3034 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO.

3, MAY/JUNE 2020

Analysis and Design of Inductive and Capacitive

Hybrid Wireless Power Transfer System
for Railway Application
Bo Luo , Student Member, IEEE, Tao Long, Limou Guo, Ruimin Dai, Ruikun Mai , Senior Member, IEEE,
and Zhengyou He , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—Inductive power transfer (IPT) and capacitive power contact network supply method and is a significant development
transfer (CPT) are mainly two effective ways to achieve wireless direction of railway power supply in the future [2], [3].
power transfer (WPT). IPT system needs capacitor to compensate At present, inductive power transfer (IPT) and capacitive
the system, while the CPT system requires inductor to tune the
system. Therefore, IPT coupler can be used to compensate the CPT power transfer (CPT) are mainly two methods to realize WPT
coupler and vice versa. In this article, an inductive and capacitive and both can achieve high-power and long-airgap transmission
hybrid wireless power transfer (HWPT) system is proposed to im- [4], [5]. IPT has been well researched in the previous study and
prove the system coupler antimisalignment ability. The couplers of is ready to be widely used in practical applications [6], [7]. Typ-
IPT and CPT are employed together to compensate each other and ically, an IPT system consists of a pair of loosely-coupled coils
transfer power together. Superposition theory is used to analyze
the system working principle in detail. With the analysis results, as transmitter and receiver. When currents are flowing through
a scaled-down system is built to validate the performance of the those coils, an alternative magnetic field will be generated and
proposed approach. Experimental results show that the proposed provides a wireless transfer channel for IPT system. IPT system
HWPT system can achieve 653 W output power with 87.7% dc–dc can be regarded as a separated transformer. The difference is that
efficiency at the well-aligned condition, and the maximum variation the coupling coefficient of the transformer is nearly one while it
of the output power is 8.3% with the coupler misalignment from
0 to 270 mm (halfwidth of the coupler), which agree well with the is usually lower than 0.3 of the IPT system [8], [9]. Therefore, the
analysis results. resonance technology is introduced to compensate the leakage
inductor [10], [11]. The commonly used topologies in the IPT
Index Terms—Capacitive power transfer (CPT), hybrid wireless
power transfer (HWPT), inductive power transfer (IPT), wireless
system are SS, SP, PS, PP, or double-sided LCC compensation
power transfer (WPT). topology [12].
Compared with the IPT system, the research of the CPT
system started relatively late. Because of the low cost, low
I. INTRODUCTION weight, and low eddy-current loss in nearby metals, the CPT
HE rapid development of power electronics, especially system is becoming a research hotspot in the WPT field [13].
T switching devices, is driving the advancement of wireless
power transfer (WPT) in recent years, which can realize the
CPT uses an electric field to transfer power. Therefore, only the
thin and cheap metal plates are used to build the transfer coupler.
transmission of electric power in a noncontact manner [1]. WPT Due to the small air dielectric coefficient, the equivalent coupling
technology used in the rail power supply system can avoid capacitance of the CPT system is usually at pF level when the
the wear and instability problems caused by the traditional transfer distance reaches several hundred mm [14]. Therefore,
both high plate voltages and working frequency are required to
achieve high-power transfer. The plate voltage is generally up to
Manuscript received August 5, 2019; revised November 22, 2019; accepted
February 4, 2020. Date of publication March 6, 2020; date of current version several kV, and the frequency is up to hundreds of kHz or MHz
April 24, 2020. Paper 2019-TSC-1049.R1, presented at the 2019 IEEE Applied levels [15]. To resonant the CPT system and provide high plate
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, USA, Mar. 17– voltages, different topologies such as double-sided LCLC, LCL,
21, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS BY the Transportation Systems Committee of the IEEE Industry or double LC topology are adopted [16], [17].
Applications Society.This work was supported in part by the National Key As mentioned above, the IPT system exists a large amount of
Research and Development Program of China (2017YFB1201002), in part by inductive reactance. Therefore, the capacitive matching network
the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 51977184 and
51677155, and in part by the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and is used to resonant IPT system. For the CPT system, inductive
Technology Commission Foundation of Sichuan Province (2018JY0586) and in compensation is required to cancel the capacitive reactance
part by China Scholarship Council. (Corresponding author: Ruikun Mai.) introduced by the CPT coupler. The CPT system is the duality
The authors are with the School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest
Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China (e-mail: lb2010@my. of the IPT system [17]. Considering those characters of IPT
swjtu.edu.cn; 1135537958@qq.com; 1332721991@qq.com; 513249908@qq. and CPT system, it is meaningful to construct the IPT and
com; mairk@swjtu.edu.cn; hezy@home.swjtu.edu.cn). CPT hybrid wireless power transfer (HWPT) system to achieve
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. power transfer through IPT and CPT channel simultaneously.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2020.2979110 The IPT coupler and CPT coupler can be used to compensate
0093-9994 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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LUO et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE HWPT SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY APPLICATION 3035

