ICS 77.040.

20

H 26

PROFESSIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
中华人民共和国行业标准
NB/T 47013.1-2015

Replaces JB/T 4730.1-2005

Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments

- Part 1: General Requirements

承压设备无损检测
第 1 部分：通用要求

Issued on: April 2, 2015 Implemented on: September 1, 2015

Issued by the National Energy Administration of the People's

Republic of China
 Contents

Foreword .................................................................................................................................... I
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative References ......................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and Definitions ......................................................................................................... 2
4 General Requirements ......................................................................................................... 4
5 Application Principles for Nondestructive Testing Methods ............................................... 6
6 Quality Management and Safety Protection of Nondestructive Testing.............................11
7 Nondestructive Testing Data and Files .............................................................................. 12
Appendix A (Informative) Generally Testable Common Flaws by Nondestructive Testing
Methods ................................................................................................................................... 15
 Foreword

"Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments" (NB/T 47013) consists of the

following 13 parts:
- Part 1: General Requirements;
- Part 2: Radiographic Testing;
- Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing;
- Part 4: Magnetic Particle Testing;
- Part 5: Penetrant Testing;
- Part 6: Eddy Current Testing;
- Part 7: Visual Testing;
- Part 8: Leak Testing;
- Part 9: Acoustic Emission Testing;
- Part 10: Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction Technique;
- Part 11: X-ray Digital Radioscopic Testing;
- Part 12: Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing;
- Part 13: Pulsed Eddy Current Testing.
This Part is Part 1 of NB/T 47013: General Requirements.
This Part was drafted according to the rules given in "Directives for Standardization -
Part 1: Structure and Drafting of Standards" (GB/T 1.1-2009).
This Part supersedes "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 1: General
Requirements" (JB/T 4730.1-2005); compared with JB/T 4730.1-2005, this Part has the
following main technical changes:
- the scope was modified;
- the terms and definitions were modified;
- requirements for nondestructive testing personnel were modified;
- requirements for nondestructive testing equipment and apparatus were added;
- technical requirements for nondestructive testing methods and process were added;
- capability scope and limitation of nondestructive testing methods were modified;
- requirements for quality management and safety protection of nondestructive testing
were added;
- requirements for nondestructive testing data and files were added;
- requirements for nondestructive testing organizations were cancelled;
- the former appendix was cancelled and an informative appendix "Generally Testable
Common Flaws by Various Nondestructive Testing Methods" was added.
This Part was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee
on Boilers and Pressure Vessels of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 262).
Drafting organizations of this Part: China Special Equipment Inspection and Research
Institute, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, China Association of Special
Equipment Inspection, Special Equipment Safety Supervision Inspection Institute of Jiangsu
Province, Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Institute of Quality Inspection of Lanzhou
Oil Drilling, Refining and Chemical Equipment in Mechanical Industry and Dalian Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Inspection Institute.

I
 Chief drafters of this Part: Lin Shuqing, Shou Binan, Zheng Hui, Guan Weihe, Shen
Gang, Qiang Tianpeng, Jin Yufei, Wang Jibing and Hu Jun.
The previous editions of the standards superseded by this Part are as follows:
- JB 4730-1994 and JB/T 4730.1-2005.

II
 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments
- Part 1: General Requirements
承压设备无损检测
第 1 部分：通用要求

1 Scope

This Part of NB/T 47013 specifies general requirements and application principles of
such nondestructive testing (NDT) methods as radiographic testing (RT), ultrasonic testing
(UT), magnetic particle testing (MT), penetrant testing (PT), eddy current testing (ET), leak
testing, visual testing, acoustic emission testing, ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique,
X-ray digital radioscopic testing, magnetic flux leakage testing and pulsed eddy current
testing.
This Part is applicable to NDT for metallic pressure equipment in-fabrication and
in-service.

