACK DETECTOR USING GSM

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

1. AJMALKHAN.S (911513105003)
2. FAHIM HASAN.S (911513105012)
3. SYED ALTHAF.S (911513105043)
4. MOHAMED BADUSHA.N (911513105306)

to

Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

MOHAMED SATHAK ENGINEERING COLLEGE.

KILAKARAI. 623806

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2017
WIRELESS HEART ATTACK DETECTOR USING GSM

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

1. AJMALKHAN.S (911513105003)
2. FAHIM HASAN.S (911513105012)
3. SYED ALTHAF.S (911513105043)
4. MOHAMED BADUSHA.N (911513105306)

to

Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

MOHAMED SATHAK ENGINEERING COLLEGE.

KILAKARAI. 623806

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2017
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Project Report “WIRELESS HEART ATTACK

DETECTOR USING GSM” is the bonafide work of “AJMALKHAN.S,FAHIM
HASAN.S,SYED ALTHAF.S,MOHAMED BADUSHA.N” out the project work
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. U. SURESH KUMAR, M.E. Ph.D., Mrs. A. USHA, M.E.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Assistant professor
Professor Mohamed Sathak Engineering College
Mohamed Sathak Engineering College Kilakarai.
Kilakarai.

Submitted for the viva voice Examination held on ___________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I wish to express my sincere gratitude to God Almighty for his
abundant blessing and I dedicate this Project to my Parents and Brother.
I present my Sincere thanks to Alhaj S.M. Yousuf Shahib, Chairman of
Mohamed Sathak Trust and Hajiyani Mrs. S.M.H. Sharmila, Secretary of
Mohamed Sathak Trust for having provided me with the entire necessary
infrastructure and other facilities and our beloved Dean Alhaj. Dr. J. Mohamed
Jahabar, M.E, Ph.D., (IIT-Bombay), FIE(India), MISTE, MIEEE (US),
MASME(US), Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, for his extensive support to
successfully carry out this project.
I hereby solemnly submit my earnest and humble thanks to our dynamic
Principal Dr. J. Abbas Mohaideen, M.Tech, Ph.D.,I explicitly show my thanks to
our Head of the Department Dr. U. Suresh Kumar, M.E. Ph.D., MISTE, for his
guidance.
I am grateful to my internal guide Mrs.A.USHA, M.E. , MISTE, Professor in
EEE who guided me to complete this project successfully and I wish to thank all those
who helped me for the successful completion of this project.
 ABSTRACT

Telemedicine is a rapidly developing application of clinic medicine where

medical information is transferred through the phone or internet or other networks for
the purpose of consulting and performing remote medical procedures or examinations.
Telemedicine can be applied to a greater extend in the field of bio-medical. This
project elaborates the experience; a methodology adopted and highlights various
design aspects to be considered for making telemedicine in patient monitoring system
effective. In our work, the patient’s authentication is notified. Also, the patient’s vital
sign of pulse rate is captured and the values are entered into the database. It is then
uploaded into the web based server and sent to the doctor’s phone or their relative’s
phone using ANDROID technology. For this implementation, Arduino controller has
chosen to monitor the status of the patient.
Fall detection is a major challenge in the public healthcare domain, especially for the
elderly as the decline of their physical fitness, and timely and reliable surveillance is
necessary to mitigate the negative effects of falls. This paper develops a novel fall
detection system based on a wearable device. The system monitors the movements of
human body, recognizes a fall from normal daily activities by an effective quaternion
algorithm, and automatically sends request for help to the caregivers with the patient’s
location.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGENO

BONAFIDE i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PATION MONITOR 1
1.2 SENSORS 1
1.2.1 Three Axle Accelerometer 1
1.2.2 Pulse Sensor 2
1.2.3 Temperature Sensor 3
1.3 LOCATION BASED SERVICE (LSB) 3
1.4 KIND OF DETECTION 4
1.4.1 First Detection 4
1.4.2 Second Detection 4
1.4.3 Third Detection 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
3 TYPES OF FAULT DETECTION
METHOD 11
3.1 Wearable Based Methods 11

iv
 3.2 Vision Based Methods 11

3.3 Ambient Based Methods 12

4 EXISTING SYSTEM 14
5 PRPOSED SYSTEM 17
6 BLOCK DIAGRAM 20
6.1. Transmitter 20
6.2. Receiver 21
6.3. Block Diagram Description 21
6.4 System Architecture 24
7 FAULT DETCTION ALGORITHM 25
7.1 Algorithm 25
7.2 Algorithm Design 26
7.3 SYSTEM AND SENSORS 27
7.3.1.Multi-functional Data Acquisition
Board 27
7.3.2. MCU System 28
8 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 30
8.1. Power Supply Design 30
8.2. Transformer 31
8.3. VoltageRegulator 33
8.4. Bridge Rectifier 34
8.5. Arduino 34
8.6. Liquid CrystalDisplay 39
8.7. RS232 44
8.8. Android Application 50
 8.9. Bluetooth HC-05 54
8 ADVANTAGES 56
9 APPLICATION 57
10 KIT RESULT --
11 CONCLUSION 58
12 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK 59
13 REFERENCES 60
 vi
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

6.1 Block Diagram of Wireless Heart

Attack Detector/Transmitter 20
6.2 Receiver Section 21
7.2 System Architecture using the consumer
Wireless Sensor Network 27
7.3.2 MCU (accelerometer) 28
8.1 Power Supply Diagram 30
8.6.1 LCD 39
8.6.2 LCD Circuit Connection 41
8.6.3 LCD Command And Code 42
8.7.1 RS232 Pin 46
8.7.2 RS232 Pin Configuration 46
8.7.3 RS232 IC Pin Diagram 50
8.8.1 Interface With Android Application 52
 vii
LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO TABLES NAME PAGE NO

8.6.1 LCD Pin Configuration 40

8.7.1 RS232 Pin Configuration And Signaling 47
 viii

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

The modern visionary of healthcare industry is to provide better healthcare to

people anytime and anywhere in the world in a more economic and patient
friendly manner. Therefore for increasing the patient care efficiency, there arises
a need to improve the patient monitoring devices and make them more mobile.
The medical world today faces two basic problems when it comes to patient
monitoring. Firstly, the needs of health care’s provider’s presence near the bedside of
the patient and secondly, the patient is restricted to bed and wired to large machines.
In order to achieve better quality patient care, the above cited problems have to be
solved.
1.1 PATION MONITOR
As the bio instrumentation, computers and telecommunications technologies
are advancing, it has become feasible to design more portal vital sign. Tele-
monitoring systems to acquire, record, display and to transmit the physiological signal
from the human body to any location. Recent works in communication technologies
have inspired the development of telemedicine to a large extent. Telemedicine benefits
not only the customers who are able to receive health care more efficiently; it also
benefits the doctors who can streamline their efforts to assist more patients.
1.2 SENSORS
1.2.1 Three axle acceleration sensor
Due to gravitational force, all objects have the acceleration of gravity towards
the earth’s surface, thus, the stress direction of each limb of the body may
1
be different. For example, when sitting, the gravity directions of leg and trunk
are different; when in motion, each limb has different acceleration when sustaining
different force. Past studies on fall accidents of the elders reported that single three-
axle acceleration sensor cannot provide sufficient data, thus can only provide
judgment with limited conditions, and cannot provide correct data of falling stances
and impacted parts However, several sensors can make joint judgment with multiple
conditions, which are seldom discussed in past studies. Therefore, this study aimed to
provide sufficient data to make judgment on fall accident, and differentiate the
behavioral event and falling accident.
This study used these features on the research of joint sensing of several
three-axle acceleration sensors. When a fall accident occurs, the first impacted part
suffers the maximum injury, especially at head or vertebra, thus, the body stance
during the fall and whether the important position is impacted can be detected.
In contrast, the proposed method has good capability of identification, and
can filter the effect caused by abnormal factors, thus reducing the probability of
erroneous judgment. In addition, several sensors are used to compute the moving
features of all limbs, which is different from the single sensor mode that
applies integral operation or fast Fourier transform (FFT) to improve accuracy. The
proposed method has also reduced operation complexity, thus, it is relatively easy to
achieve real-timeliness in the embedded system. Testing results showed that the
proposed method has high accuracy in judging impacted parts, and can provide data
on possible impacted parts in fall accident for medical personnel as judgment
reference for rescue.
1.2.2 Pulse sensor
Pulse sensor is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used
2
by students, artists, makers, and developers who want live heart-rate data into their
projects. It is working principle of optoelectronics. All it takes to measure you heart
rate is a pair of LED and LDR and a microcontroller. By holding our hands they feel
the pulse in the nerve and look at their watch to count our heart beats per minute.
1.2.3 Temperature sensor
Temperature sensor is a device which is designed specifically to measure the
hotness or coldness of an object. LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its
output proportional to the temperature (in *C). With LM35,the temperature can be
measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and
does not cause more than 0.1*C temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature
range is from -55*C to 150*C. The LM35`s low output impedance, linear output, and
precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy. It has find its application on power supplies, battery management, appliances,
etc.

