ACHARIYA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

SUB. NAME : Chemistry SUB.CODE : CSBS203

Year/Sem : I / II Duration : 3 Hrs.
Department : CSE Marks : 60
Course Outcomes:
1. CO1 – To analyses microscopic chemistry in terms of atomic and molecular orbitals
and intermolecular forces.
2. CO2 -To rationalize bulk properties and processes using thermodynamic
considerations.
3. CO3-To distinguish the ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum used for exciting
different molecular energy levels in various spectroscopic techniques
4. CO4-To rationalize periodic properties such as ionization potential, electronegativity,
oxidation states and electronegativity.
5. CO5-To understand the major chemical reactions those are used in the synthesis of
molecules
6. Knowledge Level: K1-Remember, K2-Understand, K3-Apply, K4-Analyze, K5-
Evaluate
PART A (10 X 2=20 MARKS)

Answer All the Questions Ms CO’s B.T L

1 Define Schrodinger equation 2 CO1 K2
2 What two methods bring Conductor to semiconductors? 2 CO1 K1
3 Most of the electronic spectrum appears as broad bands why? 2 CO2 K2
4 List the MRI components 2 CO2 K1
5 II Law of thermodynamics 2 CO3 K2
6 Define entropy 2 CO3 K2
7 List the Factors Affecting Electron affinity 2 CO4 K4
8 List the Factors Affecting Polarizability 2 CO4 K4
9 What are the Conditions for geometrical isomerism 2 CO5 K2
10 What are the Conditions for optical activity 2 CO5 K2
PART B (5 X 8 =40 MARKS)

Answer any three questions Ms CO’s B.T L

a) Schrodinger equation applications to conjugated molecules and nano
11 particles Schrodinger equation applications 8 CO1 K2
b) Write the Postulates of Crystal Field Theory
(OR)
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

a) Using crystal field theory, draw energy level diagram for tetrahedral and
12 octahedral splitting 8 CO1 K3
b) What are Conductors, Semiconductors and insulators? Give ex
a) What are Rayleigh and Raman scattering?
13 8 CO2 K2
b) What is the principle of (NMR) Spectroscopy
(OR)
a) What is the principle behind the surface characterizations
14 8 CO2 K1
b) List the types of Surface Characterizations
a) Give the conditions for spontaneity
15 8 CO3 K3
b) Define the term redox equilibrium & explain how this is achieved
(OR)
a) Write short note on Buffer and its types
16 8 CO3 K1
b) What is the role of salt bridge in voltaic cell?
a) Define Fajans' Rule
17 8 CO4 K2
b) Aufbau principle and Hund’s rule
(OR)
a) Define effective nuclear charge and shielding effect
18 8 CO4 K1
b) List the various types of Atomic Radii
a) Write short note on E/Z Nomenclature
19 8 CO5 K5
b) Differentiate SN1 and SN2 reactions
(OR)
a) Define and Differentiate Nucleophile and Electrophile
20 8 CO5 K4
b) Newman Projection Formula

ANSWER KEY
PART A
1. Define Schrodinger equation
Time-independent Schrödinger equation.
HΨ=EΨ
 Where H is called Hamiltonian operator,
 Ψ is the wave function and, is a function of position co-ordinates of the particle and is
denoted as Ψ (X,Y,Z)
 E is the energy of the system
 The above Schrodinger wave equation does not contain time as a variable and is referred
to as time independent Schrödinger wave equation
2. What two methods bring Conductor to semiconductors?
The primary way that the conductivity of a semiconductor is increased is
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

