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GOVT .DEGREE COLLEGE

VEERAGHATTAM

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY-SEM-III-STUDY MATERIAL

CH.NAIDU, LECTURER IN MATHEMATICS

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SEMESTER-III
ICT STUDY MATERIAL

UNIT – 1:
Fundamental of Internet and internet applications, Internet
Addressing, Introduction to social Networking like Twitter, Tumblr,
LinkedIn, Facebook, Flickr, Skype, Yahoo, YouTube, and WhatsApp.

UNIT – 2:
E-mail, Email Addresses, Domain Names, Message Components, G-
Suite, Google drive, Google documents, Google Spread sheets and
Google slides and Google forms

UNIT – 3:
Overview of internet security, E-mail threats and secure E-mails,
viruses and antivirus software, Firewalls, Cryptography, Digital
signatures, Copyright issues, SWAYAM, NPTEL, SWAYAMPRABHA,
National Digital Library of India and Virtual labs.
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UNIT – 1
1.What is internet? (OR) What are benefits of the Internet?
Ans: The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate with each
other using standardized protocols. It allows for the sharing and exchange of information, ideas, and data
between billions of users worldwide.
The internet enables various online activities, such as:

1. Communication: Easily communicate through email, social media, messaging, and video conferencing.

2. Information retrieval: search engines, websites, online libraries

3. Entertainment: Stream music, movies, and videos, and play online games.

4. Education: Access online courses, tutorials, and degree programs

5. Commerce Shop online, bank, and conduct financial transactions conveniently.

6. Networking: Connect with professionals, join online communities. social media, forums,

7. Global connectivity: Connect with people worldwide, regardless of geographical distance.

8. Remote work: Work from anywhere, at any time, and stay productive.

9.Healthcare: Access medical information, consult with doctors online

10. Innovation: entrepreneurship, and the development of new technologies.

11. Economic opportunities: Creates new job opportunities, freelance work, and business prospects

These benefits have transformed the way we live, work, and interact with each other, and continue to shape our
world in profound ways.

2.What are internet applications?

Ans: Internet applications refer to software programs that utilize the internet to perform various tasks, provide
services, or enable online activities. Here are some examples of internet applications:

1. Web browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox): Access and navigate the web.

2. Email clients (e.g., Gmail, Outlook): Send and receive emails.

3. Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter): Connect with others, share content.

4. Streaming services (e.g., Netflix, YouTube): Watch videos, listen to music.

5. Online banking and finance (e.g., PayPal, phone pay, Gpay, Net banking): Manage finances, make transactions.

6. E-commerce platforms (e.g., Amazon, eBay): Shop online, purchase products.

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7. Productivity tools (e.g., Google Docs, Microsoft Office Online): Create documents, spreadsheets

8. Communication tools (e.g., Zoom, Skype, Google meet): Video conferencing, online meetings.

9. Gaming platforms (e.g., Steam, Xbox Live): Play online games.

10. Educational platforms (e.g., Coursera, Udemy): Access online courses, tutorials.

11. Health and wellness apps (e.g., MyFitnessPal, Teladoc): Track health, consult doctors.

12. Travel booking platforms (e.g., Expedia, (link unavailable)): Book flights, hotels.

13. Food delivery apps (e.g., Grubhub, Uber Eats): Order food online.

14. Project management tools (e.g., Trello, Asana): Organize tasks, collaborate.

15. Virtual private networks (VPNs): Secure internet connections, protect privacy.

3.Write a short note on IP address?

Ans: An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a unique identifier that enables devices to communicate and
exchange data on a network or the internet.

Think of an IP address like a street address

Types of IP addresses:

1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):

32-bit address. Typically written in dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.0.2.1)

2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):

128-bit address. Typically written in hexadecimal notation (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

3. Public IP address:

Assigned by an Internet Service Provider (ISP)

4. Private IP address:

Used within a private network (e.g., home, company)

5. Static IP address:

Remains the same over time

Typically used for servers, websites, or applications requiring a fixed address

6. Dynamic IP address:

Typically used for personal devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones)

7. Loopback IP address:

Special IP address used for testing and debugging (e.g., 127.0.0.1)

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4.Write the list of popular search engines?

