This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.

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Design of a Static Capacitive Power Transfer

System with Six-Plate Coupler for Electric
Vehicle Wireless Charging
Kodeeswaran S, Student Member, IEEE, Nandhini Gayathri M, Kannabhiran A,
and Sheldon S. Williamson, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract— This paper proposes a novel six- CPT method. Reducing the misalignment issue in the
plate arrangement to improve the mutual capacitance,
IPT method usually requires an additional positioning circuit
power transfer level, and efficiency of the static capacitive
power transfer (CPT) system. The proposed vertical and may increase the cost of the IPT charging system
arrangement reduces the size and weight of the coupler further. Therefore, the CPT method is the optimal alternative
compared to the conventional horizontal arrangement. to the IPT method [5]. The CPT technique employed in
The transmitter or primary side consists of four the battery charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is a hot
aluminum plates and the remaining two plates with research topic. The majority of research papers [6]–
mica placed in the receiver or vehicle side. The two [9]proposed two-plate and four- plate structures that could
vertical transmitter plates are placed on the outer side achieve 1 kW to 3 kW output power at atransfer distance of
with a 300 mm gap, while the remaining four plates are
120 to 150 mm.
installed between the outer plates with a 60 mm air gap.
Thirteen coupling capacitances are created between The CPT system is equally efficient as the IPT system
these six plates to maintain strong coupling, which when applied to EVs. Also, as the transfer distance
are reduced to four coupling capacitances after increases, the rated power of the CPT system is affected [3].
calculation. Finite element analysis is carried out Since the output power is directly proportional to the mutual
using ANSYS Maxwell simulation to determine the capacitance in a CPT system, mutual capacitance decreases
plate dimensions and coupling capacitances, and the when the distance between plates increases, which further
simplified circuit model is simulated in LTspice. The reduces the output power of the conventional CPT method.
power transfer level of the proposed system is In order to optimize transfer distance and increase the
experimentally verified at a transmitter distance of 300
mutual capacitance, power, and efficiency, this proposed static
mm (distance between outer plates) with an output power
of 6.06 kW and an efficiency of 92.3% at a 60 mm air gap. CPT system has a novel six- plate vertical coupler. In
addition, CPT electric field emission is greater due to the
Index Terms— Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT), voltage, plate dimensions and airgap distance. The
electric field emission, electric vehicles (EVs), frequency of operation in CPT systems can have implications
equivalent circuit model, six-plate capacitive coupler, for compliance with human exposure standards for electric
wireless charging. fields. Higher frequencies may require stricter limits on the
electric field exposure, and this should be taken into
I. INTRODUCTION consideration in the design of CPT systems. Hence, the
study of electric field emission is discussed further in this

T HE capacitive power transfer (CPT) method uses

electric fields to transfer power from the source side to the
load side without physical contact [1], [2]. In
addition, aluminum plates are utilized in the transmitter
research paper.
The compensation circuits are utilized to increase the
power transfer on the load side, thereby producing an
electric field between the plates [10]. Therefore, various
(TX) and receiver (RX) of the CPT system, which
compensation circuits were investigated in order to operate
reduces the cost compared to the inductive power transfer
the capacitive coupler in a resonant state and increase the
(IPT) method [3]. Because the IPT method employs coils, it
voltage between the plates [11]. The compensation circuits
increases the cost and eddy current losses [4]. In addition, the
were used to decrease the reactive component of the
IPT method has more misalignment issues than the
transmitted power and increase the CPT system's rating
CPT method because misalignment can causeless
[12]. F. Lu et al. [13] proposed the double-sided LCLC
variation in the capacitances of the
compensation circuit topology for EV charging to increase
the plate voltage and achieved the output power of 2.4 kW at
This work was supported in part by the SASTRA Deemed University,
India and in part by the Smart Transportation Electrification and Energy
a distance of 150 mm. Various LC [14], LCL [6], and CLLC
Research (STEER) Group, Ontario Tech University, Canada. [15] compensation circuit topologies were created to increase
(Corresponding author: Nandhini GayathriM) the CPT system's power. In addition, the class E amplifier
Kodeeswaran S,Nandhini Gayathri M and KannabhiranA are with the [16] and Z- impedance [17] compensation techniques were
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India. (e-mail:
utilized to increase the voltage applied to the plates and
kodikrct@gmail.com; nandhini.gayathri@gmail.com; attain a high level of efficiency. However, this may exceed
mail2akannan@gmail.com). the field range and result in an arcing issue between the plates,
Sheldon S. Williamson is with the Smart Transportation and the electric field emission around the surrounding
Electrification and Energy Research (STEER) Group, Department
of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech
medium may exceed the safety limits [18].
University, Oshawa, Canada. (e-mail: Therefore, reducing this field emission without
sheldon.williamson@ontariotech.ca). decreasing the voltage is possible by optimizing the plate
structure [19],

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[20]. In the research [21], six plates were optimized to vertical

reduce the electric field emission of the CPT system, and it
achieves 1.97 kW at a 150 mm air gap, despite misalignment
issues. In addition, the long plate (1370 mm)
was taken horizontally outside of the TX and RX with zero
potential and fixed 19 mm away from the TX and RX. It is
difficult to adjust the transfer distance of the coupler due to the
use of three bulky plates on the vehicle's side.
This article proposes a novel six-plate vertical
coupler arrangement for a static CPT system to reduce the
plate size and adjust the transfer distance. Vertical plate
arrangement has more advantages than horizontal plate
arrangement for transferring power in the CPT
system and reducing misalignment issues. The primary
source of the CPT system is connected to the four aluminum
plates in the TX. Mica is used as a dielectric material [22]
between the RX plates, which come from the vehicle. The
performance of the LCL compensation circuit is evaluated as
part of this research [23], and it is then implemented on both
the TX and RX sides to increase the voltage and transfer
power. The primary side resonant inverter produces a high-
frequency ac source, while the secondary side rectifier
converts ac to dc and is connected to the battery for
charging.
The dimensions of the plates are utilized to calculate
the coupling capacitances between the plates. To determine
the dimension, this work considered the plate ratio (pr),
which is defined as the ratio of short plate length to long
plate length. Initially, the plates are optimized to have an
equal air gap distance, and the plate ratio is determined
using ANSYS Maxwell. Applying the finite element
analysis (FEA), the mutual and self-capacitances of the
proposed static CPT system are calculated. Based on the
above mutual and self- capacitances, the compensation
circuit parameters are designed. After calculation, the LTspice
simulation is used to examine the proposed CPT system's
overall circuit. Based on the LTspice result, the
experimental setup is designed with a 6.06 kW output power
and achieves an efficiency of 92.3%. In addition, the
voltage stress and electric field emission in the surrounding
medium is calculated, and it reaches acceptable safety
limits.