2 Normative References

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated reference, only the edition cited applies. For undated reference, the latest edition
(including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 12604 (All parts) Non-destructive Testing - Terminology
GB/T 20737 Non-destructive Testing - General Terms and Definitions
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 2:
NB/T 47013.2
Radiographic Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 3:
NB/T 47013.3
Ultrasonic Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 4:
NB/T 47013.4
Magnetic Particle Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 5:
NB/T 47013.5
Penetrant Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 6:
NB/T 47013.6
Eddy Current Testing
Nondestructive Test of Pressure Equipments - Part 7: Visual
NB/T 47013.7
Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 8:
NB/T 47013.8
Leak Testing
NB/T 47013.9 Nondestructive Test of Pressure Equipments - Part 9:

1
 Acoustic Emission Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 10:
NB/T 47013.10
Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction Technique
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 11:
NB/T 47013.11
X-ray Digital Radioscopic Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 12:
NB/T 47013.12
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 13:
NB/T 47013.13
Pulsed Eddy Current Testing

3 Terms and Definitions

For purpose of this Part, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 12604 (all parts) and
GB/T 20737 as well as those described in the followings apply.
3.1
Nondestructive testing (NDT)
Inspection and testing on the interior of the tested object as well as surface structure,
nature or state by corresponding equipment and apparatus according to technical requirements,
as well as analysis and evaluation on the results.
3.2
Incomplete penetration
Incomplete fuse penetration of joint root during welding. For butt weld, it means that the
deposit depth fails to reach that specified in the design.
3.3
Lack of fusion
Unbound part between weld metal and base material or welding layers of weld metal; it
may be represented in one of the following modes:
a) Lack of fusion of side wall;
b) Lack of fusion between layers;
c) Lack of fusion of the root.
3.4
Slag
The slag that is remained in the weld metal. By its formation, the slag may be:
a) Linear;
b) Isolated;
c) Clustered.
3.5
Burn-through
The through hole formed as the molten metal outflows from the groove back in the
process of welding.
3.6
Overlap
Metal knurl formed as the molten metal flows to the non-fused base material or weld in

2
the process of welding.
3.7
Undercut
Irregular notching of base material (or previous pass of deposited metal) caused by
welding at weld toe.
3.8
Porosity
The cavity formed as the gas in the molten metal, during solidification, fails to escape
and is remained.
3.9
Crack
The gap generated by new interface formed due to dis-bonding of metal atom.
3.10
Corrosion
Changes in metal performance due to physical - chemical interaction (generally
electrochemical performance) between the metal and the environment, which may cause
functional damage of the metal and the environment or the technical system consisting of
them.
3.11
Shrinkage
Hole of casting due to poor feeding in the process of solidification, with extremely
irregular shape, rough hole wall and dendritic crystal, which often occurs in the final
solidification part of the casting.
3.12
Loosen
The flaw that the casting or forging interior is distributed as fine micro-porosity.
3.13
Inclusion
The flaw that is formed as the casting or forging is mixed with non-metal slag or
refractory material.
3.14
Normal thickness
Nominal thickness of the testing object, irrespective of manufacturing deviation or
processing reduction of the material.
3.15
Detection sensitivity
The capability to test the smallest flaw, generally measured in certain given size of flaw
among effective detection object.
3.16
Probability of detection
The proportion of the detectable flaw in the total flaw during the detection by skilled
non-destructive testing personnel with given equipment and apparatus according to process
document under given environmental conditions.