1.3 LOCATION BASED SERVICE (LSB)

Location based service (LBS) makes it more convenient to locate the elderly in
health monitoring. Beside these, mobile computing makes remote health monitoring
easier to realize. Several kinds of fall detection methods have been developed or
applied in our life. One of them is computer vision based method. Cameras are
distributed at limited space to offer pictures or videos of human activities to
implement fall detection algorithm. External supports such as motion sensors could be
used to enhance computer vision based fall detection method, and a data fusion
algorithm can operate the validation and correlation among the two subsystems to
raise robust performance of fall detection.
3
These computer based methods work effectively in indoor environment,but they are
hard to realize in outdoor environment as the deployment of cameras is always
limited. Motion sensor-based method is also commonly used. Accelerometer and
gyroscope could provide linear and angular motion information directly. Sensor
measurements or their proper fusion could be used to distinguish a real fall. There are
several kinds of detection methods which differ in constitution of motion sensors and
detection algorithms.

1.4 KIND OF DETECTION

1.4.1 First kind of detection
The first kind of detection method is using an accelerometer. A single tri axial
accelerometer can provide object’s accelerations in three directions which include the
influence of gravity. A coordinate will be built when the accelerometer is fixed on
human’s body. The influence of gravity or dynamic acceleration is available by using
a low pass filter or a high pass filter. Some kinds of angular movement information
can also be calculated based on the relationship between acceleration components and
their vector sum.
1.4.2 Second kind of detection
The second kind of detection method is based on both accelerometer and
gyroscope. Gyroscope can offer angular velocity and the accelerometer could offer
linear motion information.
1.4.3 Third kind of detection
 The third kind of detection method also uses a magnetometer. A tri axial
magnetometer can detect magnetic strength in three directions, and it can also provide
angular motion information in the horizontal plane. But the environment magnetic
field may disturb the geomagnetic field which reduces the reliability of
4
the magnetometer outputs, for instance, in some steel structure architecture or near
some objects with strong electromagnetism. As angular information can also be
extracted from accelerometer measurements, a state space filter such as the Kalman
filter is a commonly used technique to combine angular motion information. Beside
these, sensors such as barometer can also assist pure motion sensors at human gait
recognition. But, in fact, using more sensors means more power consumption, and it is
a challenge to design a proper algorithm to fuse different kinds of sensors. A single tri
axial accelerometer is quite enough for human fall detection as sufficient information
could be extracted from its measurements. Besides this, the accelerometer coordinate
does not have to be fixed if only the magnitude of sum vector is needed, and that is
quite convenient for wearable application. In this paper, a fall detection system based
on a wearable device is developed. The hardware and software realization of the
device is mainly based on a single tri axial accelerometer and GPS/GSM module. The
device uses an efficient fall detection algorithm with less resource and power
consumption, which means that it is a proper design for outdoor application.
 5
CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Kinsella and Phillips found that the population of 65-andover aged people in the
developed countries will approach 20% of total population in the next 20 years and
will obviously become a serious healthcare issue in the near future. In China alone, the
population over the age of 60 years old is 133.9 Million. Among the elderly, the fall
events can be an unpredictable and dangerous event. Statistics show that one among
three 65-and-over aged person falls every year. Among these fall events, 55% occur at
home and 23% occur near the home. In 2003, the global number of deaths caused by
fall events was approximately 391,000 and specifically 40% of the falls were from
people over 70 years of age. Thus, reliable consumer based fall detection systems
need to be designed, tested and commercially deployed to countries all around the
world. Furthermore, the cost of healthcare is highly related to the response and rescue
time, and can be greatly reduced by fast detection and delivering signals to the
specified operator for immediate consideration. Thanks to the development of wireless
sensors and low-power sensor nodes, many novel approaches have been proposed to
solve the problem.
WITH hospitalization leading the cost of chronic diseases such as heart failure [1],
reduction of readmission rates has been one of the highest priorities to mitigate the
increasing cost of healthcare [2]. To assist discharged patients who are at risk of being
readmitted, medical centers have developed bridge clinics [3] to provide medical care
to patients outside of the hospital at a lower cost. Many of the available devices and
methodologies used to monitor chronically ill patients in both bridge clinics and
hospitals, however, are still costly and not suitable for
6
continuous bed side monitoring or for monitoring remote patients. The Internet of
Things (Io T) makes smart objects the ultimate building blocks in the development of
cyber-physical smart pervasive frameworks. The IoT has a variety of application
domains, including health care. The Io T revolution is redesigning modern health care
with promising technological, economic, and social prospects. This paper surveys
advances in Io T-based health care technologies and reviews the state-of-
the-art network architectures/platforms, applications, and industrial trends in Io T-
based health care solutions. In addition, this paper analyzes distinct Io T security and
privacy features, including security requirements, threat models, and attack
taxonomies from the health care perspective.
Medical care and health care represent one of the most attractive application areas
for the Io T [6]. The Io T has the potential to give rise to many medical applications
such as remote health monitoring, fitness programs, chronic diseases, and elderly care.
Compliance with treatment and medication at home and by healthcare providers is
another important potential application. Therefore, various medical devices, sensors,
and diagnostic and imaging devices can be viewed as smart devices or objects
constituting a core part of the Io T. Io T-based healthcare services are expected to
reduce costs, increase the quality of life, and enrich the user’s experience. From the
perspective of healthcare providers, the IoT has the potential to reduce device
downtime through remote provision. In addition, the IoT can correctly identify
optimum times for replenishing supplies for various devices for their smooth and
continuous operation.
 Further, the Io T provides for the efficient scheduling of limited resources by
ensuring their best use and service of more patients. Ease of cost-effective interactions
through seamless and secure connectivity across individual patients, clinics, and
healthcare organizations is an important trend. Up-to-date healthcare
7
Networks driven by wireless technologies are expected to support chronic diseases,
early diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and medical emergencies. Gateways, medical
servers, and health databases play vital roles in creating health records and delivering
on-demand health services to authorized stake holders. In the last few years, this field
has attracted wide attention from researchers to address the potential of the Io T in the
health care field by considering various practical challenges.
As a consequence, there are now numerous applications, services, and prototypes
in the field. Research trends in Io T-based health care include network architectures
and platforms, new services and applications, interoperability,
and security, among others. In addition, policies and guidelines have been developed
for deploying the Io T technology in the medical field in many countries and
organizations across the world. However, the Io T remains in its infancy in
the health care field.
At this stage, a thorough understanding of current research on the Io T in the
healthcare context is expected to be useful for various stakeholders interested in
further research. This paper examines the trends in Io T-based
healthcare research and uncovers various issues that must be addressed to transform
healthcare technologies through the Io T innovation. The 6LoWPAN is a new attempt
at extending an IP based sensor network environment at different local coverage areas
for healthcare applications with the IPv6 technique.
Therefore, external hosts directly communicate with the M2Mnodes because each
M2M node is assigned a global IPv6address, thereby supporting higher accessibility
and epoch making network extension. The proposed system is made up of local
gateways in different places with different IP addresses. First, the IPv6 address and
the M2M gateway address must be defined at the M2M gateway and
8
server for the IPv6 communication. As the IP network can be generally accessed by
IPv4 addresses, the IPv6-to-IPv4 tunneling process, which changes the address format
in the M2Mgateway, is required for it to be possible to approach the server
PC through the internet. The measured biomedical signals are sent to the server PC
through the internet by using the M2M gateway for further processing. The
monitoring and analysis program, written in the C# programming language, monitors,
stores, and processes the received data in the server PC, as shown in Fig. 2. Once a
data packet has been received through the M2M devices, the packet is processed, and
useful data is extracted.
When the data is received, an IPv6 address is identified first to ensure that the
aggregated data has been sent from the correct M2M device source. Then, the
received data is scanned to ensure the data packet is a complete packet. This program
continuously monitors not only biomedical signals, such as the PPG signals and
oxygen saturation data acquired by wearable sensors, but
also information related to M2M devices, such as communication settings and IPv6
addresses, in real-time. Further, it sends the received data to the Android mobile
device to support the mobile healthcare monitoring system wirelessly after emulator
testing. The mobile monitoring program was implemented and
tested on the Android mobile device. The M2M devices are designed to measure and
transmit the PPG signals in a wireless M2M healthcare system, as shown in