Ans: List of popular search engines

1. Google Search engine (most widely used): It is the most popular search engine in the world. Google regularly
updates its searching algorithm from time to time to meet the end user’s requirements. The Google search engine
was launched in 1998.

2. Bing Search engine (Microsoft's search engine); The Bing search engine was introduced by Microsoft in 2009. It is
second most visited search engine in the world. It allows the user to filter the outcome results in the form of images,
ads, videos, etc. The disadvantages of using Bing is that it produces slower results when compared to Google.

3. Yahoo Search engine (powered by Bing): The Yahoo search engine was released in 1994, starting with the YAHOO
directory. Later it was updated into a web crawler- based search engine.

4. Ask Search engine (question-answering search engine): The Ask search engine was launched in 1996.The main
idea behind launching this search engine was to allow users to get answers to questions posted every day by
keyword searching.

5. DuckDuckGo (privacy-focused search engine)

6. Start Page (privacy-focused search engine)

7. Qwant (French search engine with a focus on privacy)

8. Yandex (Russian search engine)

9. Baidu (Chinese search engine)

10. Ecosia (eco-friendly search engine that plants trees)

5.What is Web Browser and explain different types of Web Browsers?

Ans: A Web browser is a software application designed for fetching and accessing the data on the Internet. The
content displayed on the user’s screen is called a webpage. The content may be in the form of text, images,
animations, videos clips and many more.

The main types of web browsers:

1. Internet Explorer: Internet Explorer (IE) is a discontinued web browser developed by Microsoft, first released in
1995. It was once the most widely used browser in 2003, but its usage declined due to Security concerns, Slow
performance, Lack of standards support. Microsoft replaced Internet Explorer with Microsoft Edge in 2015as a
default browser supplied with Windows 10 operating system.

2.Google Chrome: Google Chrome is a popular web browser developed by Google. Released in 2008, it has become
the most widely used browser globally, known for its.

It opens quickly and fast page loading. It has many features like ad blocking and protection against malware.

It Seamless syncing of browsing data across devices using Google account.

3. Mozilla Firefox: It is a free and open-source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation. Released in 2004.

It opens quickly and fast page loading. It has many features like ad blocking and protection against malware.
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Available on desktop, mobile, and tablet devices, Firefox offers a fast, secure, and customizable browsing experience

4. Microsoft Edge: Microsoft Edge is the default web browser on Windows 10 and was developed by Microsoft,
released in 2015. In 2022 Microsoft Edge become the second most popular desktop browser in the world.

It opens quickly and fast page loading. It has many features like ad blocking and protection against malware.

It Seamless integration with Windows 10 and Microsoft services (e.g., Office, OneDrive)

Users can make annotations to web pages that can be stored to and shared with OneDrive.

4. Safari: Safari is a web browser developed by Apple, first released in 2003.It became the most popular browser on
Mac OS X operating system. It supports for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2, etc.

Safari offers a fast, secure, and private browsing experience. Regular updates ensure compatibility with the latest
web standards and technologies.

5. Opera: Opera is a web browser developed by Opera Software, first released in 1996.It is one of the most popular
browsers. It has an in built ad blocker feature. Opera supports several major apps like Facebook messengers and
WhatsApp. Available on desktop, mobile, and tablet devices. The daily news notifications is the new feature included
in the opera browser.

6. Privacy-focused browsers: Tor Browser, Brave, DuckDuckGo Privacy Browser, Firefox Focus

6.What is entering a website address?

Ans: Entering a website address, also known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), is the process of typing or copying
a website's address into a web browser's address bar to access the website.

A URL typically consists of:

1. Protocol (http or https)

2. Domain name (e.g.com (commercial)- .org (organization))

3. Path (optional, e.g., /about/team)

4. Query string (optional, e.g., search=keyword)

7.Explain introduction to social net working?

Ans: Social networking refers to the use of online platforms or tools to connect, interact, and share information with
others. These platforms, known as social media, have revolutionized the way people communicate, collaborate, and
share content.