each other partially or entirely. Also, two transfer channels can

be realized and achieve a different purpose. For example, IPT
and CPT can be combined into one HWPT system to improve the
transfer power in [19] and [20]. There are two transfer channels
to achieve power transfer in the same direction in the HWPT
system. Also, this HWPT system can be used to transfer power
and data in parallel in [21]. The magnetic field delivers the
electric power and the electric field transfers the data.
The SS (double-sided capacitor) compensation is the most
common compensated circuit in the IPT system due to its simple
structure. The mutual inductance of the IPT system based on Fig. 1. Coupler structure of the proposed HWPT system.
SS compensation will decrease when the coupler misalignment
happens. However, the transfer coil currents will increase ex-
ponentially by contraries because of the declined impedance
from the receiver side, leading to an increase of the output
power synchronously [23]. The double-sided LC compensated
circuit is also commonly adopted in the CPT system. When
the self-capacitance is large enough, the external capacitor con-
nected in parallel to the coupler may not be used. Therefore, the
double-sided LC compensation topology can be simplified to a
double-sided L (inductor) topology [22]. Compare with the SS
topology in IPT and the double-sided LC topology in CPT, it is Fig. 2. Proposed HWPT system for rail applications.
easy to find that two topologies are symmetric structure. Similar
to the IPT system with SS compensation, the coupling capacitor II. SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE
of the CPT system with double-sided LC compensation will
decrease when the misalignment increases, which results in A. Inductive and Capacitive HWPT System
the decrease of the coupling factor. The output power will The proposed coupler structure of the inductive and capacitive
also increase dramatically when misalignment happens [24]. HWPT system for railway applications is shown in Fig. 1. The
Therefore, when SS compensation is used in the IPT system corresponding HWPT system is shown in Fig. 2.
or double-sided LC compensation in the CPT system, additional As shown in Fig. 2, a full-bridge inverter is used on the primary
control or other power adjust system must be required to ensure a side to provide an ac excitation for the compensation network,
constant power output when misalignment happens, which will and a full-bridge rectifier is used on the secondary side to provide
suffer from the system complexity and cost. a dc to the output source. The circuit compensation topology is
In this article, IPT system with SS compensation and CPT similar to the double LC compensation topology in [24] except
system with double-sided LC compensation are combined to a that inductive coupling coils LP and LS are used between the
hybrid system for the railway application. The proposed HWPT compensation inductor L1 and L2 and capacitive coupler both
system can effectively improve the antimisalignment ability with the transmitter and receiver side. For the CPT system, four
IPT and CPT transfer channels compared to the single IPT plates are usually required to form two transfer channels. In
and CPT coupled system. The structure and working principles the railway system, the train is usually connected to the tracks
of the HWPT system are presented in detail. A scale down through its metal wheels. It can form a natural current return
system is designed to validate the proposed method. Experiment path [26]. Therefore, this traditional contact powering method
results show that the variation of output power is limited to can be adopted to simplify the CPT transfer part. Only one pair
8.3% when the misalignment is 0–270 mm. Experiment results of metal plates P2 and P3 should be used to form another current
agree well with the calculation. This article is an extension of path as shown in Fig. 1. P1 represents the vehicle and chassis.
[25]. Compared with [25], this article has two improvements. P4 denotes the ground. L1 , Cex1 and L2 , Cex2 are placed on
First, the scaled-down system is presented in detail to show the transmitter and receiver side separately to adjust the transfer
the system design process, which helps to better understand power and system resonance.
the proposed system. Second, the comparative analyses of the
proposed HWPT system with a single IPT and the CPT sys-
tem are added to highlight the advantages of the proposed B. Equivalent Circuit Model
system. The vehicle chassis P1 , the earth ground P4 , and the plates P2
This article is organized as follows. Section II describes and P3 work as a capacitive coupler together. Since P1 and P4
the detailed analysis of the proposed HWPT system with the are connected through metal wheels, there exist five coupling
superposition theorem. In Section III an example of the HWPT capacitors totally, and the equivalent model for CPT coupler is
system is designed. Section IV presents the experimental setup shown in Fig. 3.
and the measured results. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Using the fundamental harmonics approximation method and
Section V. the CPT coupler model in Fig. 3, the equivalent circuit of the

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3036 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020

Fig. 3. Five capacitor model of CPT coupler. Fig. 6. Excited by input voltage UO .