3
4 General Requirements

4.1 Testing personnel

4.1.1 Nondestructive testing personnel of pressure equipment shall obtain corresponding
non-destructive testing personnel qualifications according to the relevant requirements of
national non-destructive testing personnel examination of special equipment.
4.1.2 Non-destructive testing personnel qualifications are classified into Level I (junior),
Level II (intermediate) and Level III (advanced).
4.1.3 The personnel with different qualification levels by different nondestructive testing
methods only can be engaged in the nondestructive testing work corresponding to a given
method and qualification level.
4.2 Testing equipment and apparatus
4.2.1 Testing equipment and main apparatus shall be accompanied with product quality
certificates.
4.2.2 Testing equipment and apparatus shall meet the requirements of their appropriate
product standards, and their performance shall meet the relevant requirements of NB/T
47013.2~47013.13; meanwhile, they shall be provided with certificates.
4.2.3 For reusable nondestructive testing equipment and relevant sensitivity apparatus, in
order to ensure that their operating performance continuously meets the relevant requirements
of each part of NB/T 47013, nondestructive testing organization (inspection and testing
organization or testing department of the enterprise, hereinafter referred to as "testing
organization") shall carry out verification, calibration or checking on a regular basis (every
year or longer, as specified in each part of NB/T 47013), and specify them in its process
specifications:
a) Verification: any nondestructive testing equipment and relevant sensitivity apparatus
listed in national compulsory verification catalogue that shall be subjected to compulsory
verification management, shall be delivered to the qualified legal metrological verification
organization or authorized metrological verification organization for verification;
b) Calibration: nondestructive testing equipment and relevant sensitivity apparatus that
are not listed in the national compulsory verification catalogue and for which quantity
traceability may be carried out shall be calibrated on a regular basis, by calibration
organization approved by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment or
by testing organization at discretion; the testing organization that carries out internal
calibration at discretion shall have capabilities required for the calibration specified in each
part of NB/T 47013;
c) Checking: nondestructive testing equipment and relevant sensitivity apparatus that
are not listed in the national compulsory verification catalogue and for which quantity
traceability can't be carried out shall be checked on a regular basis, to prove that their
performance meets the relevant requirements of each part of NB/T 47013; checking is
generally carried out by the testing organization at discretion.
4.2.4 For reusable nondestructive testing equipment and relevant sensitivity apparatus, in
order to maintain their credibility, within the verification, calibration or checking periods,
operating checking shall be carried out according to the relevant requirements of each part of

4
NB/T 47013; the operating checking items, period and performance indexes shall be specified
in the process specifications of the testing organization.
4.2.5 Before each nondestructive testing, reusable nondestructive testing equipment and
relevant sensitivity apparatus shall be inspected according to the relevant requirements of
each part of NB/T 47013; the inspection items shall be specified in the operating instructions
of the testing organization.
4.3 Testing methods and process
4.3.1 Selection of nondestructive testing methods
4.3.1.1 NB/T 47013 involves such nondestructive testing (NDT) methods as radiographic
testing (RT), ultrasonic testing (UT), magnetic particle testing (MT), penetrant testing (PT),
eddy current testing (ET), leak testing, visual testing, acoustic emission testing, ultrasonic
time of flight diffraction technique, X-ray digital radioscopic testing, magnetic flux leakage
testing, pulsed eddy current testing, etc.
4.3.1.2 When butt welded joint is tested by such nondestructive testing methods as
radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique and
X-ray digital radioscopic testing, depending on technological requirements, different
conditions of required equipment and apparatus as well as distinction between detection
sensitivity, probability of detection and measuring accuracy, the testing process is classified
into several grades.
4.3.1.3 Based on the conformity to the requirements of safety technical code and relevant
products standards of pressure equipments as well as relevant technical documents, category,
shape, part and direction of possible flaws are expected according to materials, structure,
manufacturing methods, working medium, service conditions and failure modes of the
pressure equipments; one or more than one proper nondestructive testing methods shall be
selected according to the requirements of this Part and NB/T 47013.2~47013.13 to determine
the testing process grade, testing ratio, quality requirements and acceptance grade etc., so as
to form explicit testing requirements.
4.3.1.4 When nondestructive testing methods that are not listed in NB/T 47013 or exceed
application scope of NB/T 47013, corresponding nondestructive testing personnel, equipment,
apparatus and testing process documents shall be provided and enterprise standards shall be
established after site test and technical verification; moreover, in practical application, the
requirements of relevant laws and regulations and specifications shall also be met.
4.3.2 Nondestructive testing process documents
4.3.2.1 The testing organization shall prepare nondestructive testing process documents,
including process specifications and operating instructions.
4.3.2.2 Process specifications shall be prepared according to the requirements of relevant
laws and regulations, product standards, relevant technical documents and NB/T 47013, based
on the characteristics and technical conditions of the testing organization; the process
specifications shall, according to the requirements of this Part and NB/T47013.2~47013.13,
define specific scope or requirements of relevant factors; if changes in relevant factors exceed
the requirements, they shall be re-prepared or revised.
4.3.2.3 Operating instructions shall be prepared according to process specifications and in
combination with specific testing requirements of the testing object; the contents of the
operating instructions shall be complete, explicit and specific; in first application, process