Key aspects of social networking:

1. Online communities: Social networks allow users to create profiles, connect with others, and engage in online
discussions.

2. Content sharing: Users can share text, images, videos, and other media with their networks.

3. Interactivity: Social networks enable real-time interactions, such as commenting, liking, and messaging.
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4. Networking: Users can expand their professional and personal networks, connecting with others who share
similar interests.

Popular social networking platforms:

1. Facebook 2. Twitter 3. Instagram 4. LinkedIn 5. YouTube 6. TikTok 7. Reddit 8. Pinterest 9.Flickr 10.Skype

Social networking has transformed the way we:

1. Communicate with friends and family

2. Connect with colleagues and professionals

3. Share information and news

4. Discover and consume content

5. Build and maintain relationships

8.What is Twitter?

Ans: Twitter is a social media platform that allows users to share short messages, called "tweets," with others. It was
launched in 2003 by Jack Dorsey and Evan Williams. Tweets are limited to 280 characters (previously 140).

Twitter uses:

1. News and updates: Stay informed about current events, news, and trends.

2. Networking: Connect with others, build relationships, and join conversations.

3. Marketing: Businesses can promote products, services, and brands.

4. Entertainment: Follow celebrities, influencers, and humorists.

5. Community building: Join discussions, participate in chats, and engage with others.

9. Write a short note on LinkedIn?

Ans: LinkedIn is a professional social networking platform launched in 2003 by Reid Hoffman and some other people.

With over 900 million users

LinkedIn Uses:

1. Networking: Connecting with colleagues, industry peers, and potential employers

2. Career development: Showcasing skills, experience, and achievements

3. Job searching: Finding and applying for job opportunities

4. Content sharing: Publishing articles, posts, and news related to your industry

5.Learning: Accessing online courses, tutorials, and certifications

10. Write a short note on Facebook?

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Ans: Facebook is a social media platform launched in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with over 2.9 billion users.

Facebook uses:

1. Connecting with friends and family: Share updates, photos, and videos with loved ones.

2. Networking: Connect with colleagues, classmates, and industry peers.

3. Business marketing: Promote products, services, and brands through pages and ads.

4. News and information sharing: Follow news outlets, publications, and influencers.

5. Community building: Join groups based on interests, affiliations, or causes.

6. Education and learning: Access online courses, tutorials, and educational resources.

11.Write a short note on You Tube?

Ans: YouTube is a video-sharing platform launched in 2005 by Jawed Karim with over 2.2 billion users.

You Tube uses:

1. Entertainment: Watch music videos, movies, TV shows, and original content.

2. Education: Access tutorials, how-to videos, educational content, and online courses

3. Marketing and advertising: Promote products, services, and brands through video ads and sponsorships.

4. Product reviews and demos: Watch reviews and demonstrations of products and services.

5. News and updates: Stay informed about current events, news, and updates.

6. Cooking and recipes: Find and follow cooking channels and recipes.

7. Language learning: Learn new languages through video tutorials and lessons.

8. Travel and exploration: Explore destinations and cultures through travel vlogs.

12.Write a short note on WhatsApp?

Ans: WhatsApp is a popular messaging app launched in 2009 by Brian Action, Jan Khoum with over 2 billion users.

WhatsApp uses:

1. Personal conversations: Chat with friends and family.

2. Group chats: Create groups for social, work, or school-related discussions.

3. Business communication: Connect with customers, clients, or colleagues.

4. Customer support: Provide support and answer customer inquiries.

5. International messaging: Communicate with people worldwide without extra charges.

6. File sharing: Share documents, photos, and videos.

7. Voice and video calls: Make voice and video calls for more personal conversations.
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8. Location sharing: Share your location with others.

9. Status updates: Share text, photo, or video updates that disappear after 24 hours.

13.Write a short note on Instagram?

Ans: Instagram is a photo and video-sharing social networking platform launched in 2010 by Kevin Systrom with over
1.2 billion users.