Therefore, branch current I1P , I2P and ISP can be calculated

as
⎧ ωC1 CM UIN
⎪
⎪ I1P = j CM −ω2 M(C 1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )
⎨
ωC2 (C1 +CM )UIN
I2P = j ω2 M (C1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )−CM . (2)
⎪
⎪
⎩
ISP = j ω2ω(C 1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )UIN
M (C1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )−CM

Base on (1), L2 can also be derived as

C1 + CM
Fig. 4. Equivalent model of the proposed HWPT system. L2 = − LS . (3)
ω 2 (C 1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )

When only UO is applied to power the circuit, the resonant

circuit is shown in Fig. 6.
With the same calculation process, the equations to describe
the resonant circuit can be shown as
⎧
⎪
⎪ UO = jωM IPS + I2S /jωC2
⎪
⎪
⎨ IPS = I1S + I2S
. (4)
⎪
⎪ jω(L + L P )I PS = −I (1/jωC + 1/jωC M )
⎪
⎪
1 2S 2
⎩
Fig. 5. Excited by input voltage UIN . jω(L1 + LP )IPS = −I1S /jωC1
Therefore, the branch currents can be calculated when only
HWPT system can be simplified as Fig. 4. UIN and UO repre- UO works.
sent the vector of the input and output voltage source, respec- ⎧
⎪
⎪ I1S = j CM −ω2 ωC 1 (C2 +CM )UO
M (C1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )
tively, and C1 = Cex1 + C13 + C34 , C2 = Cex2 + C12 + C24 , ⎨
ωC2 CM UO
CM = C23. I2S = j CM −ω2 M (C 1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )
. (5)
⎪
⎪
⎩ ω(C1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )UO
IPS = j CM −ω2 M (C1 C2 +C1 CM +C2 CM )
C. System Power Calculation And compensation inductor L1 is calculated as
Due to the high-quality factor of all components in the pro- C2 + CM
posed system, the inner parasitic resistance is ignored to simplify L1 = − LP . (6)
ω 2 (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )
the system analysis [12]. The analysis of the circuit principles is
conducted by the Superposition Theory. First, we consider only As shown in (3) and (6), compensation topology can be
the input source UIN applied in the circuit, as shown in Fig. 5. simplified by canceling the external inductance L1 and L2 when
The grey line indicates that there is no current flowing through the IPT and CPT coupler satisfies that
that path. (C1 + CM )
L2 and LS are designed together to resonant the IPT and LP =
ω 2 (C 1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )
CPT HWPT coupler in parallel, which can behave as an infinite
impedance, L1 can be treated as an open circuit, and no current (C2 + CM )
LS = . (7)
flows through L1 and LP . According to Kirchhoff’s current law ω 2 (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )
(KCL) and KCL theories, equations to describe Fig. 5 can be When source UO and UIN work together, currents flowing
expressed as through L1 and L2 can be calculated as
⎧ ωUIN (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )
⎪ UIN = jωM ISP + I1P /jωC1 IS = ISP + 0 = −j
⎪
⎪ ω M (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM ) − CM
2
⎪
⎨ ISP = I1P + I2P
. (1) ωUO (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )
⎪
⎪ jω(L2 + LS )ISP = −I1P (1/jωC1 + 1/jωCM ) IP = IPS + 0 = −j .
⎪
⎪ ω 2 M (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM ) − CM
⎩
jω(L2 + LS )ISP = −I2P /jωC2 (8)

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LUO et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE HWPT SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY APPLICATION 3037

TABLE I
DIMENSION OF THE HWPT SYSTEM COUPLER

As shown in (7), the output current IS is independent on load,

which is suitable for the battery charge. As a diode rectifier is
used at the output power side, the output current (–IS ) is in phase
with the output voltage UO . It can derive that the input voltage
UIN and current IP are in phase. Therefore, the proposed system
can achieve a unity power factor, and the transfer power of the
HWPT system can be calculated as
P = Re(UIN I∗P ) = Re(UO I∗S )