5
verification shall be carried out for the operating instructions, by adopting reference block,
simulation block or directly at the testing object.
4.3.2.4 Contents of the nondestructive testing process documents shall meet relevant
requirements of this Part and NB/T 47013.2~47013.13.
4.4 Testing locations and environment
4.4.1 Testing locations and environment include, but are not limited to energy, lighting and
environmental conditions (including such factors as wind speed, temperature and humidity)
and shall facilitate the effective implementation of nondestructive testing.
4.4.2 Testing locations and environment shall not only meet national and local laws and
regulations with regard to environmental health and labor protection , but also shall avoid
such locations and environment that may have relatively large influence on and possibly
interfere normal operation, observation and judgment to the maximum extent.
4.4.3 If testing locations and environment have an influence on the testing quality, effective
control measures shall be taken and meanwhile the environmental conditions shall be
monitored and recorded; when the environmental conditions endanger testing results, testing
shall be stopped.
4.4.4 Adjacent areas of incompatible activities shall be effectively isolated and measures
shall be taken to prevent mutual interference.
4.5 General procedures for nondestructive testing:
a) Preparation of process documents;
b) Determination of testing personnel;
c) Preparation for testing equipment and apparatus;
d) Inspection on testing locations and environmental conditions;
e) Preparation for safety protection;
f) Preparation for testing object;
g) Testing operation;
h) Rechecking of testing equipment (if required);
i) Assessment on testing results;
j) Filling of testing records;
k) Issuing of testing reports.

5 Application Principles for Nondestructive Testing Methods

5.1 General principles

5.1.1 Each nondestructive testing method has its capability scope and limitation and shall
ensure adequate implementation and operation space. Capability scope and limitation of each
nondestructive testing method involved in this Part are detailed in 5.2; generally testable
common flaws are detailed in Appendix A (informative).
5.1.2 Nondestructive testing methods that only can test surface opening flaw include
penetrant testing and visual testing. The former is mainly used for non-porous materials,
while the latter is mainly used for macroscopic visual flaws.
5.1.3 Nondestructive testing methods that can test surface opening flaw and near surface
flaw include magnetic particle testing and eddy current testing. The former is mainly used for

6
 ua

ferromagnetic materials, while the latter is mainly used for conductive metal materials.
5.1.4 Nondestructive testing methods that may test the flaw at any position of the material
include radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique
and X-ray digital radioscopic testing. In general, capability of ultrasonic testing and ultrasonic
time of flight diffraction technique for surface opening flaw or near surface flaw is lower than
that of magnetic particle testing, penetrant testing or eddy current testing.
5.1.5 In order to determine strength and approximate position of active flaw inside or on the
surface of the pressure equipments, acoustic emission testing may be adopted. The acoustic
emission testing requires pressure test for the pressure equipments; upon discovery of any
active flaw, other nondestructive testing methods shall be adopted for re-inspection.
5.1.6 Among the nondestructive testing methods, leak testing only can test the penetrating
flaw or integral compactness of pressure equipments.
5.1.7 For ferromagnetic materials, in order to test the surface or near surface flaw, magnetic
particle testing method shall be adopted preferentially; if the magnetic particle testing indeed
fails to be adopted due to structural shape and other reasons, other nondestructive testing
methods may be adopted.
5.1.8 When one nondestructive testing method is adopted for testing according to different
testing processes, in case of any inconsistency between the testing results, assessment level
with large risk shall prevail.
5.1.9 When two or more than two testing methods are adopted to test the same part of the
pressure equipments, the level shall be assessed according to respective methods.
5.2 Capability scope and limitation of nondestructive testing methods
5.2.1 Radiographic testing
5.2.1.1 Capability scope:
a) Such flaws as incomplete penetration, porosity, slag, crack and lack of fusion of
groove existing in the welded joints can be tested;
b) Such flaws as shrinkage, inclusion, porosity and loosen existing in the casting can be
tested;
c) Planar projection position and size of the flaw as well as nature of the flaw can be
determined;
d) Penetrated thickness of radiographic testing is mainly determined by ray energy.
5.2.1.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in thick forging, pipe/tube and rod;
b) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in T-shaped welded joints and welding
overlay;
c) It is relatively difficult to test fine crack existing in the weld and lack of fusion
between layers;
d) It is relatively difficult to test planar flaws existing in the weld where γ ray source is
adopted for central exposure method in case of relatively large diameter of pressure
equipment;
e) It is relatively difficult to determine depth position and height of flaws.
5.2.1.3 Specific requirements for radiographic testing shall be in accordance with NB/T
47013.2.
5.2.2 Ultrasonic testing

