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Computer Science SL (Emerald Valley Public School)
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Investigatory project
On
AC Generator –
Physics
Authored by: ROHAN.G

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INDEX
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY AND WORKING
 PARTS OF AN AC GENERATOR
 EXPLANATIONS
 DETAILED FIGURE
 EFFIENCY & FORMULAE
 RESULT
 USES
 LOSSES IN AN AC GENERATOR
 PRECAUTIONS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION
 An Electric/AC Generator is device than helps in
converting mechanical energy to electrical energy.
 A Generator forces electric current to flow through
an external circuit.
 The source for mechanical energy could be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, etc.
 All of the power required by power grids is
produced or satisfied by the Generator.

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TH
EORY AND WORKING
 The brushes facilitate continuous connection

between the field coil and the excitation
circuit.
 The armature is connected to the output.
Each time the rotor makes one complete
revolution, one complete cycle of AC is
developed.
 The magnitude of AC voltage
generated by the generator is
dependent on the field strength and
speed of the rotor.

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 Mostly generators are supposed to be

operated at a constant speed; so that,
the generated voltage depends on
field excitation, or strength.
PARTS OF AN AC GENERATOR
 Field (magnets)
 Armature (coil)
 Slip Rings
 Carbon Brushes
 Rotor
 Stator
 Prime Mover and External Connections

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FIELD:
 The field in an AC generator consists, coils
of conductors within the generator that
receive a voltage from a source and produce
a magnetic flux.
 The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature

to produce a voltage i.e, the output voltage of
the AC generator.
ARMATURE:
 The armature is the part of an AC generator in
which the voltage is produced.

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 This component consists of coils of wire that are

large. It is the component through which current
flows.
 It is a very vital component.
SLIP RINGS:
 A slip ring passes electrical signals and power
across a rotating interface using sliding
electrical contacts.
 These contacts are typically a rotating ring and a

stationary brush, or wiper that slides along the
ring surface during rotation.
 These rings are used in AC generators

because the desired output of the generator
is a sine wave. They help in producing a
complete cycle.
 In a DC generator, a commutator (split ring)

is used to provide an output whose current
always flowed in the positive direction. They

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help in change of terminals periodically.
CARBON BRUSHES:
 Carbon brushes are used to conduct electrical
current between moving parts and the wiring.
 They are attached to the slip rings, enabling to
complete a rotation by riding along them.
ROTOR:
 The rotor is nothing but the rotating
component of the AC generator. It is
manufactured primarily from wound copper and
electrical steel.
 It could be driven by different prime movers like,

steam, turbine, gas turbine, diesel engine etc.
 Rotor could either be an armature or a field,

depending on its type.
 The rotor will be the armature if the voltage

output is generated there; the rotor will be the

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field if the field excitation is applied there.
 Apart from this there are two types of rotors –

i) Salient Pole Rotor: In this type of rotor, the
number of poles gets projected, known as salient poles
with their bases pinned to the rotor can be observed. They
are used in low and medium speed applications.
ii) Cylindrical Pole Rotor: Cylindrical type rotors
consist of an unruffled and robust cylinder with slots
arranged on the outer surface of a cylinder. It is used in
high-speed applications.
STATOR:
 It is the part of the generator that is stationary.
 The three main parts of a stator are – the stator

core, stator frame and armature windings.
i) The stator frame: It is an outer frame that is
used to hold stator core as well as armature windings.
ii) The stator core: It is laminated with steel or
iron to reduce eddy current losses. Slots are made on the
interior part of a core to hold armature windings.
iii) Armature windings: Armature windings are
wound on the slots of armature core.

lOMoARcPSD|49875735
 Just like the rotor, the stator could be either a

field or an armature, depending on the
generator.
 The stator will be the armature if the voltage

output is generated there; the stator will be the
field if the field excitation is applied there.
PRIME MOVER & EXTERNAL

CONNECTIONS:
 Prime Mover is, an initial source of
motive power (such as a windmill,
waterwheel, turbine, or internal
combustion engine) designed to receive
and modify force and motion as supplied
by some natural source and apply them to
drive machinery.
 This entire device is connected to an

appliance or a gadget, which in turn uses
the electrical energy being produced.