Instagram uses:

1. Personal branding: Showcase personality, interests, and skills.

2. Business marketing: Promote products, services, and brands.

3. Visual storytelling: Share photos, videos, and stories.

4. Community building: Connect with others through hashtags and engagement.

5. E-commerce and shopping: Tag products and enable shopping.

6. Networking: Connect with professionals, colleagues, and peers

7. Travel and exploration: Share travel experiences and destinations.

8. Food and cuisine: Share recipes, restaurants, and food-related content.

9. Fashion and beauty: Share fashion, beauty, and lifestyle content.

10. Health and wellness: Share fitness, wellness, and self-care content.

11. Education and learning: Share knowledge, resources, and online courses.

14.Write a short note on Telegram App?

Ans: Telegram is a cloud-based messaging app launched in 2013 by Pavel Durov and his brother Nicolai Durov with
over 500 million users.

Telegram App Uses:

1. Secure communication: Send encrypted messages, photos, and videos.

2. Group chats: Create groups for personal, work, or school-related discussions.

3. Channels: Subscribe to channels for news, updates, and content sharing.

4. File sharing: Share files, documents, and media with individuals or groups.

5. Voice and video calls: Make voice and video calls for more personal conversations.

6. Cloud storage: Store files and messages in the cloud for access anywhere

7. Community building: Create groups and channels for community engagement.

8. News and updates: Subscribe to channels for news, updates, and announcements.
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UNIT – 2
1.Define E-mail? (or) G-Mail

Ans: E-mail stands for Electronic Mail. It is a method of exchanging digital messages from one computer user (e-mail
address or accounts) to another through a network, typically the internet.

Email allows users to send and receive messages electronically, with features such as:

1. Text formatting and editing

2. File attachments (e.g., documents, images, videos)

3. Address book and contact management

4. Message forwarding and replying

5. Filtering and sorting of incoming messages

Email consists of three main components:

1. Address: A unique identifier for the sender and recipient, typically in the format "username@example.com".

2. Subject: A brief summary or title of the message.

3. Body: The main content of the message.

Email is widely used for personal, professional, and commercial communication, and is an essential tool for modern
communication

2.What are advantages of E-mail?

Ans: Advantages of E-mail

1.Speed: Email is a fast way to communicate, with messages delivered in seconds.

2. Environmentally friendly: Reduces paper usage and physical mail.

3. Easy to use: Simple to compose, send, and receive messages.

4. Cost-effective: Email is a low-cost or free way to communicate.

5. Convenience: Email can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection.

6. Flexibility: Allows for attachments, formatting, and multimedia content.

7. Accessibility: Can be accessed on various devices (computers, smartphones, tablets).

8. Group communication: Easy to send messages to multiple recipients

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9. Security: Can be encrypted and password-protected for secure communication.

10. Storage: Emails can be stored and archived for future reference

11.Time-saving: Saves time compared to traditional mail or phone calls.

Overall, email offers a convenient, efficient, and cost-effective way to communicate with others.

3.What are dis advantages of E-mail?

Ans: Dis Advantages of E-mail

1. Spam and junk mail: Unsolicited emails can be annoying and wasteful.

2. Security risks: Emails can be hacked, intercepted, or contain malware.

3. Information overload: Too many emails can lead to information overload.

4. Time-consuming: Managing and responding to emails can be time-consuming.

5. Dependence on technology: Emails require a stable internet connection and device.

6. Storage limitations: Email accounts can have storage limitations.

7. Vulnerability to viruses: Emails can contain viruses and malware.

8. Language barriers: Language differences can lead to misunderstandings.

9. Technical issues: Technical issues can cause emails to be lost or delayed.

10. Lack of confidentiality: Emails can be forwarded or shared without permission.

4.Write a short note on Google Drive.

Ans: Google drive provides online backup of our data which is very useful in situations like hard drive crash and data
corruption. Google Drive is a cloud storage service launched in 2012 by Google.

1. Store and access files from anywhere

2. Share files and folders with others

3. Collaborate on documents, spreadsheets, and presentations in real-time

4.Sync files across devices

5. Use 15 GB of free storage space

6. Integration with other Google apps (Gmail, Google Photos, etc.)

5.What is Google document?