II. PROPOSED STATIC CPT SYSTEM FOR EV

Figure 1(a)-(b) shows the six aluminum plates formation
of the proposed work to transfer the power when the voltage
is applied. The primary source is connected to the four
aluminum plates P1, P2, P3, and P4, which are arranged
vertically below the ground or above the ground with the
supporting stand to equal the height of the vehicle. Plates P1
and P3 are connected to the primary source’s positive
potential, while plates P2 and P4 are connected to the negative
potential of the primary source. The plates P5 and P6 come
from the vehicle with the supporting clamp to receive the
power from the TX. To insert the vehicle side plate in
between TX plates the specially designed curved parking lane
is required. This may help to prevent the vehicle tire from
leaving the parking lane and maintain the air gap between
the plates. Furthermore, the curved parking lane is not only
way to insert the the vehicle side plate in between the TX
plates. There could be other innovative ways to achieve the
same purpose without requiring significant modifications to
the existing parking practices. The proposed six-plate
arrangement can be modified to accommodate a vehicle
side plate in a existing parking system by adjusting the gap
between the plates and optimizing the dielectric material.
To simplify the dimension calculations, all plates
are arranged with the same airgap distance, and their
shape is assumed to be square. The plate's shape does
not affect the coupling. In practice, coupling plates maybe
(a)
of any shape, but it is necessary to maintain the plate
area. To distribute the electric fields and produce a strong
coupling, the plate's edges are reduced from outer plates to
inner plates. The configurations of the plate and circuit
components are represented in Figure 1(c)-(e), which also
shows the wireless charging configurations for EVs in
various cases. The DC supply given to the high-
(b)
frequency (HF) AC inverter is represented in Figure 1(c).
The HF AC is utilized to transfer power from the TX to
the RX without physical contact. After HF conversion, the
primary side compensation circuit is used to decrease the
source's reactive power. Now, the rated voltage is applied to
the aluminum plates to generate the electric field that
facilitates the transfer of power from the TX to the RX
side. The power is transferred to the vehicle side based on
their mutual capacitance. The RX plates receive power
from the primary and distribute it to the compensation (c)
circuits on the secondary side. Using this
compensation circuit the amount of reactive power reduced
in the receiver side. The rectifier on the secondary side
converts
AC to DC to charge the EVs batteries.

(d)

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(e)
Fig. 1. Proposed stationary CPT system for EVs (a) TX and RX plate
setup (b) WPT using six plates arrangement (c) charging plates under
the vehicle (d) charging plates position at center, front and rear side
when the vehicle is in running mode (e) charging plates with adjustable
clamp at center, front and rear side when the vehicle is in charging
mode
Fig. 2. Proposed circuit diagram with six-plate
Six-plate couplers employ the same operating principle
as parallel-plate capacitors. When positive and negative III. SIX PLATES CAPACITIVE COUPLER DESIGN
charges are generated in the plates, an electric field is A. Six Plates Arrangements
created and coupling capacitances are formed. In this
work, to produce positive and negative charges on the plate,
a pair of long and short plates are connected to the primary
source, resulting in a high level of self-capacitance. The
plates are arranged with a uniform air gap distance, which
could result in a strong coupling between the TX and
RX. The coupling capacitance between the TX and RX
plates used to transfer the power wirelessly from the
primary to the secondary side. This six- plate arrangement
is better than conventional methods when it comes to
(a)
reducing the vehicle's side weight. The overall circuit shown
in Figure 2 is simulated using LTspice simulation to
predict the performance of the proposed CPT system. The
primary source Vin is connected to the HF AC inverter and
its operating frequency is taken as 1 MHz. The LCL
compensation circuit is used on the both TX and RX sides.
The output of the TX side compensation circuit is connected (b)
to P1-P3 and P2-P4 plates combination. The vehicle side Fig. 3. Plate structure (a) 3D View (b) arrangement

plates P5 and P6 are connected in between the TX plates The dimensions and 3D view of the plate arrangement
combination. are shown in Figure 3. Six aluminum plates, labeled P1, P2,
This proposed static CPT charging system has the P3, P4, P5, and P6, are used to construct the capacitive
following advantages; (i) To increase the power transfer level coupler. To simplify the calculation of the dimensions,
and reduce the weight on the vehicle side, the proposed each plate is represented as a square and arranged vertically.
coupler plate has a novel arrangement setup (ii) This six-plate Depending on the application, the shape and size of the plates
vertical arrangement setup is used to improve the mutual can vary, but a power-transferring surface area must be
capacitance and the corresponding output power of the maintained. The TX plates P1 and P4 have a length LT1 of
CPT system (iii) This proposed CPT system has less 'a' millimeter and are separated by a distanceDT. Similarly,
misalignment problems compared to the conventional the plates P2 and P3 length LT2 are taken as (pr × a) mm.
methods (iv) The output power of the proposed CPT system Here, pr is defined as the plate
is higher than other CPT works for EV charging and the ratio,
transfer efficiency is improved (v) This proposed charging ( L T2 L
method is very suitable for all electric mobility 〈 |pr =LT 1 =a (
applications (cars, buses, trucks, and trains, etc.) without | T 2 = pr . a
lL
varying the transfer distance because, in a conventional To relate the length of all the plates, plate ratio pr
method, the transfer distance varies based on the is considered for simplification. Now, the RX plates P5 and
ground clearance of the vehicle, which affects the rating of P6 length LR is (pr2 ×a) mm, and here the plate ratio is
transfer power and efficiency. Due to the forementioned doubled to get the required length.
reasons, vertical CPT charging with six plates technique can
be used for applications requiring high performance such
as battery- operated autonomous vehicles, drones,
electrified military vehicles and soon as charging dock for
robots.
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Fig. 5. Possible Capacitive coupler formation