Table I. The PPG sensor is designed to obtain the PPG waveforms and oxygen
saturation data from a patient’s finger by calculating the ratio of red and infrared light
on the hardware surface, which depends on the absorption of both
types of light. The PPG sensor contains an analog signal process, amplifiers, filters,
and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Since the raw signals are too weak
9
and distorted, signal processing is initially required. The raw signals require
a low-pass filter (24 Hz) for the reduction of high-frequency noise and a band-pass
filter (0.5 Hz to 10 Hz) for the rejection of a DC component to enhance the AC
component.
The filtered signals are gathered into the microcontroller of an M2M node TABLE
I SPECIFICATIONS OF M2M DEVICES Module Item Specification PPG sensor
LED 940 nm Infrared Gain 100 (20 dB) Cut-off Frequency 0.5–10 Hz Power 3.3 V
M2M node MCU MSP430 (16 bit) OS TinyOS-1.x/2.0 RF Interface IEEE 802.15.4RF
Controller TI (Chip con) CC2420Data Rate 250 Kb/s Power AC 220 V / DC 3 V
M2M gateway CPU S3C2410 (ARM9 Core) OS Embedded Linux Network Interface
802.3 10 Mb/s, 802.11 b/g Wireless LAN RF Controller TI (Chip con) CC2420 I/O
Interface RS-232, USB 2.0 Power DC 5 V Android mobile CPU ARM Cortex 1 GHz
OS Android 2.3.6 Connectivity Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Battery Li-pol1.5 Ah through an
UART port containing the sampled PPG signals at
75 Hz [18]. The M2M nodes connected to the wearable sensors are placed on patient’s
body and are mainly responsible for collecting and transmitting the sampled signals at
75 Hz for the PPG signals to the M2M gateway.
The M2M nodes connected to the wearable sensors are placed on the patient’s
body in order to collect health parameters such as ECG signals, PPG signals, and an
oxygen saturation value and transmit the collected parameters to the server for
monitoring and analysis. Many previous and current research projects use medical
sensor networks to identify and track human activities in daily life. With the purpose
to successfully detect falls, there are primarily three types of fall detection methods for
elderly people, namely wearable device based methods, vision based methods, and
ambient based methods.

10
CHAPTER 3

3. TYPES OF FAULT DETCTION METHOD

3.1 Wearable Based Methods

Wearable based methods often rely on smart sensors with embedded

processing. They can be attached to the human body or worn in their garments,
clothing or jewelry. Zhang, Ren and Shi proposed HONEY (Home healthcare sentinel
system),a three-step detection scheme which consisted of an accelerometer, audio,
image and video clips. Its innovation was to detect falls by leveraging a tri axial
accelerometer, speech recognition, and on-demand video. In HONEY, once the fall
event was detected, an alert email was immediately sent and the fall video was
uploaded to the network storage for further investigation. Bagalaet al. [10] gave an
evaluation of accelerometer-based fall detection algorithms on real-world falls. They
found that the sensitivity and specificity on real falls are much lower than that in an
experiment environment. This inspires researchers to take more real world scenarios
into consideration. Abbateet al. [11], [12] proposed a smartphone based fall detection
system with consideration of the acceleration signal produced by fall-like activities of
daily lives. Bai, Wu and Tsai [13] illustrated a system based on a 3-axis accelerometer
embedded in a smart phone which had a GPS function for the user. However, due to
the relatively high energy consumption of current smart phones, their system could
only be active for 40 hours with foreground execution or at most 44 hours in
background execution, which means continuation of this system is the most
significant problem.
3.2 Vision Based Methods
Vision based methods are always related to spatiotemporal features, change of
shape, and posture.
11
proposed a vision based fall detection method by applying background subtraction to
extract the foreground human body and post processing to improve the result. To
detect a fall, information was fed into a directed acyclic graph support vector machine
for posture recognition. This system reported a high fall detection rate and low false
detection rate. Rougieret al. [15] analyzed human shape deformation during a video
sequence which is used to track the person’s silhouette.

3.3 Ambient Based Methods

Ambient based methods usually rely on pressure sensors, acoustic sensors or even
passive infrared motion sensors, which are usually implemented around caretakers’
houses [16]-[18]. Popescuet al. [16] developed an acoustic-based fall detection system
which used an array of acoustic sensors. The fall detection sensors are linear arrays of
electret condensers placed on a pre-amplifier board. In order to capture the
information of the sound height, the sensor array was placed in the z-axis. The
limitation of this method was that that only one person was allowed in the vicinity.
Winkley, Jiang and Jiang [17] proposed Verity, a 2- component system which had a
based station and a direct monitoring device. In this particular system, ambient/skin
temperatures were measured for real time monitoring.
Experiments verified that the proposed classifier outperforms the conventional
classifiers in its one-pass training and with higher distinguishing capability. Yan et al.
[18] addressed the perceived invasive nature of these wearable devices by developing
a system that did not necessarily require the user to be wearing a sensor, yet was able
to detect the user’s location based on observations of interaction with the home-
installed sensor network. Video based methods are usually more accurate than
wearable based and ambient based methods. However,
12
the systems often suffer from high risk of privacy and the prohibitive cost
implementing the cameras. Thus, wearable sensor based methods are considered in
this research.
 13
CHAPTER 4