ω(C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM )
= UIN UO (9)
|ω 2 M (C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM ) − CM |
where UIN and UO are root mean square (RMS) values of UIN
and UO separately.
When C1 is equal to C2 and equal to CE , the transfer power
can be simplified as
UIN UO
P = (10)
|A − B|
where A and B are defined as
1
A=
ω(2CE + CE
2 /C )
M

B = ωM.
Fig. 7. Structure of the HWPT system coupler. (a) Three dimensional (3-D)
A and B determine the system transfer capability through the view. (b) View from YZ-plane. (c) View from XY-plane.
CPT and IPT channel, respectively. When the misalignment of
the hybrid coupler increases, system parameters CM , M will de-
crease, which results in the decline of A and B together. However,
of the HWPT system is fixed at 1 MHz. Transmitter plate P2
the difference between A and B can maintain nearly constant
and receiving plate P3 are made of square aluminum plates
by choosing proper compensation parameters. Therefore, the
with the same size of 500 × 500 mm. Two larger aluminum
output of the proposed system can keep roughly constant so that
plates with 600 × 600 mm are used to simulate the vehicle
the coupler antimisalignment performance can be improved.
P1 and ground P4 . The thickness of all plates is 1 mm. The
inner diameter of the coupling coils is 510 mm. The designed
III. EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM DESIGN system result will determine the outer diameter of the coupling
To validate the proposed system, a scaled-down system is coils. Litz wire is used to model the wheels that connect P1
designed. The structure of the developed system coupler is and P4 directly. The external capacitors Cex1 and Cex2 are both
shown in Fig. 7, and the dimensions of the HWPT system 183 pF. Since the opposing area between coils and plates is small
coupler are given in Table I. The transmitter side of the coupler and the separated distance d2 between them is 20 mm, parasitic
is designed to be symmetric to the receiving side to simplify capacitances between those are neglected.
the system design process. Usually, the working frequency of As shown in (9), the output power of the HWPT system is
the IPT channel is several tens of kHz. While considering the determined by |A − B| when the input and output voltages are
small mutual capacitor when transfer airgap is up to the hundred specified. Therefore, two cases (A > B and A < B) should be
mm level, the switching frequency is traditionally set to several considered to design the HWPT system. As shown in (9), the
hundred kHz to MHz to achieve enough transfer power for the transfer capability through CPT is more significant than that
CPT channel. Therefore, in this article, the operating frequency through the IPT channel when A > B and vice versa. Both two

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3038 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020

Fig. 10. Simulated M under different coil turns N.

Fig. 8. Design process of the proposed HWPT system.

Fig. 11. Normalized values of A-B under misalignment with different coil
turns N.
Fig. 9. Simulated capacitor values.

When misalignment increases from 0 to 270 mm, CM decreases

cases can be used to design the HWPT system. However, when from 33.2 to 23.4 pF. While C1 and C2 increase from 260 to
A < B, more turns of coils are needed to increase the mutual 265 pF, and the variation is only 1.9%. Therefore, C1 and C2 can
inductor M, which will increase the difficulty of making IPT be regarded as a constant value in the latter analysis. Taking the
coils. In this design, A > B is considered only. The couplers of simulated results of CM , C1 (C2 ), and M in Figs. 9 and 10 into (9),
the IPT and the CPT can both be used to optimize the system the variation of normalized A-B under different misalignment
design. Considering the available metal plates in our lab that can be derived and shown in Fig. 11.
are difficult to adjust the coupler dimensions, the coupler of IPT As shown in Fig. 11, the coil turn of IPT will affect A-B
system is supposed to improve the HWPT system antimisalign- profoundly when misalignment happens. A-B will decrease
ment ability latter in this article. The detailed design process is under the increase of misalignment when the turn of coils ranges
presented in Fig. 8. from two to four. However, A-B will increase when the coil turn
In railway applications, the vehicle is moving along the rises from four to six. When the coils turn is four, A-B will
track. Therefore, the misalignment occurs only in the movement change less when misalignment is 0–270 mm, and the variation
direction such as Y-axis in Fig. 7. Using the Maxwell 3-D rate is about 9.5%. Therefore, the IPT coil turn sets to four for
simulation tool, parameters of IPT coils and CPT coupler under the designed HWPT system.
misalignment in the Y-direction can be simulated. With the The input dc voltage Ubus and output voltage Ubat are set to
specified CPT coupler, the variation of coupling capacitance be all 200 V to achieve 700 W output power. When the HWPT
CM and C1 (C2 ) under different misalignment is presented system coupler is in alignment, the system parameters are shown
in Fig. 9. Also, the mutual inductance M with the different in Table II.
coil turns against misalignment is simulated and shown in When the coupler misalignment happens, the variation of A
Fig. 10. and B can be derived with (9) and shown in Fig. 12.
As shown in Fig. 9, the coupler misalignment will change the As shown in Fig. 12, A and B both decreases with the
values of CM , C1, and C2 together. Because of the symmetric misalignment increases. When the misalignment is 270 mm,
coupler and the same external capacitor Cex1 and Cex2 , C1 = C2 . A reduces from 62.26 to 46.69, and the variation rate is 25%. B