intentional doping, adding impurities with either extra valence electrons (Si and Ge
have four) or fewer valence electrons (resulting in P type).
The other way is by increasing the temperature. n the case of semiconductors,
as temperature increases, electrons in the valence band acquire sufficient energy
to be promoted across the "energy gap" into the conduction band. When this
occurs, these promoted electrons can move and conduct electricity.
3. Most of the electronic spectrum appears as broad bands why?
There are a number of different transitions occurring at the same time in an
electron after excitation. For example, rotational and vibrational motions. This results
in many different transitions of similar energy levels which in turn causes the bands in
electronic spectroscopy to be broad.
4. List the MRI components
(i) Main magnet: A superconducting coil that polarizes the sample
(ii) Gradient coils: Localize the region to be scanned
(iii) Radiofrequency (RF) coils: Excite the sample and detect the resulting
NMR
(iv) Computer system: Controls and coordinates the component
5. II Law of thermodynamics
Whenever a spontaneous process takes place, it is accompanied by an increase in
the total entropy of the universe.
For an irreversible process such as spontaneous expansion of a gas,
Stotal > 0
Stotal > Ssystem + Surrounding
6. Define entropy
Entropy is a measure of the molecular disorder (randomness) of a system. The
thermodynamic definition of entropy is concerned with the change in entropy that occurs
as a result of a process.
It is defined as, dS = dqrev /T
7. List the Factors Affecting Electron affinity
 When effective nuclear charge is more EA increases.
 When the size or radius of an atom increases, the value of electron affinity is
lower.
 Shielding effect increases, the value of electron affinity is lower.
8. List the Factors Affecting Polarizability
 Polarization of the anion increases as the size of cation decreases.
 If the size of anion increases for a given cation, the covalent character increases
 As charge on an ion increase, the electrostatic attractions of the cation for the
outer electrons of the anion increase, resulting in the degree of covalent bond
formation increasing.
9. What are the Conditions for geometrical isomerism
 Restricted rotation around the C – C double bond.
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

 Two atoms or groups attached to the molecule with the doubly bonded carbon
atom must be different. However, it doesn't matter whether the left side groups
are the same or different on the right side.
10. What are the Conditions for optical activity
 The compound must contain an asymmetrical carbon atom.
 The molecule must contain a chiral axis. and chiral plane
 The molecule must possess non superimposable mirror images
 The molecule does not possess any elements of symmetry.
PART – B

11. Schrodinger equation applications to conjugated molecules and nano particles

Schrodinger equation applications
 It is the basis of wave mechanics.
 It helps in studying the structure of atom.
 It shows all the wave like properties of matter.
 It has multiple unique solutions representing characteristic radius, energy and
amplitude.
 The probability density of the electron calculated from the wave function shows
multiple orbitals with unique energy and distribution in space.
 I could explain the presence of multiple orbitals and the fine spectrum arising out
of all atoms, not necessarily hydrogen-like atoms
Schrodinger equation applications to conjugated (-C=C-C=C-) systems:
The spatial variable x will be displacement along the -C=C-C=C- molecular backbone
while L will correspond to the length of the conjugated chain. Each wavefunction can
be regarded as a molecular orbital, and its respective energy is the orbital energy.
b) Write the Postulates of Crystal Field Theory
 The CFT considers that the metal ion is situated in an electric field caused by
the surrounding ligands
 The attraction between the central metal and the ligand in a complex is purely
electrostatic.
 The negative end of the dipole of the neutral molecule ligand is directed
towards the metal ion.
 The transition metal or ion is considered as a positive ion of charge equal to
the oxidation state.
 The transition metal atom or ion is surrounded by a definite number of ligands,
it may be negative ion or neutral molecules having lone pairs of electrons.
 The ligands are considered as point charges and produce an electric field. This
electric field changes the energy of the orbitals on the metal atom or ions.
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