4. EXISTING SYSTEM

Various definitions and terminologies are used for bio-sensors depending on the
field of applications. Two generalized definitions of biosensor can be found. Authors
in define it as: "A biosensor is a chemical sensing device in which a biologically
derived recognition entity is coupled to a transducer, to allow the quantitative
development of some complex biochemical parameter". According to some existing
work: "A biosensor is an analytical device incorporating a deliberate and intimate
combination of a specific biological element (that creates a recognition event) and a
physical element (that transduces the recognition event)".
The name biosensor signifies that the device is a combination of two parts: bio
element and sensor-element. A specific bio element (say, enzyme) recognizes a
specific analyte and the sensor element transduces the change in the bio-molecule into
electrical signal.
The bio element is very specific to the analyte to which it is sensitive. It does
not recognize other analytes. The bio-sensors can have variety of biomedical industry
applications. They are used for Glucose Level Monitoring, ECG Sensing, Pulse
Measurement, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Cell morphology monitoring etc. Recently
they are used for providing artificial retina to human beings.
A number of bio-sensors that monitor vital signs, environmental sensors
(temperature, humidity, and light), and a location sensor can all be integrated into a
Wearable Wireless Body/Personal Area Network (WBAN/WPAN). This type of
networks consisting of inexpensive, lightweight, and miniature sensors can allow
14
long-term, unobtrusive, ambulatory health monitoring with instantaneous
feedback to the user about the current health status and real-time or near real-time
updates of the user's medical records. Such a system can be used for mobile or
computer supervised rehabilitation for various conditions, and even early detection of
medical conditions. When integrated into a broader tele-medical system with patients'
medical records, it promises a revolution in medical research through data
mining of all gathered information. The large amount of collected physiological data
will allow quantitative analysis of various conditions and patterns. Researchers will be
able to quantify the contribution of each parameter to a given condition and explore
synergy between different parameters, if an adequate number of patients are studied in
this manner.
Motion gives a crucial information about fall, because no serious fall occurs
without a large movement. Based on this observation, we decided to extract some
motion information from the video sequence. Optical flow [4] is commonly used to
detect motion in a video sequence. But, optical flow is not well-suited for real time
application, and can generate errors in case of large movement as it happens during a
fall. Another attempt to extract motion is the ”Motion History Image” (MHI), first
introduced by Bobick and Davis [5]. The MHI is an image where the pixel intensity
represents the recency of motion in an image sequence, and therefore gives the most
recent movement of a person during an action. The MHI is commonly used for
activity recognition [5].
These methods are based on the fact that the motion is large when a fall occurs.
So, the first step of our system is to detect large motion of the person on the video
sequence using the Motion History Image. When a motion is detected, we analyze the
shape of the person in the video sequence. During a fall, the human shape changes
and, at the end of the fall, the person is generally on the ground with
15
few and small body movements. A change in the human shape can discriminate if the
large motion detected is normal (e.g.: the person walks or sits) or abnormal (e.g.: the
person falls)
Nowadays, Western countries have to face the growing population of seniors.
New technologies can help people stay at home by providing a secure environment
and improving their quality of life. The use of computer vision systems offers a new
promising solution to analyze people behavior and detect some unusual events. In this
paper, we propose a new method to detect falls, which are one of the greatest risk for
seniors living alone. Our approach is based on a combination of motion history and
human shape variation. Our algorithm provides promising results on video sequences
of daily activities and simulated falls.
 16
CHAPTER 5

5. PROPOSED SYSTEM
To develop a portable signal monitoring equipment of the patient with a mobile
phone using the micro controller has proposed in our project. It is a portable
application to the patient.
Tele-healthcare is the use of information technology to provide healthcare
services at a distance. It includes anything from medical services at the inpatient or at
the outpatient stage. It could even include when a doctor in one hospital
supports surgery with a doctor in another hospital somewhere on another
continent. What the doctors actually would like to see is constant monitoring of
those parameters so they always know what the history is and how big the change
from yesterday to today be and when you have these findings and have these data
points available, then a much earlier intervention can take place for a patient.
Telemedicine can be extremely beneficial for peopleliving in isolated
communities and remote regions and is currently being applied in virtually all medical
domains. Patients who live in such areas can be seen by a doctor or specialist, who can
provide an accurate and complete examination, while the patient may not have to
travel or wait the normal distances or times like those from conventional hospital or
general practitioner visits. Recent developments in mobile collaboration technology
with the use of hand-held mobile devices allow healthcare professionals in
multiple locations the ability to view, discuss and access patient issues as if they
were in the same room.
 Tele monitoring is a medical practice that involves remotely monitoring
patients who are not at the same location as the health care provider. In general,
17
A patient will have a number of monitoring devices at home, and the results of
these devices will be transmitted via telephone to the health care provider. Tele
monitoring is a convenient way for patients to avoid travel and to perform some
of the more basic work of healthcare for themselves. In addition to objective
technological monitoring, most tele-monitoring programs include subjective
questioning regarding the patient's health and comfort. This questioning can take place
automatically over the phone, or tele monitoring software can help to keep the
patient in touch with the health care provider. The provider can then make
decisions about the patient's treatment based on a combination of subjective
and objective information similar to what would be revealed during an on-site
appointment.
In our project we have implemented the intelligent patient authentication with
the help of arduino controller and Android mobile application. Along with this
authentication also we have measure the pulse rate of the patient. The proposed
enhanced fall detection method is based on three common changes which happen
during accidental falls: impact magnitude, trunk angle, and after-event heart rate.
Hence, a triple-threshold for the previously fall related event in chronological order is
proposed in this paper. Since the direction of possible falls cannot be predicted, it is
inappropriate to use only one output of the axis. The advantage of using equ. (1) is
that it is sensitive to all directions of falls. At the beginning, acceleration due to
gravity, g, lies in the z direction. The acceleration changes along with body
movement, Furthermore, vibration becomes significant when the fall happens.
Acceleration threshold had been set to 1.9 g as in the literature [9]. A typical fall event
ends with the person lying on the ground or leaning on walls, or furniture that will
cause a significant change in truck angle. In this case, it is desirable to consider
changes on the truck angle to detect whether
18
the detected acceleration was due to a fall event. Trunk angle, θ, can be defined
as angle between the SMV and positive z-axis and can be calculated by inverse
trigonometric function.
This study calculated the orientation and inclination of human body subject to the
acceleration of gravity. When the double axle acceleration sensor inclines, both -axle
and –axle may produce acceleration due to the centrifugal force; at this point, , and
acceleration of gravity may form a right triangle, as shown in Fig. 1. Equations (1) and
(2) show that inverse trigonometric function can be used to calculate the inclination,
as shown in (3). However, when both and are perpendicular to the acceleration of
gravity at the same time, and are equal to zero, denoting that no inclination is formed,
when the acceleration sensor is parallel with the ground.
 19
CHAPTER 6
6. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6.1 Transmitter

LCD

BLUETOOTH
PULSE TRANSMITTER
SENSOR

TEMP. ARDUINO UNO

SENSOR

SMART
PHONE

MEMS
ACCELERO
METER

Fig.6.1: block diagram of wireless heart attack detector/transmitter

 20
6.2 Receiver

Fig.6.2: receiver section

6.3 Block diagram description

In today’s world, the maximum use of resource is always complimented.
So, the use of wireless technology is enhanced to meet the need of remote
control and monitoring. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology that
enables us to monitor patient outside of clinic or hospital without having to visit a
patient. It may increase access to health services and facilities while decreasing
cost. Remote Patient Monitoring saves time of both patient and doctor, hence
increasing efficiency and reliability of health services. Heartbeat and body
temperature are the major signs that are routinely measured by physicians after the
arrival of a patient [1]. Heart rate refers to how many times a heart contracts and
relaxes in a unit of time (usually per minute). Heart rate varies
21
for different age groups. For a human adult of age 18 or more years, a normal resting
heart rate is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). A lower heart rate at rest implies
more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. Babies
The heart rate increases gradually during exercise and returns to its normal value
after exercise. The rate at which the pulse returnsto its normal value is an indication
of the fitness of a person. If the heart rate is lower than the normal heart rate, it
is an indication of a condition known as bradycardia and if the heart rate is
higher than the normal heart rate, it is an indication of a condition known as
tachycardia [2]. Like heart rate, normal body temperature also varies from person to
person and changes throughout the day. The body temperature is lowest in the
early morning and highest in the early evening. The normal body temperature is
about 37* C or 98.6* F [3]. However, it can be as low as 36.1* C (97*F) in the early
morning and as high as 37.2* C (99* F) and still be considered normal. Thus, the
normal range for body temperature is 97 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 36.1 to 37.8
degrees Celsius. The use of microcontroller is in every field even we can use it in the
design and fabrication of biomedical equipment. A little example is here. The
microcontroller at89s51 (8051) is here used to develop a heartbeat monitoring system.
By placing your finger in between a LED and photo resistance, She/he can detect the
pulses of heart, the analog voltages are further processed with an operational amplifier
LM 358, this