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LUO et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE HWPT SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY APPLICATION 3039

TABLE II
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION AND CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

Fig. 14. Experimental prototype of the HWPT system. (a) Scaled-down ex-
perimental prototype of an HWPT system. (b) Coupler of the HWPT system.

system can achieve a unity power factor. The input and output
voltage are both 200 V, and the current RMS of inverter and
Fig. 12. Variations of A and B under misalignment. rectifier are both 3.89 A. Therefore, the simulated output power
can be derived as 700 W, which is consistent with the calculated
result.

IV. EXPERIMENT
With the designed parameter in Table II, a downsized proto-
type of the inductive and capacitive HWPT system is constructed
and shown in Fig. 14. Since the skin deep of copper wire is 66 μm
when the switching frequency is 1 MHz, the 1500-stand AWG 46
Litz wire with 50 μm diameter is used to make IPT coupling coils
and this kind of Litz wire is wounded on the polyvinyl chloride
cube to form the air-core compensation inductor L1 and L2 to
reduce the inductance loss. The compensation capacitors are
formed by high-frequency and high-power thin-film capacitors
Fig. 13. Simulated input and output waveforms.
from KEMET. The dissipation factor is nearly 0.2% at 1 MHz,
which can be used to estimate the power loss of the compensation
capacitor, and the digital controller TMS28335 is used to set
decrease from 16.04 to 4.84 and the variation rate is 69.8%. How- the switching frequency. Since the high frequency working
ever, the value of A-B increases from 46.22 to 49.58 and then property, wide bandgap devices silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs
decrease to 41.85 when misalignment ranges from 0–270 mm. C2M0080120D from CREE are used to construct the inverter on
The maximum rate is about 9.5%. Therefore, the inductive the transmitter side, and the on-state resistance is 128 mΩ. The
and capacitive HWPT system achieves high antimisalignment SiC diodes from Global Power are adopted to make the rectifier
performance. in the receiver side, and the forward voltage drop of the rectifier
MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate the system working diode is 2 V.
performance with the designed HWPT system parameters in
Table II. And the input and output waveforms of simulated
A. Well-Aligned Experiment Results
results are shown in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13 shows that the input and output voltage is in phase When the transmitter and receiver are well aligned, the ex-
with the currents, respectively. Therefore, the proposed HWPT perimental results are shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 15(a) indicates that

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3040 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2020

Fig. 16. Estimated power loss in each component.

Fig. 15. Experimental results. (a) Waveforms of input and output. (b) Mea-
sured output power and efficiency.