Fig. 4. Length specifications

( LR
| pr = L
| L = pr .
|2 LR LR (
〈pr = =
| LT 1 a
2
|LR = p r . a
|
l
According to the above equation (2), the RX plate length
is obtained by doubling the plate ratio and multiplying it by
the TX length 'a' mm. Therefore, from the outer plates to the
inner plates, the dimension is decreased to create the electric Fig. 6. Capacitance coupler circuit model for the proposed six plates
fields, and the plates are arranged with a constant air gap
distance 'd'. The thickness of each plate is 2 mm. In
ANSYS Maxwell simulation FEA is performed to determine
the dimensions and design parameter values. Figure 4
illustrates the side view and length specifications, while
Table I describes the design parameters.
TABLE I
D ESIGN P ARAMETERS

Parameters Design Description Parameters Design Description

(a) (b)
Transmitter square
Square plate side P1 Fig. 7. Equivalent capacitance model (a) after plates conversion (b)
L T1 plates P1 and P4 a
and P4 final capacitance circuit model
length
Transmitter square
L T2 plates P2 and P3 LR
Receiver plates P5 and plates, the parallel capacitors are transformed into a
P 6 length
length single equivalent capacitor, resulting in the following
The thickness of The thickness of equations.
tT tR
receiver plates (CAB = C12 + C14 + C32 + C34
transmitter plates Uniform Airgap |
Distance between
| CA5 = C 1 5 + C 3 5 (3)
DT transmitter plates P1 d distance between six 〈CA6 = C16 + C36
and P4 plates
CB5 = C25 + C45
B. Six Plate Capacitance Circuit Model |lCB 6 = C26 + C46
The capacitance of the plates PA and PB (CAB) is
Figure 5 shows the formation of a coupling capacitor greater because the transfer distance DT is greater than the
based on the voltage applied to the plates. For airgap distance dc. In addition, the capacitance C56 is
simplification, the capacitances are restructured to significantly increased by the dielectric material placed
determine the equivalent capacitance of the proposed circuit. between the plates. The ANSYS Maxwell offers these same
The voltages applied in the TX plates P1, and P3 have the coupling capacitances, which are then substituted into the
same positive potential of the primary source, VP1 = VP3 = above equation (3). After determining the values of CAB, CA5,
310 V; and P2, and P4 have the same negative potential of the CA6, CB5, CB6, and C56, the equivalent capacitance model
source, VP2 = VP4 = 0 V. In a similar manner, the plates P5 shown in Figure 7 was drawn. The voltage on the plate PB is
and P6 are connected to the RX side, which is considered taken as a reference and therefore the voltage applied on PB is

V2= VP5 -VP6. Therefore, Kirchhoff’s current law is applied,

the secondary source, with the voltages VP5 = 330 V and VPB= 0 V, TX plate voltage V1= VPA, and RX plate voltage
VP6= 0 V.
Figure 6 shows the capacitance model for a six-plate and the below equations are found.
coupler, which contains thirteen capacitances. Since the same ( ( CAB + CA5 + CA6 ) . VPA − CA5 . VP5 − CA6 . VP 6 = I 1 jω
| (4)
voltage is applied to both pairs, P1 and P3 are taken as PA, − CAB . VPA − CB5 . VP5 − CB 6 . VP 6 = − I 1 j ω
whereas P2 and P4 are taken as PB. As a result, there 〈

are no coupling capacitances between these two pairs P1-P3

and P2-P4. Now, the voltages applied to plates PA, PB, P5, and
P6 are represented as VPA, VPB, VP5, and VP6 respectively.
Between the
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Where I1 is the current from the primary side source and The coupling capacitance coefficient (cc) is expressed as,
the secondary current is I2. The fs is the switching frequency CM 「 CA5 CB 6 − CB5 CA6
and therefore the angular frequency is related as ω=2πfs. cc = C A C B |L= | CAB(CA5 + CA6 + CB5 + CB 6) + (CA5 + CA6) . (CB5 +
From equation (4), the four equations are reduced to two CB 6)
equations by mathematical simplification, and VP5, & VP6 1
voltages are removed as follows. .
([CB6 (CAB + CA5 + CA6 ) + CABCA6 ] . VPA (11) C56 (CA5 + CA6 + CB5 + CB 6) + (CA5 + CB5).(CA6
| − (CA5 CB6 − CA6 CB5 ) . VP5 = (CA6 + CB 6 ) . I 1 j 负 + CB 6) 」|
(5) Here, the equivalent single capacitor is obtained to
〈
|[CB5 (CAB + CA5 + CA6 ) + CABCA5 ] . VPA
resonate with the inductors presented in the circuit, and
therefore,
|l+ (CA5CB6 − CA6CB5) . VP 6 = (CA5 + CB5) . I1 j 负

V2= VP5 -VP6 are remembered here to relate the V1, I1, and
From the voltage equation relationship (i.e.) V1=VPA and ( Tp =
|C I1 = CA − CM C
+M (CB − = (1 − cc 2 )CA
〈 Ij 负
2

V2 is expressed as, C
| Ts = . V1 I2=0
= CB − CM + CB = (1 − cc 2 )CB
1 j 负 V2
V1 = I1 . I1=0
The input and output transfer function would be a
j 负. CAB + important factor for power transfer. So, the voltage transfer
「 CA5 CB 6 − CB5 CA6 ] (6) function from TX to RX is taken asH1,2, and RX to TX is
+ V2 . | taken
( asHV2,12 which CM
LC AB (CA5 + CA6 + CB5 + C B 6 ) + (CA5 + CA6 ) . (CB5 + CB
Similarly, V2, I2, and V1 are related as below, is obtained as,
1 (1
V2 = I2 .
|H1, 2 = = = cc
V1 I2=0 CB CB
〈 V
j 负. C56 + M
H2 , 1 = 1
= = cc
CA5 CB 6 − CB5 CA6 V2 I1=0 CA
+V 1 . (7)
LC 56 (C A5 + C A6 + C. Plate Dimensions Calculation
CB5 + CB 6) + (CA5 + CB5).(CA6 +
From the equations (6) and (7) the mutual capacitance CM The specified capacitance values must be determined
and self-capacitances CA and CB are found as below, by analyzing the plate dimensions based on the above
( (C + C ) . (C + C )
A5 A6 B5
derivation. The plate dimensions are used to calculate
B6