Ans: Google Docs (also known as Google Documents) is a free, web-based word processing and document
management tool offered by Google within its Google Drive service. It allows users to:

1. Create and edit documents online

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2. Share documents with others in real-time

3. Collaborate on documents simultaneously

4. Store documents in the cloud

5. Access documents from anywhere, on any device

6. Format text, add images, tables, and more

7. Use templates and add-ons for enhanced functionality

8. Export documents to various formats (e.g., Microsoft Word, PDF)

6.What is Google form?

Ans: Google Forms is a free, web-based tool that allows users to create and share online forms and surveys, quizzes,
and questionnaires. It's part of the Google Drive service

1. Form creation: Create custom forms with various question types (e.g., multiple choice, short answer, checkboxes)

2. Question templates: Use pre-built question templates for common form fields (e.g., name, email, address)

3. Response collection: Collect responses in a Google Sheets spreadsheet or in the Google Forms interface

4. Sharing: Share forms via link, email, or embed them on websites

5. Collaboration: Collaborate on forms with others in real-time

6. Customization: Customize form appearance, add images and logos, and use themes

7. Analytics: View response analytics, including summary charts and individual responses

8. Integration: Integrate with other Google apps, such as Sheets, Docs, and Slides

7.What is Google spreadsheets and Google slides?

(OR)

What is Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint?

Ans: Google Sheets (OR) Microsoft Excel

Google Sheets is a free, web-based spreadsheet program offered by Google within its Google Drive service. It allows
users to:

1. Create and edit spreadsheets online

2. Store and access spreadsheets in the cloud

3. Share spreadsheets with others in real-time

4. Collaborate on spreadsheets simultaneously

5. Use formulas, functions, and formatting options

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6. Create charts, graphs, and pivot tables

7. Import and export data from various file formats

Google Sheets is similar to Microsoft Excel.

Google Slides (OR) Microsoft PowerPoint

Google Slides is a free, web-based presentation program offered by Google within its Google Drive service. It allows
users to:

1. Create and edit presentations online

2. Store and access presentations in the cloud

3. Share presentations with others in real-time

4. Collaborate on presentations simultaneously

5. Use templates, themes, and formatting options

6. Add text, images, videos, and animations

7. Import and export data from various file formats

Google Slides is similar to Microsoft PowerPoint

8.What are the features of G-Suite?

Ans: G Suite (formerly Google Apps) is a collection of cloud-based productivity and collaboration tools offered by
Google. The features of G Suite include:

Core Apps:

1. Gmail (email)

2. Google Drive (file storage and sharing)

3. Google Docs (word processing)

4. Google Sheets (spreadsheets)

5. Google Slides (presentations)

6. Google Calendar (calendar and scheduling)

9.Write Domain Names?

Domain names can be categorized into different types, such as:

- .com (commercial)

- .org (organization)

- .net (network)
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- .edu (education)

- .gov (government)

- .io (international organization)

- .biz (business)

Domain names can also be country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs), such as:

- .us (United States)

- .uk (United Kingdom)

- .ca (Canada)

- .au (Australia)

- .de (Germany)

10. What are Mailers?

Ans: Yahoo mail, Gmail, reddiff mail etc. are examples of some mailers. The majority of mailers features that allow
you to manipulate the contents of your mail box, compose new messages, and save existing messages to disc. A
standard email client will have a series of buttons like compose, copy, delete, edit, forward, move and reply among
others.
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UNIT – 3:

1.Explain overview of internet security (Cyber security)?

Ans: Internet security is the set of procedures used to protect on line data, devices and activities through the
Internet.

Key Components:

1. Network Security: Protecting networks from unauthorized access and malicious activities.

2. Application Security: Securing software applications and services from vulnerabilities and attacks.

3. Data Security: Protecting data from unauthorized access, theft, and damage.

4. Endpoint Security: Protecting individual devices (endpoints) from malicious activities.

5. Identity and Access Management: Controlling user access to resources and data.

Common Threats:

1. Malware (viruses, worms, Trojans)

2. Phishing and social engineering attacks

3. Ransomware

4. SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks

5. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks

6. Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks

Security Measures or Techniques

1. Firewalls

2. Encryption

3. Antivirus software

4. Strong passwords and multi-factor authentication

5. Regular updates and patch management

6. Secure protocols (HTTPS, SFTP, SSH)

7. Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)

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8. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems

Best Practices:

1. Use strong, unique passwords

2. Keep software up-to-date

3. Be cautious with emails and attachments

4. Use secure connections (HTTPS)

5. Regularly back up data

6. Use antivirus software

7. Monitor network activity

2.What are E-Mail Threats?