chip has two built in OPAMPs.[6] The TTL pulses or digital pulse are then feed to the
external interrupt of microcontroller 8051. By using a software counter in the code,
they can count the pulses, and the result the process is displayed on an LCD (2 line 16
characters). HB = 5184/t, Where t is average of time delay between 2 consecutive
pulses here use of first 5 pulses for calculation of HB. The LM35 is an
22
integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical
output proportional to the temperature (in* C) .
You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor. The
sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc. The LM35 generates a
higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage
be amplified. It is called Liquid Crystal Display. There is a use of 16x2 characters
LCD. This will be connected to microcontroller. The job of LCD will be to display all
the system generated messages coming from the controller. LCD will provide
interactive user interface Falls are a common issue, but they are difficult to define
rigorously. Since falls are usually characterized by larger acceleration compared with
ADL, existing solutions mainly use accelerometers for detection [8]. However,
focusing only on large acceleration can result in many false positives from fall-like
activities such as sitting down quickly and jumping.
Some fall detection algorithms also assume that falls often end with a person
lying prone horizontally on the floor. These kinds of systems use change of body
orientation as an indicator for falls [4]. But, they are less effective when a person is
not lying horizontally, e.g. a fall may happen on stairs. To improve activity
recognition accuracy, a large body of work uses complex inference techniques like
hidden Markov models to analyze acceleration data [6], but they use excessive
amounts of computational resources and do not always meet real-time constraints.
Such methods are inappropriate for fall detection because fast response is essential. In
addition, fall activity patterns are particularly difficult to obtain for training such
systems.
 23
6.3 System architecture
A wearable device is placed on human’s waist. The system can
detect the elderly’s falling by acceleration analysis. Then it will get the elderly’s
geographic position and send fall alarm short message to caregivers. So the elderly
who has fallen can get timely help to minimize the negative influence.
 24
CHAPTER 7

7. FAULT DETECTION ALGORITHM

7.1 Algorithm
Choice of recognition feature has decisive significance to successful fall detection.
Information like linear movements (e.g., displacement, velocity, and acceleration) and
angular movements (e.g., angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration) could be
obtained directly or indirectly. Beside these, frequency domain parameters could be
extracted from basic sensor measurements by techniques such as FFT and wavelet
[11, 12]. For single tri axial accelerometer application, accelerations and derived
angular parameters could be used as recognition features. Fall detection algorithm
design is based on the choice of recognition features. According to the recognition
feature, fall detection algorithms are classified as threshold based and machine
learning based. For threshold based method, threshold of recognition feature is set by
the designer before application which makes the algorithm have rapid response and
less resource consumption [13]. But the choice of threshold needs both rigorous
schemes and adequate experiments. For machine learning based design, the
classification of fall and normal activities is available with the assistance of
technologies such as support vector machine (SVM) and neural network [14, 15].
Machine learning assistance may enhance system robustness to some extent, but its
algorithm design is always high computing resource consumed which limits its
application in wearable device. As the compact wearable device requires low power
consumption and a single tri axial accelerometer could provide effective information,
threshold based fall detection algorithm will be used in this system.
 25
7.2. Algorithm Design
Algorithm used in this fall alarm system is based on thresholds of sum acceleration
and rotation angle information. When a real fall happens, collision between human’s
body and ground will produce obvious peak value at the sum acceleration a which has
magnitude as |a| = √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑎𝑧2, (1) Where 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦,

and 𝑎𝑧 present accelerometer measurements of three axes. The system uses the sum
acceleration as the first step to distinguish high intensity movements from others. But
normal motions such as jumping or sitting also produce peak values, which mean that
additional detection features are required. The second feature used here is an angle
calculated based on acceleration measurements. As human’s motion has low
acceleration, it is feasible to get gravity component in each axis by using a low pass
filter. If gravity components could be separated before and after human’s fall, then it
is possible to calculate the rotation angle of accelerometer coordinate in 3D space,
which is also equivalent to the rotation angle of gravity vector relative to fixed
coordinate. Coordinate constructed by the accelerometer and the gravity vector.
The structure of proposed fall detection system is shown in Fig. 1, whose core
structure is based on a Micro programmed Controller Unit (MCU). The accelerometer
sensor is complemented by other smart sensors including temperature and humidity
sensors all integrated on one single board, recording real time acceleration and
ambient environment information. Both acceleration and environment information are
first captured using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Then, the digital signal is
transmitted to the MCU for further processing. The heart rate is captured by a pulse
pressure sensor and also passed directly to the MCU. The system is complemented
with a customer interface designed to monitor
 26

Fig.7.2: System architecture using the consumer wireless sensor network

7.3 SYSTEM AND SENSORS

7.3.1 Multi-functional data acquisition board
A multi-functional data acquisition board has been used incorporating
temperature and humidity sensors. Besides, it offered a convenient solution to add
any custom sensing application in future research. To detect the impact of
accidental falls, a small low power tri-axial accelerometer is used as shown in Fig.
2. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications. Also,
it can measure the dynamic acceleration results from motion, shock, or vibration.
This specified accelerometer will output acceleration in all
three axis at every sample point, with units of m/s2. The output is an analog signal
which must be converted by an ADC before sending to the MCU. However, the
other smart sensors used in this system are utilized to detect the heartbeat pulse
with sensitivity 0.2mv/pa.
 27
7.3.2 MCU system
The key component of this system is a MCU with 128K flash memory. It is a
compromise between relatively high performance vs. low-power (2.7-5.5V). This
high-density nonvolatile memory based MCU provides an embedded 8- channel,
10-bit ADC, and provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications. Information gathered by accelerometer is
converted in the chip and forwarded to the wireless communication module along
with pulse signals.

Fig.7.3.2: MCU system (accelerometer)

The data gathered from a participants body is appended with a unique ID and
transmitted to a remote laptop by the wireless receiver with type number of the base
station being used. As is shown in Fig. 3, a user interface is designed to display the
accelerometer and heart rate signal. The interface can monitor four participants’ data
at the same time. In each part, data curves are illustrated on upper left and real-time
data are shown on the right of the curves.

28
Once the alarm is triggered, a red marked warning will be shown at the bottom left
part of the monitors. In order to assure that a caregiver, or relatives, get real-time and
accuracy information, the location of the wireless sensor network is significant.
Modern wireless sensor networks have been highly normalized by ZigBee, but they
cannot efficiently handle the specific tasks due to the constrained environment. In
order to do so, the wireless communication stack in the wireless sensor network needs
to be optimized so many sensor nodes need to be put in one base station. Every sensor
node can be freely configured as a master or slave. Considering ZigBee transmission
power, propagation does not reliably pass through modern construction walls to the
base station. Therefore the base station usually does not receive the signal transmitted
from a neighboring room. To detect the acceleration and heart rate more accuracy, the
whole house can be divided into several clusters based on the room locations. Each
room has a fixed access point for data collection and transmission. The sensor nodes
represent the accelerometer or cardio tachometer, which could be located anywhere in
the house. The signal from wireless module can be transmitted directly to base station
or through the fixed access point. The system employs mesh networking to enable
communication when it encounters problems of connecting to the base station directly.