CA = CAB + the mutual capacitance CM and self-capacitances CA and

CA5 + CA6 + CB5 + CB 6
| (CA5 + CB5) . (CA6 + CB 6) ( CB. To begin calculating the dimensions, it is necessary to
〈 CB = C56 + C + C + C + C know all the parameters shown in Figures 6 and 7.
| A5 A6 B5 B6

CM =| C A5 CB 6 − CB5 CA6 Considering space limitations, the length of the outer plates P1
l | CA5 + CA6 + CB5 + and P4 is decided to be 500 mm, and the airgap distance dc is
CB 6 determined to be 1/5th of DT (DT/5) to maintain an equal
After finding the equation (8), the equivalent circuit airgap distance between all the plates. Now, it is necessary
diagram is represented as shown in Figure 7 (b). Now, the to determine the plate ratio pr and TX plate distanceDT.
voltages V1 and V2 are expressed from the equations (6) and The plate ratio pr is assumed from 0.5 to 0.9 and the
(7) as below, distance DT varies from 100 mm to 300 mm. When plate ratio
( I 1 C M
pr and the distance DT are varied, the capacitance matrix is
+V . 2
| j负 . C C A A
( found by ANSYS Maxwell simulation as mentioned in
〈 V 1
I C Figure 5. Using these matrix capacitance values; the mutual
=
2 M
+V . 1
j负 . C C
|
B B
capacitance and self-capacitances are evaluated by the
By the simplification of the above equation (9) can be equation (8). For the different plate ratios pr, and distance DT
written as, the capacitance values are plotted in the graph as shown in
(I1 = j 负. (CA . V1 − CM . (1 Figure 9.
〈
0) TABLE II
lI2 = j 负 . (CB . V2 − CM . V1) F INAL PLATE DIMENSIONS AND CALCULATED CAPACITANCE VALUES
Based on the above equation (8), the basic equivalent Parameters Values Parameters Values
source circuit model is shown in Figure 8, the two independent
L T1 500 mm pr 0.8
current sources are used depending on the voltages V1 and V2
L T2 400 mm DT 300 mm
and which
LR 320 mm 60 mm
are separated by red dotted lines. dc
C12 38.08 pF C14 1.37 pF
C23 1.37 pF C34 38.08 pF
C15 1.77 pF C16 1.62 pF
C25 20.76 pF C26 1.74 pF
C35 1.71 pF C36 20.76 pF
C45 1.64 pF C46 1.77 pF
CAB 0.079 nF C56 0.090 nF
CA5 3.48 pF CB6 3.51 pF
CA6 22.38 pF CB5 22.40 pF
Fig. 8. Simplified source circuit model
CM = 0.00968 nF = 9.68 pF; CA = 91.9 pF; CB = 104 pF
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(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 9. Simulated capacitances (a) Mutual capacitance CM (b) primary side self-capacitance CA (c) secondary side self-capacitance CB for different
plate ratio

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 10. Capacitances at misalignment scenario (a) Mutual capacitance CM (b) primary side self-capacitance CA (c) secondary side
self- capacitance CB

Figure 9(a)-(c) shows that the mutual capacitance CM IV.LCL COMPENSATION CIRCUIT & OUTPUT
and self-capacitances CA and CB increase with increasing pr POWER CALCULATION
and decreasing DT. For the CPT system, the mutual Figure 11 shows that the LCL compensation circuit is
capacitance value should be high, and the self-capacitance utilized on both the vehicle and ground sides of the CPT
should be large to reduce the size and value of the system. The benefit of this LCL compensation circuit is that
compensation inductor. Due to the high TX distance, the plate it acts as a current source on both the vehicle and ground
ratio is assumed to be 0.8, the distance DT is 300 mm, and sides of the CPT system, and it maintains higher efficiency
the corresponding capacitance values are tabulated in Table under both light and heavy loading conditions. As shown in
II. As shown in Figure 5 thirteen coupling capacitance values Figure 2, the coupling capacitances in this proposed work
are tabulated and then simplified by the above equations (3) are comprised of six vertically arranged plates. The
and (8) to convert four coupling capacitances. circuit includes multiple resonances. The HF inverter on
In the Maxwell simulation, the proposed CPT system's the primary side produces a voltage VA for the resonant
misalignment is analyzed., and the calculated values are circuits, while the rectifier on the secondary side generates
graphically represented in Figure 10 (a)- (c). When the receiver DC to charge the battery. In Figure 2, all components have
plate is misaligned, mutual capacitances are reduced in the a high-quality factor, and parasitic resistance is neglected.
positive position of the plates. The negative position
represents the forward placement of the receiver plate. The
zero position is the reference, indicating that the receiver plates
are associated with the transmitter. In both positive and
negative positions, the mutual capacitance variation is 15%
less than the optimal alignment value. Both the variation in
primary and secondary self-capacitance falls within 1% of (a)
the acceptable alignment value. The square plate is considered
on both the transmitter and receiver side, eliminating the top-
to-bottom position analysis (adjustable clamp side).
Similar to horizontal positions, capacitance variation
should occur on the top-bottom side of square plates which
is yet another advantage. (b)

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(|负 = 2 s = 1 LG1 . CG1

〈 V 2 = 1 ( 负 2 CV 1) +1 ( 负 2 CTs ) (17)
|lL

The input current is depending on the output voltage in

this circuit shown in Figure 11(c). Also, LG1 and LV1 are
(c) open- circuited, then VCG1= V1 and VCG2= VB. By
Fig. 11. FHA circuit of static CPT (a) simplified circuit diagram considering the transfer function CTs and H2,1 from (12)
(b) primary source presents secondary side source short-circuited
and (13), the input current is calculated as,
(c) primary side source short-circuited and secondary side source
presents ( CV 1 CV 1
On the primary or ground side, the inductance LG1 and |V2 = VCV 1 . = VB .
the capacitance CG1 work aslow-pass filters. Likewise, LV1 and CTs (1− cc
|| C CV 1 . VB
CV1 act as low pass filters on the secondary or vehicle 〈V 1 = H2 , 1 . V2
M
(18)
side. Therefore, currents of higher-order harmonics are not =| CA (1− cc 2 )CB
supplied to the plates. The fundamental harmonics |
approximation (FHA) method is used to analyze the CPT I|LG1 = V 1 .
1 = V1 . 负.jCG1 =负j(1−
. C M . C G1 . C V 1 . V B