Ans: The E-Mails prone to various threats.

E-Mail Threats are

1.Phishing E-Mails: Phishing is a cyber-criminal send to fake mails and fake links to the victim. Use this the cyber-
criminal to steal the victim’s login information or credit/debit card information’s or install the malware software into
the victim’s computer.

2. Spear Phishing E-Mails: Targeted phishing attacks on specific individuals or groups.

3. Whaling E-Mails: Phishing attacks targeting high-level executives or officials.

4. Malware E-Mails: Emails containing malicious attachments or links that install harmful software.

5. Ransomware E-Mails: Malware that demands payment in exchange for restoring access to encrypted data.

6. Spam E-Mails: Unsolicited bulk emails, often containing malware or phishing attempts.

7. S Spoofing E-Mails: Emails with forged sender addresses, making them appear legitimate.

8. Business Email Compromise (BEC): Scams targeting businesses, often involving fake invoices or wire transfer
requests.

9. Email Bombing: Sending large volumes of emails to overwhelm a recipient's inbox.

10. Email Harvesting: Collecting email addresses for spamming or phishing purposes.

3.What are secure E-Mail?

Ans: To protect against email threats, it's essential to:

1. Be cautious with links and attachments

2. Verify sender addresses

3. Use antivirus software

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4. Implement spam filters

5. Use strong email passwords

6. Enable two-factor authentication

7. Regularly update email software and plugins

8. Educate yourself and others about email threats

4.What is Viruses and antivirus? what are disadvantages and advantages of these?

Ans: Viruses: A computer virus is a type malware (malicious software) program or files that damages or delete the
data in the victim’s computer.

Disadvantages of Viruses:

1. Deleting or corrupting files

2. Stealing personal data

3. Crashing the system

4. Spreading to other computers

5. Allowing unauthorized access

Types of viruses:

1. Trojans

2. Worms

3. Rootkits

4. Adware

5. Ransomware

Antivirus:

Antivirus software is designed to detect, prevent, and remove computer viruses and other malware.

There are different types of antivirus software available in free version and paid version.

It scans the computer data and user activities regularly. If any suspicious activities or data are found, then this
software either blocks or deletes that data.

Popular antivirus software includes:

1. Norton Antivirus

2. McAfee Antivirus

3. Kaspersky Antivirus
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4. Avast Antivirus

5. Microsoft Defender

Advantages of Antivirus software.

1. Protection against malware: Antivirus software detects and removes viruses, worms, Trojans,

2. Real-time scanning: Antivirus software scans files and programs as they're accessed, providing immediate
protection.

3. Automatic updates: Antivirus software updates itself with the latest virus definitions, ensuring protection against
new threats.

4. Data protection: Antivirus software helps protect sensitive data from theft or damage.

5. Network protection: Antivirus software can protect networks from malware and unauthorized access.

6. Email protection: Antivirus software scans emails for malicious attachments and links.

7. Web protection: Antivirus software blocks access to malicious websites and downloads.

8. Password protection: Some antivirus software includes password management tools.

9. Improved system reliability: Antivirus software helps improve system reliability and uptime.

5.What is Firewalls and explain different types of Firewalls

Ans: A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network, such as
the internet.

Firewalls can:

1.Block unauthorized access to a network

2.Prevent malicious traffic from entering a network

3. Hide internal IP addresses from external attackers

4. Allow or deny traffic based on source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols

5.Log traffic for security auditing and monitoring

Several types of firewalls

1. Network Firewalls: Hardware or software-based, controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

2. Host-based Firewalls: Installed on individual devices, controls incoming and outgoing traffic.

2. Stateful Firewalls: Tracks network connections and ensures they are legitimate.

4. Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFWs): Includes advanced features like intrusion prevention, antivirus, and
sandboxing.