29
 CHAPTER 8

8. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

8.1 Power Supply Design

Every circuit needs a source to give energy to that circuit. The Source wills a
particular voltage and load current ratings. The following is a circuit diagram of a
power supply. We need a constant low voltage regulated power supply of +5V,
providing input voltages to the microcontroller RS232, LM311 and LCD
display which requires 5 volts supply.

Fig.8.1: power supply diagram

30
Every power supply has the following parts,
 Transformer
 Rectifier
 Capacitor (filter)
 Regulator
 resistors

8.2 Transformer
Working principle of transformer:
The transformer works on the principle
of faradays law of electromagnetic inductions. Transformer in its simplest form. The
core is built up of thin laminations insulated from each other in order to reduce eddy
current loss in the more. The winding are unguarded from each other and also from
the care. The winding connected to the load is called the secondary winding for
samplings they are shown on the opposite side of core but in practice they are
distributed owner both sides of the cores. The high voltage winding encloses the low
voltage.
Let us say that transformer has N1 turns in its primary winding and N2 turns in
its secondary winding. The primary winding is connected to a sinusoidal voltage of
magnitude V1 at a frequency FH2. A working flux is set up in magnetic core. The
working flux is alternating and sinusoidal as the applied voltage is alternating and
sinusoidal. When these flux link the primary and the secondary winding emf are
induced in them. The emf induced in this is called the self-induced emf and that
induced in the secondary is the mutually induced emf. These voltages will have
sinusoidal waveform and the same frequency as that of the applied voltage.
31
The currents, which flow in the close primary and secondary circuits, are respectively
I1 and I2.

In our electrical and electronic circuit we use two important components namely.

1. RESISTOR
2. CAPACITER

RESISTOR
A resistor is an electric component. It has a known value of resistance. It is
especially designed to introduce a desired amount of resistance in a circuit. A resistor
is used either to control the flow of current or to produce a voltage drop. It is the most
commonly used component in electrical and electronic circuits.
TYPES OF RESISTOR
1. Carbon resistor
2. Metal oxide resistor
3. Metal film resistor
4. Wire wound resistor
5. Variable resistor-carbon resistor
CAPACITOR:
Capacitor is an electrical device used for storing electrical energy. The stored
electrical energy is the form of a current in to the circuits which the capacitor form a
part. Capacitor is one of the important components used in Radio, TV and other
electronic circuits.

32
TYPES OF CAPACITOR
1. Paper Capacitor
2. Mica Capacitor
3. Ceramic Capacitor
4. Electrolytic Capacitor
5. Variable Capacitor
8.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable DC voltage
independent of the load current, temperature and AC line voltage variations.
Although Voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps it is quicker and easier to
use IC voltage regulator. The IC voltage regulators are inscribe and inexpensive and
are available with features such as programmable, output, current voltage, boosting
and floating operation for high voltage application.
7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
78XX series are three terminal positive fixed voltage regulators. There are seven
output voltage options available such as 5, 6, 8,12,15,18 and 24V in 78XX the two
numbers (XX) indicate the output voltage. The connection of a 7805-voltage
regulator is show infix. The AC line voltage is stepped down a cross each half of the
center tapped transformers. If full wane rectifier and capacitors filter then provides an
unregulated DC voltage with AC ripple of a few volts as a input to the voltage
regulator. The 7805 of IC provides an output of +5 Volts D.C.

33
8.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
OPERATION BRIDGE RECTIFIER
During positive half cycle of input signal, anode of diode 1 becomes positive and
at the sometime due anode of diode D2 becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and
D2 does not conduct. The load currier flow through D1 and the voltage drop across
RL will be equal to the input voltage. During the negative half cycle of the input the
anode of D1 becomes negative and the anode of D2 becomes positive. Hence D1 does
not conduct and D2 conducts. The load current flow through D2 and the voltage drop
across RC will be equal to the input voltage. The maximum efficiency of a full wane
rectifier is 81.2% and ripple factor is 0.48 peak inverses voltage for full ware rectifies
is 2VM because the entire secondary voltage appears across the non-conducting diode.
8.5 ARDUINO:

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project

and user community that designs and manufactures kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world. Arduino boards
may be purchased pre assembled, or as do-it-yourself kits; at the same time, the
hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble an
Arduino from scratch.

The project is based on a family of microcontroller board designs manufactured

primarily by Smart Projects in Italy, and also by several other vendors, using various
8-bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers or 32-bit Atmel ARM processors. These systems
provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various extension
boards and other circuits.

34
 The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some
models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes support
for C and C++ programming languages.

The first Arduino was introduced in 2005. The project leaders sought to provide
an inexpensive and easy way for hobbyists, students, and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion
detectors. Adafruit Industries estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official
Arduinos had been commercially produced,[3] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards
were in users' hands.

Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design

Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. At that time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at
a cost of $100, considered expensive for students. Massimo Banzi, one of the
founders, taught at Ivrea. The name "Arduino" comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some
of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar itself was named
after Arduino, Margrave of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

A hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring design by Colombian student

Hernando Barragan. After the Wiringplatform was complete, researchers worked to
make it lighter, less expensive, and available to the open source community. The
school eventually closed, but the researchers, including David Cuartielles, promoted
the idea.

35
 An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with
complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other
circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets
users connect the CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known
as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various
pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C serial bus—so many
shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used
the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328,
ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by
Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a
16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some
designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage
regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also
pre-programmed with a boot loaderthat simplifies uploading of programs to the on-
chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external
programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use
of an ordinary computer as the programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are
programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies
by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert
between RS-232-level andTTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed
via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDIFT232.
Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable,Bluetooth or other methods.

36
 (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE,
standard AVR ISP programming is used.)

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by
other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O
pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs,
which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board,
via female 0.10-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also
commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones
Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the
board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

There are many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are

functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance
the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education to
simplify the construction of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically
equivalent but change the form factor—sometimes retaining compatibility with
shields, sometimes not. Some variants use completely different processors, with
varying levels of compatibility.

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing
programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce
programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It
includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and
automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the
board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a sketch.

37
 Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with
a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes
many common input/output operations much easier. Users only need define two
functions to make a runnablecyclic executive program:

 setup() : a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings

 loop() : a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

 It is a feature of most Arduino boards that they have an LED and load resistor
connected between pin 13 and ground; a convenient feature for many simple
tests.[16] The previous code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a
valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the
IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include
header at the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a
valid C++ program.
 The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs,
and uses avrdude to upload programs to the board.
 As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers, Atmel's development
environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to
develop software for the Arduino.
 Arduino is open source hardware: the Arduino hardware reference designs are
distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and
are available on the Arduino Web site. Layout and production files for some
versions of the Arduino hardware are also available. The source code for the
IDE is available and released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.

38
  Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copy
left licenses, the developers have requested that the name "Arduino"
be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derivative works without
permission. The official policy document on the use of the Arduino name
emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the
official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released
have avoided the "Arduino" name by using "-duino" name variants.

8.6 Liquid Crystal Display:

Introduction:

Fig.8.6.1: LCD
An LCD is a small low cost display. It is easy to interface with a micro-controller
because of an embedded controller (the black blob on the back of the board).This
controller is standard across many displays which means many micro-controllers have
libraries that make displaying messages as easy as a single line of code. LCDs with a
small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket
calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external
dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display
structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements. Small monochrome
displays such as those found in personal organizers, or older laptop screens have a
passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted pneumatic (STN) or double-layer
STN (DSTN) technology the latter of which addresses
39
A color-shifting problem with the former and color-STN (CSTN) wherein color is
added by using an internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single
electrical circuit. The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses.
This type of display is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain
its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the
number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of
display becomes less feasible. Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical
of passive-matrix addressed LCDs.