 Due to the repulsive force between the central metal ion and ligand, the
electrons on the metal ion occupy the orbitals as far as possible from the
direction of approach of the ligand.
 There is no interaction between the metal orbital and ligand orbitals In an
isolated metal atom or ion, all the orbitals have the same energy, i.e., all five d
orbitals are degenerate
 Crystal field theory (CFT) is a bonding model that explains many important
properties of transition-metal complexes, including their colors, magnetism,
structures, stability, and reactivity
12. a) Using crystal field theory, draw energy level diagram for tetrahedral and

octahedral splitting

b) What are Conductors, Semiconductors and insulators? Give ex

 Conductors are those substances through which electricity can flow are called
conductors. Some common conductors are copper, aluminum, gold, and silver.
 Insulators are those substances through which electricity cannot flow are
called insulators. Some common insulators are glass, plastic, rubber, and
wood.
 Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors
(generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics).
Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or
compounds such as gallium arsenide
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

13. a) What are Rayleigh and Raman scattering?

Rayleigh scattering is a process in which an electron in the ground state is
excited and falls back to the original ground state, involving no energy change.
Consequently, Rayleigh scattered light has the same energy as the incident light,
meaning both lights have the same wavelength.
Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with molecular vibrations. This
is similar to the more widely known infrared absorption spectroscop. A change in
molecular polarisability is required during the vibration for the Raman effect to occur.

b) What is the principle of (NMR) Spectroscopy

 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

Transfer of energy is possible from base energy to higher energy levels when an
external magnetic field is applied. The transfer of energy occurs at a wavelength that
coincides with the radio frequency. Also, energy is emitted at the same frequency when
the spin comes back to its base level.

14. a) What is the Principle behind the surface characterizations

The surface of a solid in contact with a liquid or gaseous phase usually differs
substantially from the interior of the solid both in chemical composition and physical
properties. Characterization of these surface properties is of vital importance in a number
of fields, heterogeneous catalysis, sensor development and application, and
semiconductor thin-film technology. It also aids in understanding, corrosion and adhesion
mechanisms, activity of metal surfaces,
embrittlement properties, and
behavior and functions of
biological membranes.

b) List the types of Surface Characterizations

Surface measurements
1) Classical methods: These provide useful information about the physical
nature of surfaces but less about their chemical nature. They involve; obtaining
optical and electron microscopic images, as well as measurements of adsorption
isotherms, surface areas, surface roughness, pore sizes and reflectivity.
2) Spectroscopic Methods: Provide both qualitative and quantitative chemical
information about the composition of a surface layer of a solid that is a few angstroms
to hundreds of angstroms in thickness. Spectroscopic techniques can be electron
spectroscopic techniques, ion spectroscopic techniques and photon spectroscopic
techniques.
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

15. a) Give the conditions for spontaneity

Spontaneous reactions and conditions for spontaneity of a process
A reaction that occurs under the given set of conditions without any external
driving force is called a spontaneous reaction.
a) The spontaneity of any process depends on three different factors.
b) If the enthalpy change of a process is negative, then the process is exothermic and
may be spontaneous. (∆H is negative)
c) If the entropy change of a process is positive, then the process may occur
spontaneously. (∆S is positive)
d) The gibbs free energy which is the combination of the above two (∆H – T∆S) should
be negative for a reaction to occur spontaneously,
e) ∆G gives criteria for spontaneity at constant pressure and temperature.
 If ∆G is negative (∆G < O), the process is spontaneous.
 If ∆G is positive (∆G > O), the process is non-spontaneous.
 If ∆G is zero (AG = O), the process is equilibrium.
f) the necessary condition for a reaction to be spontaneous is ∆H – T∆S < 0
g) For spontaneous process, ∆Stotal > 0, ∆G < 0, ∆S
<0
b) Define the term redox equilibrium & explain
how this is achieved
When a metal is immersed in an aqueous
solution of its salt. Redox equilibrium is a balanced
position where the oxidant is reduced by accepting
electrons while the reductant loses electrons and gets oxidized under the same
conditions.
Eg: oxidant + e reductant
This can be demonstrated when a metal is immersed in an aqueous solution of
its salt. The metal gets oxidized by losing electrons and releasing Mn+ ions to the
solution.
M – ne Mn+
Also the aqueous Mn+ ions can get reduced by accepting electrons and deposit
as metal atoms on the metal.
Mn+ + ne M(s)
When the rate of both, oxidation and reduction become equal, then the system
will achieve redox equilibrium, at constant temperature, pressure and concentration.
Mn+ + ne- M(s)
16. a) Write short note on Buffer and its types
Buffer is a solution which consists of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate
base (or) a weak base and its conjugate acid. This buffer solution resists drastic changes
in its pH upon addition of a small quantities of acids (or) bases, and this ability is called
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