VIN and I1 are almost in phase with each other, which consists
of the simulation results in Fig. 13. Fig. 15(a) also shows that
the input voltage VIN leads the output voltage VO nearly by 90°,
which also matches the analysis in (8).
With the power analyzer HIOKI PW6001, the voltages, cur-
rents, input–output power and dc–dc efficiency at the designed Fig. 17. Measured output power and efficiency under misalignment.
transfer power are all measured and shown in Fig. 15(b). The
results show that the experimental system can achieve 653 W
output power and 745 W input power with nearly 200 V input Fig. 17 shows the measured and theoretical output power of
voltage and 200 V output voltage. The dc–dc efficiency is the HWPT system against the coupler misalignment with a range
87.70% in the nominal condition. of 0–270 mm. The variation trend of output power in the exper-
The contribution of the experimental system power loss is imental system is similar to the calculated results. Experiment
estimated at the nominal working point with the method in [27]. results show that the output power decreases from 653 to 598 W
Since the system can achieve a unity power factor, the power and then increases to 707 W when the misalignment ranges from
loss of inverter can be calculated by the on-state resistance. The 0 to 270 mm, which is nearly halfwidth of the coupler. The
power dismissed on the rectifier can be estimated by the forward maximum variation of output power is 8.3% in our designed
voltage. The power loss in compensation capacitor, inductor, system. There is a little deviation between the calculation and
and transfer coils can be derived from their inner resistances, experiment results. The main reason is the component parasitic
which can be got from the datasheet and measurement and resistance and tolerance.
the remaining losses can be assumed in the coupling plates. When the misalignment is 270 mm, the input and output
The estimated results are shown in Fig. 16. Nearly 22% of the waveforms are shown in Fig. 18(a), there is no noticeable change
power loss is consumed in the inductor on the transmitter side. compared with Fig. 17(a). Since the system resonance condition
Therefore, it is meaningful to optimize the system parameter to does not change in this experiment, system efficiency can be kept
improve system efficiency in the future. which is 88.29% shown in Fig. 18(b).

C. Comparison With Single IPT and CPT System

B. Misalignment Experiment Results The antimisalignment performance of the HWPT system is
The misalignment experiment is also conducted to test the also compared with the single IPT and CPT-coupled system.
antimisalignment performance of the proposed HWPT system. When IPT works only, LP and LS are used to transfer power,
The measured experimental results are shown in Fig. 17. and mental plates P2 –P3 are all separated. The transfer power

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LUO et al.: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE HWPT SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY APPLICATION 3041

Fig. 19 Experimental results of normalized power in the HWPT system and

single coupled system.

system. Therefore, the proposed HWPT system contributes to

improving antimisalignment performance.

V. CONCLUSION
An inductive and capacitive HWPT system is proposed in this
Fig. 18. Measured waveforms and system parameters when misalignment is article. The coupler of IPT and CPT channel can be adopted to
270 mm. (a) Waveforms of input and output. (b) Measured output power and
efficiency. compensate each other. The interaction of two transfer channels
of the proposed HWPT system ensures the output power ap-
proximately constant in the case of the coupler misalignment.
can be derived as
With the superposition theory, the proposed system is analyzed
UIN UO in detail. Then, a scaled system is designed. To verify the
PIPT = . (11)
ωM performance of the proposed HWPT system, an experiment is
When CPT works only, transfer coils are removed, and only set up. Experiment results show that the proposed HWPT system
CPT coupler is used, and the output power is shown as can achieve 653 W output power with 87.7% dc–dc efficiency
at the well-aligned condition. When the coupler misalignment
ω(C1 C2 + C1 CM + C2 CM ) is 0–270 mm, the variation of the experimental system is only
PCPT = UIN UO . (12)
CM 8.3%, the variation trend of the measured result agrees well with
Since C1  CM and C2  CM , (12) can be further simpli- the analysis. At the same misalignment condition, only IPT and
fied as CPT coupled systems are also tested, and experimental results
show that the maximum variation of the output power of the
C1 C2
PCPT ≈ ω UIN UO . (13) single-coupled IPT or CPT is 232% and 33%, separately. There-
CM fore, the proposed HWPT system owes high antimisalignment
Therefore, the output power of a single IPT or CPT system performance. In the future, the HWPT system parameters will
will both decrease because of the decline of M and CM when be optimized to improve system efficiency.
misalignment happens.
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capacitive wireless power transfer technology,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 11, 2015. She is currently working toward the Ph.D. de-
2017, Art. no. 1752. gree at Southwest Jiaotong University, all in electrical
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fer systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 4980–4991, Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in 2004 and
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system for electric vehicle charging applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University. His re-
Electron., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 964–969, Feb. 2018. search interests include wireless power transfer and
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hybrid inductive and capacitive wireless power transfer system,” in Proc. from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in
IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2019, pp. 3107–3110. 1992 and 1995, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
[26] S. Li, Z. Liu, L. Zhu, C. Shuai, and Z. Chen, “Wireless power transfer in electrical engineering from the School of Elec-
by electric field resonance and its application in dynamic charging,” IEEE trical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University,
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loosely-coupled wireless power transfer system without magnetic mate- neering, Southwest Jiaotong University. His research
rial,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo., 2015, pp. 1–5. interests include signal process and information the-
ory applied to electrical power system and application
of wavelet transforms in power system.

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