High-resolution color displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and

televisions use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is
added to the polarizing and color filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor,
allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the
column lines are connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all
of the column lines.

Pin configuration

Table 1.1 LCD pin configuration

40
Circuit Connections

Fig.8.6.2: LCD circuit connection

Programming:
Algorithm to send data to LCD:

1. Make R/W low

2. Make RS=0; if data byte is command .RS=1; if data byte is data (ASCII value)

3. Place data byte on data register

4. Pulse E (HIGH to LOW)

5. Repeat the steps to send another data byte

LCD Initialization:
This is the pit fall for beginners. Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD
is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the LCD.

41
Simple steps to initialize the LCD

1. Specify function set: Send 38H for 8-bit,double line and 5x7 dot character format.

2. Display On-Off control: Send 0FH for display and blink cursor on.

3. Entry mode set: Send 06H for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible.

4. Clear display: Send 01H to clear display and return cursor to home position.

LCD commands and codes:

Fig.8.6.3: LCD command and codes

LCD COMMANDS AND CODES:
1 Clear display screen
2 Return Home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
5 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
6 shift display right
42
7 shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
F Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to the beginning of 1st line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd line
38 2 lines and 5 x 7 matrix.
Advantages of display
 Eliminates need for dual supplies
 Four internally compensated op amps in a single package
 Allows directly sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND
 Compatible with all forms of logic
 Power drain suitable for battery operation
Features of display
 Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
 Large DC voltage gain 100 dB
 Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
 Wide power supply range: Single supply 3V to 32V or dual supplies ±1.5V to
±16V
43
 Very low supply current drain (700 μA) essentially independent of supply
voltage
  Low input biasing current 45 Na (temperature compensated)
 Low input offset voltage 2 mV and offset current: 5 nA
 Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
 Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
 Large output voltage swing 0V to V+ − 1.5V

8.7 RS 232

Before Universal Serial Bus (USB) in computers RS232 was used as a standard
port for communication between different devices like printers, mouse, modems and
all other type of computer peripherals and the computer. In terms of definition, RS232
can be defined as point to point communication between the Data Terminal
Equipment (DTE) and Data Communication Equipment (DCE). On RS 232, 920
Kbps of data speed is achievable and the fact that it is called a serial port is that it
transfers data bit by bit. RS232 comes in two different variants of D-style 9 pin and
25 pin the former is called as DB 9 connector and the latter is called as DB 25
connector, however only three pins are required for communication.

Scope of the standard

The Electronics Industries Association (EIA) standard RS-232-C[1] as of 1969

defines:

 Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing and
slew-rate of signals, voltage withstand level; short-circuit behavior, and

44

maximum load capacitance.

 Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin
identification.
 Functions of each circuit in the interface connector.
 Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications.

The standard does not define such elements as

 character encoding (for example, ASCII, Baudot code or EBCDIC)

 the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop bits,
parity)
 protocols for error detection or algorithms for data compression
 bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is intended for bit rates
lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices support speeds of 115,200
bit/s and above
 Power supply to external devices.

Details of character format and transmission bit rate are controlled by the serial port
hardware, often a single integrated circuit called a UART that converts data from
parallel to asynchronous start-stop serial form. Details of voltage levels, slew rate, and
short-circuit behavior are typically controlled by a line-driver that converts from the
UART's logic levels to RS-232 compatible signal levels, and a receiver that converts
from RS-232 compatible signal levels to the UART's logic levels.

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 fig.8.7.1: RS 232 pin
Other pins present in RS 232 port are used depending upon the peripheral
support. Devices like Modem utilize all the pins to achieve full handshaking
capabilities. For having reliable communication, the length of cable used should be
less than 50 ft. set to 9600 baud rate. To have a communication over long distance,
other resources like wireless communication can also be used. Before 1997 the RS232
was termed as EIA232F, where EIA stands for “Electronic Industries Association”
were it was developed but after the renewal of standards its name was replaced with
RS232.

Fig.8.7.2:RS232 pin configuration

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Pin Configuration:
The pin configuration and signaling taking place in RS232 is tabulated below:
DB 9 DB 25 Acronym Full name Direction
Pin 3 Pin 2 TXD Transmit Data Out
Pin 2 Pin 3 RXD Receive Data In
Pin 7 Pin 4 RTS Ready to send Out
Pin 8 Pin 5 CTS Clear to send In
Pin 6 Pin 6 DSR Data set Ready In
Pin 4 Pin 20 DTR Data terminal Ready Out
Pin 1 Pin 8 DCD Data Carrier Detect In
Pin 9 Pin 22 RI Ring Indicator In
Pin 5 Pin 7 SG Signal Ground -
Table.8.7.1: RS232 pin configuration and signaling
The pin 3, pin 2 and pin 5 are set by hardware to transmit, receive and ground while
all other pins are software controlled and can be changed. The pins described here are
set according to the standards by EIA. The pin description given below is in the order
of their priorities in which they are used in DB9 Connector.
1) Pin 3: TXD- This pin is used to serially transmit the bits to the device connect
edtoit.They are permanently set by the hardware.
2) Pin 2: RXD- The data is received by the computer in serial order by the receive
pin. It is also permanently set by the hardware.
3) Pin 7/Pin 8: RTS/CTS- The ready to send and clear to send pins are for hardware
control flow. Hardware flow control is very useful when there is mismatching
between the transmitter and receiver in terms of rate of speed.

47
4) Pin 6: DSR: Data Set Ready pin is generally utilized in devices like modem to tell
computer that it is ready to take data.

5) Pin 4: DTR: The DTR is a control signal set to high-low. It tells the device to
disconnect from computer.

6) Pin 1: DCD: This Data Carrier Detect is another type of pin configured by
software for control signaling purpose. It is used to by computer to detect whether the
device has been disconnected from it.

7) Pin 9: RI- As its name suggests, ring indicator indicates the computer that modem
is ringing. It is a one way type of communication taking place from modem to
computer.

8) Pin 5: SG- The signal ground provides ground to the overall connections. It also
acts as reference point from where signals can be measured.
Step by Step Working of RS232:
After having a brief reference of the pins and signaling let us see the working of
RS232 by an example. Let us we have a modem that utilizes RS232 to communicate
with computer. The processes taking place are briefly described below:
1). As the modem is connected to the computer, It (modem) sends a software based
Ring Indicator (RI) signal to computer.
2). The computer gives response to the modem by sending DTR signal i.e. Data
Terminal Ready. It tells modem that computer is ready to undergo communication
with modem and ready to receive data.
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3). Next is modem’s turn to responds to the DTR signal. This is done by sending a
DSR signal (Data Set Ready) to the computer indicating that it is now ready to
exchange further signaling with the computer’s DTE (Data Terminal Equipment).
4). after these necessary steps, transmission and reception of data and signals is set up
on the TXD and RXD pins. In full duplex communication, both CTS and RTS pins
are raised high while in half duplex mode they are utilized for handshaking necessary
to control the direction.
5). When data transfer is completed, the computer incapacitate DTR signal and
restrains the DCD and DSR signals. Hence the communication ends up.
RS232 in Real World:

In modern computer world, RS232 has been replaced with the USB port.
However there are certain devices that uses RS232 port for the communication with
computer like dot matrix printers, modem etc. Most of the devices build today are not
able to communicate with the RS232 world due to voltage differences between them.
Thus to have serial communication it is necessary to have level conversion. This level
conversion is done by using specifically designed integrated circuits (IC).