cc 2 ) . CA .
system's proposed circuit. Figure 11(a) represents the l j 负. LG1 C B

simplified circuit diagram containing an equivalent circuit From equations (15) and (18) it is concluded that the
model. Since the circuit is linear, the superposition theorem output current ILV1 is 900 lagging the input voltage VA and
is used to analyze it, as shown in Figures 11(b) & (c), and the input current ILG1 is 900 lagging the output voltage VB.
the two sources are considered separately. Since VB and ILV1 are in phase, ILG1 is 1800 lagging VA.
As shown in Figure 11 (b), the primary side source Therefore, the input
is presented, and the secondary side source is short-circuited. power is calculated as,
The LV1 and CV1 formed a parallel resonance with an 负. CM . CG1 . CV 1
infinite impedance. LV2 is now considered an open circuit, and Pin = VA . ILG1 = . V A . VB (1
LG2, CG1, and CTp form another parallel resonance; and (1 − cc ) .
2

therefore, no current flows through LG1, and it is realized Due to the elimination of parasitic resistance, (16) and
that the input (19) indicate that input and output power are equal. The
current is independent of voltage V1. Therefore, the power is directly proportional to mutual capacitance CM,
parameters are, input voltage VA, output voltage VB, filter capacitance CG1, CV1,
(|负 = 2 s = 1 and frequency fs, as shown by Equation (19). According
(14) to section III's explanation of plate design, the
〈|lLG 2 = 1 ( 负 2 CG1) +1 ( 负 2 CTp ) coupling coefficient is significantly less than 10%.
LG1, LV2 are considered as open circuits, so VCG1= VA Therefore, (1-cc2) is approximately
and VCV1= V2. The output current is dependent on the input equal to one and the system power is,
voltage. The voltage and current are calculated using the 负. CM . 1
. CV 1
transfer function in equation (13). Therefore, output current is Pin = Pout 心 . VA . VB (2
CA CB
( CG1 CG1 Considering the input dc voltage (Vin) and output dc voltage
V 1 = VCG1 . = VA .
CTp (1 − cc 2 )CA (Vout),the equation
负. C(20) is modified as,
M . . CG1 . CV 1 2 V
| CM Pin = Pout 心 . Vin . (2
〈 V2 = H1, 2 . V1 =
(15) .
CB (1 − cc )CA C A. . C B π π
| 〈
| 1 负 . CV 1 负. CM . CG1 . CV 1 . VA 负.C M
.CV 1
|ILV 1 = V 2 . = V2 . = Pin = Pout = . G 1 . Vin . Vout
CA CB
j 负 . LV 1
2
l j j(1 − cc ) . CA . CB
Due to the rectifier used in the secondary, the output
voltage and current are in phase with one another. Figure V.STATIC CPT CIRCUIT SIMULATION
11(c) shows that output voltage has no impacts on output This section explains the circuit components design
current. Hence, the using the LCL compensation circuit applied in both
output power is calculated as follows: primary and secondary circuits.
负. CM . CG1 . CV 1 A. Circuit Components Design
Pout = VB . ILV 1 = . VA . VB (1 After calculating the value of the capacitances from
(1− cc 2 ) . the ANSYS Maxwell simulation, the circuit components LG2
Figure 11(c) shows the secondary source presented and
the primary source is short-circuited. Similar to Figure and LV2 values were found by substituting these capacitance
11(b) analysis, the LG1 & CG1 form one parallel resonance, values in equations (14) and (17). Using equation (19) all the
and LV2, CV1, and CTs form another parallel resonance. Due to circuit parameters are calculated. At the resonance
the infinite impedance of these two parallel resonances, LG2 condition, the primary circuit components' inductance LG1
and LV1 are considered open circuits. Therefore, circuit and capacitance CG1 values are calculated. Similarly, the
parameters are calculated as, secondary circuit components LV1 and CV1 are calculated. At
outer TX plates (P1- P4) distanceDT is equal to 300 mm, plate
ratio pr is equal to 0.8, airgap distance 60 mm is
considered, and the circuit components and their values
are tabulated in Table III.
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TABLE III
C IRCUIT C OMPONENTS AND V ALUES
Components Values Components Values

Vin 310 V Vout 330 V

L G1 7.2 µH L V1 7.2 µH
CG1 3.5 nF CV1 3.5 nF
L G2 260 µH L V2 233 µH
CA 91.9 pF CB 104 pF
CM 9.68 pF fs 1 MHz
Fig. 1 2 . Overall circuit diagram

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 13. LTspice simulation results (a) ac input voltage VA and current IA (b) ac output voltage VB and current IB (c) dc input voltage Vin and
output voltage Vout (d) dc input current Iin and output current Iout
+
B. Simulation Circuit & Results
C56 (CB5 6 + CB 6)
To validate the desired output in the LTspice simulation, VPA − P5 = 6 . V2
the component values from the above table are used. Figure C A5CB
12 shows the overall simulation circuit diagram. When the 「(CB5 + CB 6 ) . CV 1 . Vout ]
input voltage is 310 V and the output voltage is 330 V, the − |L CA5CB 6 − CB5 CA6 」| (2
output power at a frequency of 1 MHz is calculated to be
6.06 kW. Figure 13 represents simulation results that Similarly, by equation (7) the voltage between the plates PB
correspond to the desired output power and indicate that the +
and P6 is calculated as,
output voltage VB lags the input voltage VA by a 900. The ( . .Vin
input voltage and input current are both in phase with one VPB − P 6 =
another, similarly, the output voltage and output currents are
C A5C C5 A 6
in phase. This indicates that the input current IA is in phase CAB (CA5 5 + CA6)
− . V1 (25)
with the input voltage VA and that the reactive power CA5CB
circulation in the circuit is restricted, enhancing the power The voltage stress among the plates is calculated and it
transfer and efficiency of the system. is verified in LTspice simulation. The simulated results are
C. Voltage stress in plates shown
in Table IV.
The voltage stress scheming [24] of the six-plate T ABLE IV
coupler helps to calculate the electric field emission in the V OLTAGE S TRESS A MONG THE P LATES
surrounding area. The external input voltages V1 and V2 are Parameter Voltage
applied on the six plates, and it is calculated by using VPA-PB 4.86 kV
equations (6) and (7). The voltage applied on the plates P1 and
VPA-P5 2.06 kV
P3 are from the primary source positive voltage, and it is
VPB-P6 1.72 kV
equal; similarly, the voltage applied on the plates P2 and P4
are equal and it’s a negative voltage of the primary source. VP5-P6 4.72 kV
Both combined plates are now simplified as PA and PB. The