buffer action. The buffer containing carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its conjugate base
HCO3- is present in our blood.
There are two types of buffer solutions.
1. Acidic buffer solution: a solution containing a weak acid and its salt.
Example: solution containing acetic acid and sodium acetate
2. Basic buffer solution: a solution containing a weak base and its salt.
Example: Solution containing NH4OH and NH4Cl
b) What is the role of salt bridge in voltaic cell?
The salt bridge is a vital component of any voltaic cell. It is a tube filled with
an electrolyte solution such as KNO3(s) or KCl(s). The purpose of the salt bridge is to
keep the solutions electrically neutral and allow the free flow of ions from one cell
to another

17. a) Define Fajans' Rule

It is used to predict whether a chemical
bond is expected to be predominantly ionic or
covalent, and depend on the relative charges and
sizes of the cation and anion.
If two oppositely charged ions are brought
together, the nature of the bond between them
depends upon the effect of one ion on the other.. If the degree of polarization is quite
small, an ionic bond is formed, while if the degree of polarization is large, a covalent
bond results
b) Aufbau principle and Hund’s rule
Aufbau principle
It states that electrons are filled into atomic orbitals in the
increasing order of orbital energy level. According to the Aufbau
principle, the available atomic orbitals with the lowest energy levels
are occupied before those with higher energy levels.
Hund’s rule
Hund’s rule states that when electrons occupy degenerate
orbitals, they first occupy the empty orbitals and then double occupy
them. Additionally, the most stable configuration is formulated when the spins are
parallel.
18. a) Define effective nuclear charge and shielding effect
The repulsive force between the inner shell electrons and the valence electrons
leads to a decrease in the electrostatic attractive forces acting on the valence electrons
by the nucleus. Thus, the inner shell electrons act as a shield between the nucleus and
the valence electrons. This effect is called shielding effect.
The net nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons in the outermost shell
is called the effective nuclear charge. .
Zeff = Z - S where Z is the atomic number and S is the screening constant
b) List the various types of Atomic Radii
 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

Atomic Radii the distance between the center of the nucleus

of the atom to the outermost shell containing electrons. Since absolute
value of the atomic size cannot be determined, it is usually expressed
in terms of the following operational definitions.
1. Covalent radius. It is defined as one-half of the distance
between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the same element in a
molecule.
2. Van der Waals ’radius it is defined as one-half of the distance between the
nuclei of two non-bonded isolated atoms or two adjacent atoms belonging to two
neighboring molecules of an element in the solid state.
3. Metallic radius It is half of the inter nuclear distance between two adjacent
metal atoms in the closely packed metallic crystal lattice.

19. a) Write short note on E/Z Nomenclature

The E/Z system analyzes the two substituents attached to each carbon in the
double bond and assigns each either a high or low priority.
If the higher priority group on both carbons in the double bond the same side
the alkene is said to have a Z isomer (from German zusammen = together)

b) Differentiate SN1 and SN2 reactions

20. a) Define and Differentiate Nucleophile and Electrophile

 ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

MODEL EXAM – I

b) Newman Projection Formula

Newman's projection formula
The molecules are observed along the connection connecting the main
carbon atoms, shown as superimposed circles in the Newman projection
formula. The remaining connections in every carbonyl group are shown by
short straight lines intersecting the centre and circumference at an angle of
120°.