5. Virtual Firewalls: Software-based, runs on virtual machines or cloud environments.

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6. Cloud Firewalls: Protects cloud-based infrastructure and applications.

6.Explain Cryptography?

Ans: Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication by transforming plaintext
(readable data) into cipher text (unreadable data) to protect it from unauthorized access. It involves:

1. Encryption: Converting plaintext to cipher text

2. Decryption: Converting cipher text back to plaintext

3. Cryptographic algorithms: Mathematical functions used for encryption and decryption

4. Keys: Secret codes used to encrypt and decrypt data

Types of cryptography:

1. Symmetric-key cryptography (e.g., AES)

2. Asymmetric-key cryptography (e.g., RSA)

3. Hash functions (e.g., SHA-256)

Advantages of Cryptography:

1. Secure online transactions and communication

2. Protect sensitive data and privacy

3. Ensure data integrity and authenticity

4. Prevent unauthorized access and eavesdropping

In summary, cryptography is a vital tool for securing data and communication, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and
authenticity in the digital world.

7.Explain Digital Signatures?

Ans: A digital signature is an electronic authentication method that verifies the sender's identity and ensures the
integrity of a digital message or document. It uses cryptography to create a unique digital code

Digital signatures:

1. Authenticate the sender's identity

2. Ensure the document has not been altered or tampered with

3. Provide non-repudiation (sender cannot deny sending)

Types of digital signatures:

1. Hash-based signatures (e.g., SHA-256)

2. Public-key signatures (e.g., RSA, ECDSA)

Advantages of Digital signatures:

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1.Protect the data from unauthorized access

2. Easily track the status of digital signed data.

3.Digital signed data automatically stamped by Date and Time.

4.Digital signature mechanism avoids digital frauds.

5.Forged of digital signature not possible.

In summary, digital signatures provide a secure and reliable way to authenticate and verify digital information,
ensuring the integrity and authenticity of electronic communications and documents.

8.Write short note on Copyright?

Ans: Copyright is a legal right that protects original creative works, such as:

1. Literature (books, articles, poetry)

2. Music (compositions, recordings)

3. Art (paintings, sculptures, photographs)

4. Film and video

5. Software and digital content

Purpose of copyright:

1. Encourages creativity and innovation

2. Protects authors' and creators' rights

3. Promotes fair use and access to knowledge

9.What are Government of India digital initiatives in higher education?

Ans: The Government of India has launched several digital initiatives in higher education. They are

1. SWAYAM: A Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platform offering courses on various disciplines.

2. SWAYAM PRABHA: A group of 32 DTH channels for telecasting high-quality educational content.

3. National Digital Library (NDL): A digital repository of educational resources, including textbooks, articles,
audiobooks, and videos.

4. e-Pathshala: An online portal and mobile app providing access to educational content for school students.

5. DIKSHA: A national digital platform hosting e-learning content for school students, teachers, and parents.

6. National Academic Depository (NAD): A digital database of academic awards, such as certificates, diplomas, and
degrees.

7. National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT): A centrally
sponsored scheme to leverage ICT in teaching and learning.
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8. Free and Open-Source Software in Education (FOSSEE): Promoting the use of open-source software in education.

9. Virtual Labs: Providing remote access to labs for students and researchers.

10. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL): Offering online courses and study materials in
various disciplines.

11. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET: A platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses.

12. e-Yantra: Enabling education in embedded systems and robotics.

13. IRINS: A web-based Research Information Management (RIM) service.

14. VIDWAN: A database of profiles of scientists, researchers, and faculty members.

15.National Educational Alliance for Technology (NEAT): Promoting the use of technology in education.

