2024-25

PROJECT REPORT

ELECTRIC GNERATOR
ADARSH KAMDI PROJECT
REPORT
ON
“ELECTRIC GENERATOR”
SUBMITTED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION,DELHI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF

XII(PHYSICS) EXAMINATION
2024-25

GUIDE
ANJALI MAM & ARCHANA MAM

SUBMITTED BY
“ADARSH KAMDI”

PHYSICS
ALPHONSA SR.SEC.SCHOOL
SAWANGI MEGHE,WARDHA
2024-25

CERTIFICATE

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 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ADARSH DILIP KAMDI OF
CLASS XII,ALPHONSA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,
SAWANGI MEGHE,WARDHA HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED HIS PROJECT IN PHYSICS PRACTICAL AS PRESCRIBEDBY
CBSE IN THE YEAR 2024-25.

DATE :

PLACE :

SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL

EXAMINER EXAMINER

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I THANK MY PHYSICS TEACHER MRS. ARCHANA MAM ANJALI
MAM FOR GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT. I ALSO
THANK MY PRINCIPAL REV.SR.NAVYA. I WOULD ALSO
LIKETO THANK MY PARENTS FOR ENCOURAGING ME
DURING THE COURSE OF THIS PROJECT. FINALLY I
WOULD LIKE TO THANK CBSE FOR GIVING ME THIS
OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERTAKE THIS PROJECT.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Theory

 Working

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⮚ Components of AC Generator
⮚ Efficiency
⮚ Result
⮚ Uses
⮚ Losses in AC Generator
⮚ Precautions
⮚ Bibliography

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# INTRODUCTION
• An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electricalenergy.

• A generator forces electric current to flow through an external

circuit. the source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating
orturbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air, or any other source ofmechanical
energy.

• Generators provide nearly all of the powerfor electric power

grids.

#THEORY
• The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through the
field coil of the rotor.
• The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip
rings and brushes.
• Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide
the continuous connection between the field coil and the external
excitation circuit.
• The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is
connected to the output.
• Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete
cycle of AC is developed.
• A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the
rotor.
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 • The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is
dependent on the field strength and speed of the rotor.
• Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the
generated voltage depends on field excitation, or strength.

#WORKING
When the armature coil rotates, the flux lined with it can be written as
=NBA cos t

where,

N-number of turns in the coil

B- Magnetic field due to permanent magnets
A- Area of cross section of the coil
- Angular velocity t-
instantaneous time lapsed

𝑒=-𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝑡=-𝑑(𝑁𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔
𝑡)𝑑𝑡=𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
𝑡

𝑒=𝑒0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡--(𝑖)

e0=NBA indicates the maximum value of emf.

Equation (i) shows the induced emf varies sinusoidally with time.

The maximum value of induced current 𝐼𝑜=𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔

𝑅

Where R indicates the resistance of the armature coil.

Now =2 𝜔 𝜋 𝑇 where T indicates the time period of the coil in seconds. It

is the time taken for one full rotation.

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Fig showing position of the armature when maximum emf is induced

When t=T/4,3 T/4 ,5T/4…. the value of emf induced is maximum.(e=e0)

This happens when the normal of the armature coil, while rotating, cuts
the magnetic field at right angles.

#COMPONENTS OF AN AC GENERATOR
1. FEILD
• The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors
within the generator that receive a voltage from a source
(called excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.
• The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a
voltage. This voltage is ultimately the output voltage of the
AC generator.

2. ARMATURE
• The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is
produced.
• This component consists of many coils of wire that are large
enough.

3. PRIME MOVER
• The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC
generator.

• The prime mover may be any type of rotating machine, such as a

diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor.

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4. STATOR

• Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the field,
depending on the type of generator.

• The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated

there; the stator will be the field if the field excitation is applied
there
• The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary. 
The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the
generator, as shown in Figure 1

5. SLIP RINGS

• In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an output

whose current always flowed in the positive direction.
• Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired output
of the generator is a sine wave.
• The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material that is
connected to the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft.
Brushes ride on the slip ring as the rotor rotates. The electrical
connection to the rotor is made by connections to the brushes. 
Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer
power to and from the rotor of an AC generator.

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#EFFICIENCY
• Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the useful power
output to the total power input.
• Because any mechanical process experiences some losses, no AC
generators can be 100 per cent efficient.
• Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation.
• Efficiency = [Output /Input] X 100
OR

Efficiency = [POWER OUT/POWER IN] X 100

EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR

POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT

EFFICIENCY = [POWER OUTPUT / POWER INPUT ] 100

#RESULT
• When the axle of generating motor isrotated, e.m.f. is
produced by it. reason: change in flux through the
winding of motor.

• This E.M.F. remains in the circuit as long asaxle is

rotated.
hence, faraday’s law of electromagneticinduction is
verified.

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 • As the speed of rotor is increased, thevoltage and current
produced by generator also get increased.
reason: rate of change of flux increases.

#USES
• Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high
speed gas turbine generators.

• Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive

starter generators.
• An ac generator, or ‘alternator’, is used to produce ac voltages
for transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable
generators.

• All of our household appliances run on ac current. Ex:

Refrigerator, washing machines, oven, lights, fan etc.

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#LOSSES IN AC GENERATOR
1. INTERNAL VOLTAGE DROP
• The load current flows through the armature in all AC
generators. The armature has some amount of resistance and
inductive reactance.
• The combination of these make up what is known as the internal
resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC generator.
• When the load current flows, a voltage drop is developed across
the internal resistance.
• This voltage drop subtracts from the output voltage and,
therefore, represents generated voltage and power that is lost and
not available to the load.

2. HYSTERESIS LOSSES

• Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC generator are

subject to effects from a magnetic field.
• The magnetic domains of the cores are held in alignment with the
field in varying numbers, dependent upon field strength.  The
magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the domains not held in
alignment, one complete turn during each rotation of the rotor.
This rotation of magnetic domains in the iron causes friction and
heat.
• The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic hysteresis
loss.
• After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired shape,
the laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to cool.

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• This process, known as annealing, reduces hysteresis losses to a
very low value.
• To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures are constructed
of heat-treated silicon steel, which has an inherently low
hysteresis loss.

3. MECHANICAL LOSSES

• Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by bearing

friction, brush friction on the commutator, and air friction (called
windage), which is caused by the air turbulence due to armature
rotation.
• Careful maintenance can be instrumental in keeping bearing
friction to a minimum.
• Clean bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the
reduction of bearing friction.
• Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper brush seating,
proper brush use, and maintenance of proper brush tension.  A
smooth and clean commutator also aids in the reduction of brush
friction.

#PRECAUTIONS
• Do all the connection carefully

• Fix all the component on cardboard with strong glue

• Do not take a high voltage LED bulb (1.5V preferred)

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• Use only DC motor in making the model

• Before doing any experiment please consult to your subject

teacher or lab assistance

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#BIBILOGRAPHY
• Wikipedia.com

• PHYSICS NCERT TEXT BOOK

• GOOGLE SEARCH -
https://knowledgecycle.in

https://www.aakash.ac.in

• YOUTUBE SEARCH-
Electric generator by knowledge cycle
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