The RS232 IC converts the signals from rs232 port into the signals which are
compatible to TTL based digital logic. It consists of amplifiers called as line drivers
which improve signal strength and set the voltage levels according to receiver unit so
that it does not get damaged. In this IC’s, 0 indicates high and 1 indicates low.
Therefore whenever they receive signal, it is inverted from its initial state. These IC
does also have an inbuilt UART (Universal Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver)
which performs an overhead process transmitting and receiving the serial data.
49
 Fig.8.7.3:RS232 IC pin diagram

The asynchronous signal consists of start/stop bits as well as error detecting bits. The
UART generates start/stop bits and can also detect the error in the transmission. It
also acts as an intermediate between serial and parallel communication i.e. bit-wide
communication and byte-wide communication. It converts byte of data into a single
stream when transmitting and converts the bit of data i.e. serial data into parallel when
receiving.

8.8 ANDROID APPLICATION:

Android is an operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed

primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers.
Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later
bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open
Handset Alliance—a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication
companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. The first publicly
available smart phone running Android.

50
 The user interface of Android is based on direct manipulation, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching
and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. Internal hardware such
as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to
landscape depending on how the device is oriented. Android allows users to customize
their home screens with shortcuts to applications and widgets, which allow users to
display live content, such as emails and weather information, directly on the home
screen. Applications can further send notifications to the user to inform them of
relevant information, such as new emails and text messages.

Android's source code is released by Google under the Apache License; this
permissive licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by
device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers. Most Android
devices ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software. As of July
2013, Android has the largest number of applications ("apps"), available for download
in Google Play store which has had over 1 million apps published, and over 50 billion
downloads. A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that Android is
the most used platform among developers: it is used by 71% of the mobile developers
population.

Android is popular with technology companies which require a ready-made,

low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. Despite being
primarily designed for phones and tablets, it also has been used in televisions, games
consoles, digital cameras and other electronics. Android's open nature has encouraged
a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the

51
Open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new
features for advanced users or bring Android to devices which were officially released
running other operating systems.

As of May 2012, Android became the most popular mobile OS, having the
largest installed base, and is a market leader in most countries including the United
States; there it has had the highest installed base of mobile phones for years. In the
third quarter of 2013, Android's share of the global smartphone shipment market—led
by Samsung products—was 81.3%, the highest ever. In most markets Android-
powered phones are the most popular comprising more than half of the overall
smartphone sales, including the United States market starting with the September–
November 2013 period. The operating system's success has made it a target for patent
litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology
companies. As of September 2013, one billion Android devices have been activated.

Interface

Fig.8.8.1: Interface with android application

52
Notifications are accessed by sliding from the top of the display; individual
notifications can be dismissed by sliding them away, and may contain additional
functions (such as on the "missed call" notification seen here).

Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that
loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse
pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration capabilities
of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user. Internal hardware such
as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to
landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the user to steer a
vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel.

Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and

information point on the device, which is similar to the desktop found on PCs.
Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons
launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as
the weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the
homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several pages that the user can swipe
back and forth between, though Android's home screen interface is heavily
customizable, allowing the user to adjust the look and feel of the device to their
tastes. Third-party apps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensively
re-theme the home screen, and even mimic the look of other operating systems, such
as Windows Phone. Most manufacturers, and some wireless carriers,

53
 customize the look and feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves
from their competitors.

Present along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about
the device and its connectivity. This status bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a
notification screen where apps display important information or updates, such as a
newly received email or SMS text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or
inconvenience the user. Notifications are persistent until read (by tapping, which
opens the relevant app) or dismissed by sliding it off the screen. Beginning on
Android 4.1, "expanded notifications" can display expanded details or additional
functionality; for instance, a music player can display playback controls, and a
"missed call" notification provides buttons for calling back or sending the caller an
SMS message.

Android provides the ability to run applications which change the default
launcher and hence the appearance and externally visible behaviour of Android. These
appearance changes include a multi-page dock or no dock, and many more changes to
fundamental features of the user interface.

8.9 BLUETOOTH - HCO5

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth
module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps
Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR
Bluecore 04‐External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with
AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as small as
12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development cycle.
54
 HC-05 Bluetooth Module is one of the most popular Bluetooth module used in
embedded projects. It can be easily interfaced with Arduino Board, Raspberry Pi,
Microcontrollers through serial UART interface. HC-05 module is an easy to use
Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial
connection setup.

55
 CHAPTER 9
9. ADVANTAGES
 Accurate
 Portable
 Easy to implement any application
 Compact size

56
 CHAPTER 10
10. APPLICATION
 Bio-medical application
 Commercial application
 Industrial application

57
 CHAPTER 11
11. CONCLUSION
The project Remote patient tracking system has been completed successfully
and the output results are verified. The results are in line with the expected output.
The project has been checked with both software and hardware testing tools. In this
work LCD, Arduino controller, Pulse sensor, Relay, RF Module along with Android
mobile are chosen are proved to be more appropriate for the intended application. The
project is having enough avenues for future enhancement. The project is a prototype
model that fulfills all the logical requirements. The project with minimal
improvements can be directly applicable for real time applications. Thus the project
contributes a significant step forward in the field of bio medical Monitoring system,
and further paves a road path towards faster development s in the same field. The
project is further adaptive towards continuous performance and peripheral up
gradations. This work can be applied to variety of industrial and commercial
applications.

58
 CHAPTER 12
12. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
Possible future improvements or better packing of the wrist circuitry, lower
power consumptions for main units. More common media rather than just walking
sticks, shorter delay between heart attack detection and emergency calling via cell
phone and more accurate and fast algorithm.

59
 CHAPTER 13
13. REFERENCES
[1] Aleksandra C. Zoric, SinisaS.llic, “PC Based Electrocardiography &Data
Acquisition”, TELSIKS, IEEE, pp 619-622, September 28- 30 2005.

[2] Tia Gao, Dan Greenspan, Matt Welsh, Radford R. Juang, and Alex Alm, “Real
Time Patient Monitoring System Using Lab view”, International Journal of Scientific
& Engineering Research,April-2012.

[3] Sherin Sebastian, Neethu Rachel Jacob, ”Remote Patient Monitoring System
Using Android Technology”, IJDPS, September 2012.

[4] C. Wen, M. Yen, K. Chang and R. Lee, “Real-time ECG tele-monitoring

system design with mobile phone platform”, Measurement, Volume 41, Issue 4,
May 2008, Pages 463-470.

[5] Wilkoff BL, Auricchio A, Brugada J, Cowie M, Ellenbogen KA, Gillis AM et al.
“HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus on the Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable
Electronic Devices (CIEDs): Description of Techniques, Indications, Personnel,
Frequency Ethical Considerations”, Euro pace 2008;10:707–25.

[6] Varma N, Epstein A, Schweikert R, Love C, Shah JA, Irimpen “ Evaluation of

efficacy and safety of remote monitoring for ICD follow-up” the TRUST trial,
Circulation 2008, Vol. 118, No. 22, 2316, Abstract 4078.

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[7] Kiely DK, “Resident characteristics associated with wandering in nursing
home”, Int J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000; 15(11):1013-1020.

[8] K. Lorincz et al., “Sensor Networks for Emergency Response: Challenges

and Opportunities,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, IEEE,Press, pp. 16-23, October-
December 2004.

[9] J. Hill et al., “System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors,” in

Proc. 9th Int’l Conf. Architectural Support for Programming Languages and
Operating Systems (ASPLOS 2000)”, ACM Press, pp.93-104, 2000.

[10] K. Lorincz and M. Welsh, A Robust, “Decentralized Approach to RF Based

Location Tracking, tech. report TR-19-04, Division of Eng. And Applied Sciences “,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 2004.

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