7
5.2.2.1 Capability scope:
a) Flaws existing in raw materials (plates, composite plates, pipe/tube and forging etc.)
and parts can be tested;
b) Flaws existing in the welded joints can be tested and planar flaws have relatively
high probability of detection;
c) With strong penetration capability, ultrasonic testing may be used for raw materials
and welded joints with large thickness (above 100mm);
d) Positions and relative sizes of flaws can be determined.
5.2.2.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in coarse grained materials and welded
joints;
b) Flaw position, orientation and shape have certain influence on testing results;
c) Type A display testing is not visual, with little testing record information;
d) It is relatively difficult to determine specific nature of volumetric flaw or planar
flaw.
5.2.2.3 Specific requirements of ultrasonic testing shall be in accordance with NB/T
47013.3.
5.2.3 Magnetic particle testing
5.2.3.1 Capability scope
Surface opening flaw and near surface flaw in ferromagnetic material can be tested.
5.2.3.2 Limitation:
a) It is difficult to test the object with complex geometric structure;
b) Object of non-ferromagnetic materials can't be tested.
5.2.3.3 Specific requirements of magnetic particle testing shall be in accordance with NB/T
47013.4.
5.2.4 Penetrant testing
5.2.4.1 Capability scope
Such surface opening flaws as porosity, slag, crack and loosen in metal materials can be
tested.
5.2.4.2 Limitation
It is relatively difficult to test porous materials.
5.2.4.3 Specific requirements of penetrant testing shall be in accordance with NB/T
47013.5.
5.2.5 Eddy current testing
5.2.5.1 Capability scope:
a) Flaws existing in the butt joints of metal materials as well as surfaces and near
surfaces of base materials can be tested;
b) Flaws in the surfaces and near surfaces of metal materials with non-metal coating
can be tested;
c) Positions of flaws can be determined and reference values for the buried depth of
surface opening flaws or near surface flaws are given;
d) Sensitivity and testing depth of eddy current testing are mainly determined by
excitation energy and frequency of the eddy current.
5.2.5.2 Limitation:

8
 a) It is relatively difficult to test buried flaws of metal materials;
b) It is relatively difficult to test flaws in the surface and near surface of metal materials
with coating thickness of greater than 3mm;
c) It is relatively difficult to test fine crack existing in the weld surface;
d) It is relatively difficult to test the width and accurate depth of flaws.
5.2.5.3 Specific requirements of eddy current testing shall be in accordance with NB/T
47013.6.
5.2.6 Visual testing
5.2.6.1 Capability scope:
a) Surface states of the parts and components, equipment and welded joints, alignment
of fitting surfaces as well as geometrical accuracy of weld connection, deformation or leak
signs etc. can be observed;
b) Positions, size and nature of flaws can be determined;
c) Visual testing effect is affected by human factors.
5.2.6.2 Limitation:
a) Surface state of sheltered object can't be observed;
b) It is relatively difficult to observe surface state of object with oil stain etc.
5.2.6.3 Specific requirements of visual testing shall be in accordance with NB/T 47013.7.
5.2.7 Leak testing
5.2.7.1 Capability scope:
a) Leak parts of such tight equipment as pressure piping and pressure vessels can be
tested;
b) Leak rate of such tight equipment as pressure piping and pressure vessels can be
tested;
c) Accuracy of leak testing is mainly determined by the adopted leak testing
technology and vision of testing personnel.
5.2.7.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test the leak rate of the buried piping;
b) Internal and external pressure difference of the buried piping has relatively large
influence on the determination of leak testing parts and leak rate.
5.2.7.3 Specific requirements of leak testing shall be in accordance with NB/T 47013.8.
5.2.8 Acoustic emission testing
5.2.8.1 Capability scope:
a) Parts, activity and strength of such active flaws as crack in the process of pressure
test for the pressure equipments made of metal materials can be tested;
b) Distribution and state of flaws in the whole structure can be integrally tested and
evaluated in the process of primary pressure test;
c) Real-time and continuous information of active flaws varying with such exogenous
variables as load can be tested.
5.2.8.2 Limitation:
a) It is difficult to test non-active flaws;
b) It is difficult to carry out the qualitative and quantitative testing for the tested active
flaws and other nondestructive testing methods are still required for re-inspection;
c) It requires relatively rich database and site testing experience for material sensitivity,