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DETAILED FIGURE (1):

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EFFICIENCY:
 We know that every mechanical process involves
energy loss, thus, no AC generator will be a 100
per cent efficient.
 Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated

by dividing the output by the input and multiplying by
100.
FORMULAE:
1. Power = voltage x current
2. Efficiency =
(Power output / power input) x 100.
RESULT:
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i. Due to the change in flux through the winding of the

motor, emf is produced when the axle of the motor
is rotated.
ii. This emf remains only till the axle is still rotating.
Hence, the faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction is verified here.
FARADAY’S LAW:
“Whenever a conductor is
placed in a varying magnetic
field, an electromotive force is
induced.”
iii. As the speed of the rotor is increased, the voltage

and the current induced also increases.
This happens due to change in flux.
USES:

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 Bicycles, electric scooters, microwaves, and

sailboats all use the AC generator to produce AC
current.
 Generators are useful appliances that supply
electrical power during a power outage and
prevent discontinuity of daily activities or
disruption of business operations.
 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,
automotive starter generators.
 Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind

generators, high speed gas turbine
generators.

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LOSSES IN AN AC GENERATOR
1. Internal Voltage Drop:

 The armature always has some amount of
resistance and inductive reactance.
 A combination of these make up what is known as
the internal resistance, which causes a loss in the
AC generator.
 When the load current flows, the voltage drop is
observed across the internal resistance.
2. Hysteresis Loss:
 Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC
generator are subject to effects from a magnetic
field.
 The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the
domains not held in alignment, one complete turn
during each rotation of the rotor. This rotation of
magnetic domains in the iron causes friction

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and heat. The heat produced by this friction is

called magnetic hysteresis loss.
 To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures
are constructed of heat-treated silicon steel, which
has an inherently low hysteresis loss.
3. Mechanical Loss:
 Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by
bearing friction, brush friction on the commutator,
and air friction (called wind age), which is caused
by the air turbulence due to armature rotation.
 Careful maintenance and usage of all the

instruments will prevent mechanical losses up to a
major extent.
PRECAUTIONS:
 Connections have to be done properly.

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 Do not use high voltage LED bulb (1.5 V

preferred).
 Use DC motor while in making the model.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Google search engine
Wikipedia.com
Physics NCERT book – Class 12
www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle

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Computer Science SL (Emerald Valley Public School)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 The brushes facilitate continuous connection

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 Mostly generators are supposed to be

 Prime Mover and External Connections

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 This component consists of coils of wire that are

 It is a very vital component.

 These contacts are typically a rotating ring and a

 These rings are used in AC generators

 In a DC generator, a commutator (split ring)

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

help in change of terminals periodically.

 It could be driven by different prime movers like,

 Rotor could either be an armature or a field,

 The rotor will be the armature if the voltage

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

field if the field excitation is applied there.

 Apart from this there are two types of rotors –

 The three main parts of a stator are – the stator

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 Just like the rotor, the stator could be either a

 The stator will be the armature if the voltage

PRIME MOVER & EXTERNAL

 This entire device is connected to an

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

DETAILED FIGURE (1):

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated

i. Due to the change in flux through the winding of the

iii. As the speed of the rotor is increased, the voltage

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 Bicycles, electric scooters, microwaves, and

 Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

1. Internal Voltage Drop:

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

and heat. The heat produced by this friction is

 Careful maintenance and usage of all the

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

 Do not use high voltage LED bulb (1.5 V

 Use DC motor while in making the model.

Physics NCERT book – Class 12

Downloaded by Aryan Pal (aryanpal2082006@gmail.com)

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