VPA and V2= VP5 -VP6. The voltage

reference voltage is at plate B and therefore VPB =0 V; V1 = D. Electric Field Emission

between plates PA and PB is V1, and it is calculated as, For a safe charging system, it is necessary to calculate
CG1 . Vin CM . CV 1 . Vout the electric field emission for the six-plate CPT. The six
VPA − PB = V1 = + (2 plates are vertically arranged in the XY plane of the 3D model.
(1− cc ) . CA
2 2
(1− cc ) . CA . CB As shown in Figure 14 (a)-(b), ANSYS Maxwell is used to
Similarly, the voltage between plates P5 and P6 is V2 and it calculate the field emission of the proposed charging system
is calculated as, in the XZ and YZ directions. This proposed charging system
CM . CG1 . Vin CV 1 . Vout achieves a power output of 6.06 kW and a power density of
V = V =
P5 − P 6 2 + (2 24.3 kW/m2. Under IEEE standard [18], the field emission
(1− cc ) . CA . CB (1− cc 2 ) . CB
2

must be less than 614 V/mat 1 MHz.

The voltage between the PA and P5, PB and P6 are
also important for the charging system. From equation
(6) the voltage between PA and P5 is calculated as,
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(a)

(b)
Fig. 1 4 . Electric field emission ( V / m ) and E vector direction calculation ( a ) YZ direction ( b ) XZ direction

(a) (b)
Fig. 15. Graphical representation of E vs distance (a) YZ direction (b) XZ direction

Figure 14 (a)-(b) demonstrates that the field markers m1 to

m24 are applied to determine the emission values E (V/m)
in the emitter region. In the YZ direction, the markings m1
tom12 are utilized to calculate the field emission, which is
displayed in Figure 14 (a) as a simulation result. Similarly,
in the XZ direction, markings m13 to m24 are considered and
the values E (V/m) are reported in Figure 14 (b). For the field
distribution between the plates, ANSYS Maxwell calculates
the electric field vector distribution. Figure 14 (a)-(b)
illustrates the field distribution along the YZand XZ axes for (a)
the proposed charging system. During operation, the voltage
level of the plate varies, so the E vector represented in
Figure 14 indicates that the electric flux flows from the top
to the bottom of the plates. Since the distance between the TX
plates is 300 mm, the electric flux generates substantial field
emissions.
The emission value E (V/m) reaches 2.4 kV/m when the
field is formed in the center of the plates and marked as m1
in both directions. The marking is shifted from the center to
(b)
the right, and the field emission distance is increased, resulting Fig. 1 6 . Electric field emission at misalignment ( a ) positive position ( b )
in a decrease in E. As shown in Figure 15, a graph is negative position
drawn to illustrate the change in distance vs emission value E are misaligned. In cases of misalignment is 30 mm,
(V/m). The results indicate that the field emission decreases at the capacitance values are reduced, resulting in a reduction in
a distance of 0.5 m from the center in both the YZ and XZ the electric field emission. During misalignment, the safety
directions. Figure 16 displays E (V/m) values when the level is 0.3 m away from the center.
transmitter and receiver

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(a) (b)
setup for static CPT system (a) plate arrangements (b) circuit components arrangements
Fig. 17.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 18. Experimentation results time: 400 ns/div (a) AC input voltage VA, 100 V/div (orange) and AC input current IA, 10 A/div (green) (b) AC
output voltage VB , 100 V/ div ( orange) and AC output current IB, 10 A/ div ( green) (c) DC input voltage Vin, 50 V/ div ( green) and DC output voltage
Vout, 50 V/div (orange) (d) DC input current Iin, 10 A/div (orange) and DC output current Iout, 10 A/div (green)

VI. EXPERIMENTATION & RESULTS GE2X10MPS06D with a 650 V voltage rating is used in
A. Experimental setup the rectifier to convert high-frequency AC to DC. The EV
The six plate dimensions from Table 2 are used for battery is emulated with the help of resistive loads.
the design, and as shown in Figure 17, all the plates are B. Experimental results and discussion
attached vertically to the plywood with a 60 mm air gap. The
The experimental result for the proposed system is
thickness of each plate is 2 mm, and the distance between
illustrated in Figure 18 (a)- (d). Voltage and current
adjacent TX plates is 300 mm. According to the analysis, the
waveforms are captured by a two-channel digital
sizes of plates P1 and P4 are 500 mm, P2 and P3 are 400 mm,
oscilloscope, which indicates that they are exactly
and P5 and P6 are 320 mm. As shown in Figure 17 (a), the
equivalent to the LTspice simulation results. The AC input
plates P5 and P6 were takenas RX with the dielectric material
voltage VA and current IA are nearly equal to being in phase.
mica. The plates P1 and P3 are connected, and this connection
In a similar fashion, the AC output voltage VB and current IB
is made to the source's positive terminal and Plates P2 and
are in phase. The results indicate that the input power reaches
P4 also correspond to the same negative polarity of the
6.56 kW, while the output power reaches 6.06 kW. The
source. The circuit parameters listed in Table 3 are proposed system's efficiency is therefore calculated to be
determined and a laboratory hardware configuration is 92.3%. Additionally, the DC voltage and current waveforms
developed. are measured and presented in Figure 18. The results show
The proposed system has a switching frequency of 1 MHz, that the DC input current (Iin) and output current (Iout) are
resulting in a copper skin depth as low as 65.2 µm and so lagging by 900.
the inductor is made up of AWG 46 Litz-wire with a
Depending upon the applications, the distance between
diameter of 40 µmisused. As a result, the conduction losses of outer TX (DT) varies, and therefore, the DT changes from 300
the inductor are minimized. In addition, the inductors are
mm to 400 mm. At each TX distance, the input and output
wounded in the PVC tubes with very little air-core reactance.
voltages increase in 10 V increments to the nominal
In this hardware setup, the inductors are spaced far apart to
values, and the associated output power and efficiency are
prevent unwanted magnetic coupling. To reduce
calculated according to the graph. Figure 19 shows that
conduction loss, the compensation capacitors made up
efficiency improves as output power increases. When the
of film capacitance are utilized. distance between TXs increases, the mutual capacitance CM
On the TX side, the inverter uses the two-half bridge
decreases which could be the reason for the decrease in
gallium nitride (GaN) MOSFET GS66508T to produce high-
output power and efficiency. The graph in Figure 19
frequency AC. The MOSFET’s gate driver voltage ranges
shows that varying the distanceDT reduces the output power
from 0 V to +10 V. The gate signals of the MOSFET are
and efficiency. At a distance of 350 mm, the output power
generated by the controller TMS320F32812. The benefit of
decreases to 5.6 kW and the system's efficiency reaches
using the digital controller is that it offers flexibility to
91.8%. Similarly, at distanceDT is equal to 400 mm, the
regulate the frequency and dead time for the HF inverter. The
dead time of the inverter is chosen as 50 ns for the proposed output power reduces further to 4.9 kW and efficiency falls
system. The SiC diode to 90%. From the above analysis, the output power drops to
20% by increasing the distance DT which indicates that the
proposed six-plate CPT system has good robustness.
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Fig. 19. Loss distribution for the proposed six-plate CPT system Fig. 20. Output power and efficiency at different TX distances DT