9
interference of mechanical and electrical noise and correct interpretation of data.
5.2.8.3 Specific requirements of acoustic emission testing shall be in accordance with NB/T
47013.9.
5.2.9 Ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique
5.2.9.1 Capability scope:
a) Such flaws as incomplete penetration, porosity, slag, crack and lack of fusion
existing in the butt joints can be tested at relatively high probability of detection;
b) Depth, length and height of flaws can be determined;
c) Flaws of thick-walled object have relatively high detection sensitivity;
d) Testing results are relatively visual and testing data may be recorded and stored.
5.2.9.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in surfaces and near surfaces of
scanning surfaces;
b) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in coarse grained welded joints;
c) It is relatively difficult to test the welds of object with complex structure;
d) It is relatively difficult to determine the nature of flaws.
5.2.9.3 Specific requirements of ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique shall be in
accordance with NB/T 47013.10.
5.2.10 X-ray digital radioscopic testing
5.2.10.1 Capability scope:
a) Such flaws as incomplete penetration, porosity, slag, crack and lack of fusion of
groove existing in the butt joints can be tested;
b) Such flaws as shrinkage, inclusion, porosity and loosen existing in the casting can be
tested;
c) Planar projection position and size of the flaw as well as nature of the flaw can be
determined;
d) Penetrated thickness of radiographic testing is mainly determined by ray energy;
e) Image resolution is mainly determined by pixel of digital detector and focus size of
X-ray machine;
f) Static imaging and continuous imaging may be realized;
g) Thickness tolerance of a single exposure is greater than that of routine radiographic
testing;
h) It is especially suitable for large batches of objects with the same specification.
5.2.10.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in forging, tube/pipe and rod;
b) It is relatively difficult to test flaws existing in T-shaped welded joints and fillet
welds;
c) It is relatively difficult to test fine crack and lack of fusion existing in the welds;
d) It is relatively difficult to test the height of flaws.
e) Performance of digital detector is affected by the temperature and humidity of
testing environment.
5.2.10.3 Specific requirements of X-ray digital radioscopic testing shall be in accordance
with NB/T 47013.11.
5.2.11 Magnetic flux leakage testing

10
5.2.11.1 Capability scope:
a) Such thickness reduction of volumetric flaws as corrosion and mechanical damage
on surfaces of base materials of ferromagnetic materials with coating can be tested;
b) Such planar flaws as crack on surfaces of base materials of ferromagnetic materials
with coating can be tested;
c) Positions of flaws can be determined and length of surface opening flaws or depth
equivalent of volumetric flaws is given;
d) Sensitivity and testing depth of magnetic flux leakage testing are mainly determined
by excitation depth and sensor resolution.
5.2.11.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test buried flaws inside the ferromagnetic materials;
b) It is relatively difficult to test flaws in the object whose thickness exceeds that of
30mm;
c) It is relatively difficult to test flaws in parallel with the excitation direction;
d) It is relatively difficult to test welding flaws.
5.2.11.3 Specific requirements of magnetic flux leakage testing shall be in accordance with
NB/T 47013.12.
5.2.12 Pulsed eddy current testing
5.2.12.1 Capability scope:
a) Metal wall thickness corrosion or other wall thickness reduction of flaws under
non-ferromagnetic covering layers (such as thermal insulation layer, cold insulation layer and
protective layer etc.) can be tested;
b) Testing can be carried out when the equipment is in the operating state (high
temperature, low temperature and containing materials etc.);
c) Testing results are average residual wall thickness value under projected area of the
sensor.
5.2.1 2.2 Limitation:
a) It is relatively difficult to test small-volume flaws;
b) Testing precision is affected by lift-off height and electromagnetic property;
c) It is difficult to test the equipment with complex structure, relatively large curvature
or wall thickness;
d) It is difficult to accurately quantify the tested flaws and other nondestructive testing
methods are still required for re-inspection where necessary;
5.2.12.3 Specific requirements of pulsed eddy current testing shall be in accordance with
NB/T 47013.13.