10. Explain National digital library of India

Ans: The National Digital Library of India (NDL) is a digital repository of educational resources, providing access to a
vast collection of learning materials, including:

1. Textbooks: School and higher education textbooks

2. Articles: Research papers, journals, and conference proceedings

3. Audiobooks: Audio versions of books and lectures

4. Videos: Lectures, tutorials, and educational videos

5. Theses and Dissertations: Research papers and theses

6. Online Courses: MOOCs and online courses

7. Simulations and Models: Interactive simulations and models

Features:

1. Multilingual support: Content available in multiple languages

2. User authentication: Users can create profiles and access personalized content

3. Search and filter: Advanced search and filtering options

4. Accessibility: Content available in accessible formats for differently-abled users

5. Mobile app: Accessible on mobile devices through the NDL app

Objectives:

1. Promote digital literacy

2. Enhance access to quality educational resources

3. Support research and innovation

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4. Foster collaboration and knowledge sharing

5. Preserve and conserve knowledge

NDL is a collaborative effort between:

1. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)

2. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur

3. National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT)

NDL aims to become a single-window access point for all educational resources, bridging the digital divide and
promoting inclusive education.

11.What are the difference between Swayam and Swayam Prabha?

Ans: SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) and SWAYAM Prabha are two initiatives by
the Government of India to promote online education:

SWAYAM:

1. A Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platform

2. Offers courses on various disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences

3. Courses are designed by top faculty from Indian universities

4. Self-paced learning with video lectures, reading materials, and assignments

5. Credit transfer and certification available

6. Accessible via website and mobile app

SWAYAM Prabha:

1. A group of 32 Direct-to-Home (DTH) channels for telecasting high-quality educational content

2. Covers various subjects, including school education, higher education, and skill development

3. Content is provided by leading Indian universities and institutions

4. Live telecasts and recorded programs available

5. Accessible via DTH platforms and online streaming

6. No registration or certification required

Key differences:

1. Format: SWAYAM is an online platform, while SWAYAM Prabha is a TV channel-based initiative.

2. Content style: SWAYAM offers interactive courses, while SWAYAM Prabha features video lectures and programs.

3. Access: SWAYAM requires registration and online access, while SWAYAM Prabha is accessible via DTH channels
and online streaming.
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4. Certification: SWAYAM offers credit transfer and certification, while SWAYAM Prabha does not.

Both initiatives aim to increase access to quality educational content, but cater to different learning preferences and
needs.

12. Write short note on NPTEL?

Ans: NPTEL (National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning) is an initiative by the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, to enhance learning through technology. It was launched in
2003, jointly by IITs and IISc, to provide high-quality educational resources to students, teachers, and professionals.

Key Features:

1. Free online courses: Over 1,000 courses in various disciplines, including engineering, humanities, and
management.

2. Video lectures: High-quality video lectures by top faculty from IITs, IISc, and other reputed institutions.

3. Study materials: Comprehensive study materials, including notes, assignments, and exams.

4. Certification: Optional certification available for courses, recognized by industry and academia.

5. Open access: Resources available free of cost, accessible to anyone with an internet connection.

Objectives:

1. Improve quality of education

2. Increase accessibility

3. Enhance learning experience

4. Bridge the gap between industry and academia

NPTEL has:

1. Reached over 100 million learners

2. Partnered with over 3,000 institutions

3. Developed a community of educators and learners

NPTEL aims to empower learners with high-quality educational resources, promoting lifelong learning and skill
development.

13. What is Virtual labs?

Ans: Virtual Labs is an initiative by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, to
provide remote access to laboratory facilities and equipment for students and researchers. It aims to:

1. Enhance hands-on learning experience

2. Increase accessibility to lab facilities

3. Reduce costs and improve efficiency

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4. Promote experiential learning

5. Increased student engagement and participation

6. Enhanced research capabilities

Virtual Labs offers:

1. Simulations: Interactive simulations of lab experiments

2. Remote access: Access to physical lab equipment and instruments remotely

3. Virtual experiments: Conduct experiments in a virtual environment

4. Tutorials and guidance: Step-by-step instructions and expert guidance

Virtual Labs covers various disciplines, including:

1. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

2. Biotechnology and Life Sciences

3. Physical Sciences

4. Engineering and Technology

By providing virtual access to lab facilities, Virtual Labs aims to revolutionize the way students learn and conduct
experiments, making high-quality education more accessible and inclusive.