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 21. Experimentation results time: 400 ns/ div (a) at 40 mm misalignment AC input voltage VA, 100 V/ div ( orange) and AC input current IA, 10
A/div (green) (b) at 40 mm misalignment AC output voltage VB, 100 V/div (orange) and AC output current IB, 10 A/div (green) (c) at 80 mm
misalignment AC input voltage VA, 1 0 0 V / div ( orange) and AC input current IA, 1 0 A / div ( green) ( d ) at 8 0 mm misalignment AC output voltage VB,
100 V/div (orange) and AC output current IB, 10 A/div (green)

During full power conditions, the total loss is 500 W as

shown in Figure 20. The power losses are calculated in the
inverter, rectifier, inductors, and capacitors. This may assist in
determining the remaining losses in the six plates. The
converter losses are calculated based on [25]. The circuit
model calculates the power loss of all circuit components. At
1 MHz, the inductors used in the circuit have an equivalent ac
resistance of 3.4 times the dc resistance. The parasitic
resistance of capacitance is computed using a 0.18%
dissipation factor at 1 MHz [26]. As the MOSFETs in the
inverter operate under soft- switching conditions, only
conduction losses are measured. The forward voltage of the
Fig. 22. Misalignment analysis in the experimental setup
diode is utilized to determine the rectifier losses. Due to the
larger surface area of the plates, the losses in the aluminium
mm to 200 mm in the existing four plate works and the
plates are calculated to be 32% of the total losses (500 W)
output power varies from 45 Watts to 2.4 kW. In the existing
based on the calculation above.
six-plate CPT work [21], the two TX plates 610 mm in length
C. Comparison between Proposed and Existing Approaches areplaced horizontally to the ground and both plates are
separated at a distance of 50 mm. Similarly, two RX plates
The proposed CPT system is validated experimentally, with the same 610 mm length are taken on the vehicle side
and the obtained results are compared to the already existing and these plates are separated at 50 mm. The air gap distance
CPT works. Both vertical and horizontal existing between the TX and RX plate is taken as 150 mm from
coupler arrangements are compared in Table V to ground to vehicle. The long plate 1370 mm in length is taken
identify the advantages of the proposed six-plate vertical in the outer side of the TX and RX and placed 19 mm below
arrangement. In the horizontal arrangement, both ground and the TX and above the RX plates to reduce the electric field
vehicle plates are in parallel with each other, and the emission. However, this horizontal six-plate CPT work
ground clearance of the vehicle is taken as airgap achieved an output power of 1.97 kW with an efficiency of
distance. However, this air gap distance is varied 91.6%.
depending upon the EVs applied and the transfer power
To improve the power and efficiency with reduced plate
would be decreased. Because buses, trams, trucks, and size the six-plate novel vertical structure is proposed in this
cars are in different ground clearances which may reduce the work. Two 500 mm plates are taken as outer TX and these
power transfer level of the horizontal CPT system. To plates are arranged with a 300 mm air gap distance. The plate
overcome this issue, vertical plate arrangement is taken in ratio (pr) is used to find the remaining four plate dimensions,
this work. the inner TX plate size is found as 400 mm and the RX plate
The comparison shown in Table V indicates that most of is calculated as
the CPT works are based on four plate horizontal and
vertical structures. The air gap distance of the system varies
from 120
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TABLE V
COMPARISON OF PROPOSED WORK WITH EXISTING CPT WORKS
CPT Total Plates/ Number of Number of RX Air freq Compens MOSFET Pout eff Power
works arrangement TX RX Plate (MHz) ation inverter (kW) (%η) Density
gap
Plates Plates Size (kW/m 2 )
(mm) circuit module
(mm)
[3] 4/Vertical 2 2 500×200 - 0.53 LC SiC 1 92 -
[6] 4/Vertical 2 2 610×610 150 1 LCL SiC 1.88 85.8 2.25
[7] 4/Horizontal 2 2 500×500 180 1.5 LC SiC 0.15 74.7 -
[13] 4/Horizontal 2 2 500×500 150 1 LCLC - 2.4 90.7 2.29
[29] 4/Horizontal
i. square 2 2 122×122 120 6.78 LC GaN 1.217 74.7 19.6
ii. circular 2 2 61(radius) 120 6.78 LC GaN 0.59 88.4 51.6
[28] 4/Horizontal 2 2 120×200 200 2 CLL-L - 0.045 88 -
[27] 4/Horizontal 2 2 100×100 12 6.78 LCLC GaN 0.1 92.5 50
[21] 6/Horizontal 3 3 610×610 150 1 LCL SiC 1.97 91.6 1.95
This work 6/Vertical 4 2 320×320 60 1 LCL GaN 6.06 92.3 24.3