6 Quality Management and Safety Protection of Nondestructive

Testing

6.1 Testing organization shall establish quality management system of nondestructive

testing to strengthen nondestructive testing quality control.
6.2 Quality management of nondestructive testing shall include the following contents:

11
 a) Nondestructive testing personnel;
b) Nondestructive testing equipment and apparatus;
c) Nondestructive testing process documents;
d) Nondestructive testing locations and environment;
e) Implementation of nondestructive testing;
f) Nondestructive testing data and files.
6.3 At least the following factors shall be taken into consideration for safety
precautions.
6.3.1 Some of nondestructive testing methods will generate or incidentally generate such
substances as radioactive radiation, electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet radiation, toxic
material, flammable or volatile material and dust, which have different degrees of damage on
human body. During implementation of nondestructive testing, necessary protection and
monitoring shall be carried out, based on categories of possible harmful substances and
according to the requirements of relevant regulations or standards; and necessary labor
protection measures shall be taken for relevant nondestructive testing personnel.
6.3.2 During operation in enclosed space, corresponding factors like oxygen content shall
be taken into consideration and necessary protection measures shall be taken.
6.3.3 During high-altitude operation, such factors as personnel and testing equipment and
apparatus falling shall be taken into consideration and necessary protection measures shall be
taken.
6.3.4 During operation in extreme environment, such factors as cold injury and heatstroke
under such conditions as deep freezing and high temperature shall be taken into consideration
and necessary protection measures shall be taken.
6.3.5 In absence of any toxic and harmful gas, and other environmental factors with
possible damage on human body, during implementation of nondestructive testing, they shall
be carefully identified and necessary protection measures shall be taken.

7 Nondestructive Testing Data and Files

7.1 Nondestructive testing files

Testing organization shall establish complete nondestructive testing files, which shall at
least include the following contents:
a) Nondestructive testing order or inspection and testing contract;
b) Nondestructive testing process documents;
c) Nondestructive testing records;
d) Nondestructive testing reports.
7.2 Nondestructive testing process documents
7.2.1 Nondestructive testing process documents include process specifications and
operating instructions.
7.2.2 Process specifications at least shall include the following contents:
a) Edition No.;
b) Application scope;
c) Reference standards, laws and regulations or other technical documents;

12
 d) Testing personnel qualification requirements;
e) Testing apparatus and equipment; requirements for verification, calibration or
checking; and items, periods and performance indexes of operating checking;
f) Items and scopes of relevant factors involved in process specifications;
g) Selection of testing technology and testing process for different testing objects as
well as requirements for operating instructions;
h) Requirements for implementation of testing: testing time, pre-testing surface
preparation requirements, testing marks and post-testing treatment requirements etc.
i) Assessment of testing results and quality grading;
j) Requirements for testing records;
k) Requirements for testing reports;
l) Preparer (level), auditor (level) and approver;
m) Preparation date.
7.2.3 Operating instructions at least include the following contents:
a) No.;
b) Reference process specifications and their edition No.;
c) Testing technology requirements: executive standards, testing time, testing ratio,
acceptance grade and pre-testing surface preparation;
d) Testing object: categories of pressure equipments as well as name, No., specification
and size, material, heat treatment state and testing parts (including testing range) of testing
object;
e) Testing apparatus and equipment: name and specification/model, as well as items,
time and performance indexes of operating performance inspection;
f) Testing process parameters;
g) Testing procedures;
h) Schematic diagrams of testing;
i) Requirements for data records;
j) Preparer (level) and auditor (level);
k) Preparation date.
7.2.4 Preparation, audit and approval of nondestructive testing process documents shall
meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations or standards.
7.3 Nondestructive testing records
7.3.1 Nondestructive testing records at least shall include the following contents:
a) No.;
b) Name or No. of reference operating instructions;
c) Testing technology requirements: executive standard and acceptance grade;
d) Testing object: categories of pressure equipments as well as name, No., specification
and size, material, heat treatment state, testing parts, testing ratio, surface state during testing
and testing time of testing object;
e) Testing apparatus and equipment: name, specification/model and No.;
f) Testing process parameters;
g) Schematic diagrams of testing;
h) Raw testing data;
i) Assessment results of testing data;