320 mm by taking the plate ratio 0.8 from section III. All the LTspice simulation results represent that the output power
the plates are arranged at an equal airgap distance of 60 mm is achieved at 6.06 kW with a 92.3% efficiency. Multiple
(TX to RX), and they are fixed as the long plate is outside plates (more than six plates) in a vertical CPT arrangement
followed by the short plates placed inside. Hence, the RX plate will be investigated for EVs wireless charging in the future to
is placed inside the TX, and a reduction in airgap distance is improve mutual capacitance and corresponding output power
achieved compared to the horizontal plate. However, the with high efficiency.
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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited
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6014, Nov. 2015. electrical and electronics engineering and M.E
[14] H. Zhang, F. Lu, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, “A loosely coupled capacitive degree in power electronics and drives from Anna
power transfer system with LC compensation circuit topology,” in University, Tamil Nadu, India in 2010 and 2018
ECCE 2016 - IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, respectively. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D.
Proceedings, 2016. degree in electrical engineering from SASTRA
[15] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, “A CLLC-compensated high Deemed University, Tamil Nadu, India. He is
power and large air-gap capacitive power transfer system for electric working on high power high efficiency capacitive
vehicle charging applications,” in Conference Proceedings - IEEE power transfer for electric vehicles. His research
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC, 2016, interest also includes wideband gap device
vol. 2016-May, pp. 1721– 1725. application on the wireless power transfer.
[16] H. Ueda and H. Koizumi, “Class-E DC-DC Converter with Basic Class-
E Inverter and Class-E ZCS Rectifier for Capacitive Power Transfer,”
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 941–945,
May 2020. NANDHINI GAYATHRI M received the
[17] L. Huang, A. P. Hu, A. K. Swain, and Y. Su, “Z-Impedance bachelor's degree in electrical and electronics
Compensation for Wireless Power Transfer Based on Electric Field,” engineering from SASTRA Deemed University,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 7556–7563, Nov. Thanjavur, India, in 2005, the master's degree in
2016. power electronics and drives from SASTRA
[18] W. H. Bailey et al., “Synopsis of IEEE Std C95.1 TM-2019 ‘IEEE Deemed University, Thanjavur, India, in 2007, and
Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, the PhD degree in power electronics and drives
Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz,’” IEEE from SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur,
Access, vol. 7, pp. 171346– 171356, 2019. India, in 2014. She is working as Senior Assistant
[19] D. Vincent, P. S. Huynh, N. A. Azeez, L. Patnaik, and S. S. Williamson, Professor with SASTRA Deemed University from
“Evolution of Hybrid Inductive and Capacitive AC Links for Wireless 2007. She was funded by MHRD, India for the
EV Charging - A Comparative Overview,” IEEE Trans. Transp. development of Pedagogy material for the course “Digital Control of Electric
Electrif., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1060– 1077, Dec. 2019. Drives”. She has authored over 50 scientific papers. She is a Member of
[20] J. Xia, X. Yuan, S. Lu, J. Li, S. Luo, and S. Li, “A two-stage parameter Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Indian Society for Technical
optimization method for capacitive power transfer systems,” IEEE Education (ISTE) and Indian Society of Systems for Science & Engineering
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1102– 1117, Jan. 2022. (ISSE). Her main research interest includes Power Converters, Electric
[21] H. Zhang, F. Lu, H. Hofmann, W. Liu, and C. C. Mi, “Six-Plate Vehicle, Wireless Charging, Control and Design of Electric Machines.
Capacitive Coupler to Reduce Electric Field Emission in Large Air-Gap
Capacitive Power Transfer,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no.
1, pp. 665–675, Jan. 2018.
KANNABHIRAN A received the master’s degree
[22] D. Vincent and S. S. Williamson, “Role of dielectrics in the capacitive (2007) in power electronics and drives and
wireless power transfer system,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Technol., Bachelor degree (2005) in electrical and electronics
vol. 2020-Febru, pp. 1217– 1222, Feb. 2020. engineering from Anna University, Chennai, India.
[23] S. Kodeeswaran and M. Nandhini Gayathri, “Performance investigation He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree
of capacitive wireless charging topologies for electric vehicles,” 2021 with SASTRA Deemed university. He is currently
Int. Conf. Innov. Trends Inf. Technol. ICITIIT 2021, Feb. 2021. working as an Assistant Professor with SASTRA
[24] B. Luo, R. Mai, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, and Z. He, “A voltage stress Deemed University from 2012. He is the
optimization method of capacitive power transfer charging system,” in author/coauthor of over 10 journals and
Conference Proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics conference papers. His research interest
Conference and Exposition - APEC, 2017, pp. 1456– 1461. includes multilevel inverters, power electronic
[25] B . X . Nguyen et al. , “ An Efficiency Optimization Scheme for converters for the
Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Systems,” IEEE Trans. Power integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicle battery charging.
Electron., vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6310–6319, Nov. 2015.
[26] J. Lu, G. Zhu, D. Lin, Y. Zhang, J. Jiang, and C. C. Mi, “Unified Load-
Independent ZPA Analysis and Design in CC and CV Modes of
Higher Order Resonant Circuits for WPT Systems,” IEEE Trans.
SHELDON S. WILLIAMSON (S’01–M’06–
Transp. Electrif., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 977–987, Dec. 2019.
SM’13– F’20) received the Ph.D. (Hons.) degree
[27] S. Sinha,A. Kumar, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, “Design of High-
in electrical engineering from the Illinois Institute
Efficiency Matching Networks for Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA, in 2006.
Systems,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 10, no. 1,
He is currently a Professor with the Smart
pp. 104– 127, Feb. 2022.
Transportation Electrification and Energy
[28] S. Wang, J. Liang, and M. Fu, “Analysis and Design of Capacitive Power
Research Group, Department of Electrical,
Transfer Systems Based on Induced Voltage Source Model,” IEEE Computer, and Software Engineering, University
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 10532– 10541, Oct. 2020.
of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON,
[29] S. Sinha,A. Kumar, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, “ ANew Design Canada. He holds the prestigious NSERC Canada
Approach to Mitigating the Effect of Parasitics in Capacitive Wireless Research Chair position in electric energy storage
Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging,” IEEE Trans.
systems for transportation electrification. His current research interests include
Transp. Electrif., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1040– 1059, Dec. 2019.
advanced power electronics, electric energy storage systems, and motor drives
for transportation electrification. Prof. Williamson is a Fellow of the IEEE.

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