13
 j) Testing personnel;
k) Testing date and place.
7.3.2 Nondestructive testing records shall be true, accurate, complete and effective, and be
approved with signature by corresponding responsible personnel.
7.3.3 Preservation period of nondestructive testing records shall meet the requirements of
relevant laws and regulations and standards, and shall not be less than 7 years. After 7 years,
if required by users, the raw testing data may be delivered to the users for safekeeping.
7.4 Nondestructive testing reports
7.4.1 Nondestructive testing reports at least shall include the following contents:
a) No.;
b) Testing technology requirements: executive standard and acceptance grade;
c) Testing object: categories of pressure equipments as well as name, No., specification
and size, material, heat treatment state, testing parts and testing ratio, surface state during
testing and testing time of testing object etc.;
d) Testing equipment and apparatus: name and specification/model;
e) Testing process parameters;
f) Schematic diagram of testing parts;
g) Testing results and testing conclusion;
h) Preparer (level) and auditor (level);
i) Preparation date.
7.4.2 Nondestructive testing reports shall also meet the relevant requirements of NB/T
47130.2~47130.13.
7.4.3 Preparation, audit and approval of nondestructive testing reports shall meet the
requirements of relevant laws and regulations or standards.
7.4.4 Preservation period of nondestructive testing reports shall meet the requirements of
relevant laws and regulations and standards, and shall not be less than 7 years.

14
 Appendix A

(Informative)

Generally Testable Common Flaws by Nondestructive Testing

Methods

A.1 Generally testable common flaws by nondestructive testing methods are listed in Table
A.1.
A.2 As general guidance, Table A.1 is not a requirement and forbidden for certain
nondestructive testing methods in a specific application. For flaws generated in application,
accessibility and space conditions of testing parts are also important factors in adoption of
some nondestructive testing methods. In addition, Table A.1 doesn't contain all the
nondestructive testing methods; when selecting nondestructive testing methods in a specific
application, the user must take all the relevant conditions into consideration.

15
 ua

Table A.1 Comparison of Flaws and Nondestructive Testing Methods

Surface a Near surface b All the positions c

VT PT MT ET RT DR UTA UTS TOFD

Flaws generated in application

Pitting corrosion ● ● ● ● ● ◎

Local corrosion ● ● ● ●

Crack ◎ ● ● ◎ ◎ ◎ ● ●

Flaws generated in welding

Burn-through ● ● ● ◎ ◎

Crack ◎ ● ● ◎ ◎ ◎ ● ○ ●

Slag ◎ ◎ ● ● ◎ ○ ●

Lack of fusion ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ● ◎ ●

Incomplete penetration ◎ ● ● ◎ ● ● ● ◎ ●

Overlap ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ◎

Porosity ● ● ○ ● ● ◎ ○ ●

Undercut ● ● ● ○ ● ● ◎ ○

Flaws generated in product forming

Crack (in forming of all the

○ ● ● ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ○
products)

Inclusion (in forming of all

◎ ◎ ● ● ◎ ○
the products)

Interlayer (plate and

◎ ◎ ◎ ●
tube/pipe)

Double skin (forging) ○ ● ● ○ ◎ ◎ ○

Porosity (casting) ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○

Note 1: explanation of letters:VT - visual testing; PT - penetrant testing; MT - magnetic particle testing; ET - eddy current
testing; RT - radiographic testing; DR - X-ray digital radioscopic testing; UTA - ultrasonic testing (oblique incidence); UTS -
ultrasonic testing (straight incidence); TOFD - ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique.
Note 2: meaning of symbols:
● - under normal conditions, such flaws can be tested by nondestructive testing technology specified in corresponding parts of
NB/T 47013.
◎ - under special conditions, such flaws can be tested by nondestructive testing technology specified in corresponding parts of
NB/T 47013.
○ – special technology and conditions are required for testing of such flaws.
a
Nondestructive testing methods that only can be used for testing surface opening flaws.
b
Nondestructive testing methods available for testing surface opening and near surface flaws.
c
Nondestructive testing methods that may be used for testing flaws at any position of the tested object.

---------------------

16