Computer Graphics

PRACTICAL FILE OF
ENGINEERING COMPUTER
GRAPHICS LABORATORY

Submitted By: Submitted To:

 Computer Graphics

INTRODUCTION OF CAD

Introduction of the CAD software and its utilities in the engineering software

Introduction of the CAD software

CAD (computer aided design and drafting) generally, is the use of computers in design and
drawing processes.Traditionally,technical drawing are made using manual drafting it is often
require a lot of effort and time consuming particular for large complex drawing. Learning to
use a CAD system is similar to learning a new language like c++, java and oracle. It is
necessary to begin with the basic alphabet and learn how to use it correctly and effectively
through practice. This will require learning some new concepts, ideas and skills as well as
learning a different vocabulary. All CAD system creates design using basic geometries
entities.
In order to become effective in using a CAD system, we must learn to create
geometric entities quickly and accurately. In learning to use a CAD system, lines and circles
are the most important two, geometric entities that one should master the skills of creating
and modifying .Straight lines and circles are used in almost all technical design .In examining
the different types of planar geometric entities, the importance of lines and circles become
obvious. Triangles and polygons are figures bounded by straight lines. Ellipses and splines
can be constructed by connecting arcs with different radii. As one gains some experience in
creating lines and circles, similar procedures can be applied to create other geometric
entities.

Types of CAD software:

There is the following CAD software available in market and used by industries.

1. AutoCAD-2000 to AutoCAD-2011.
2. INVENTOR.
3. PRO/engineers.
4. CATIA
5. SOLID WORKS
6. IDEAS
7. UNI GRAPHI

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8. ANALYSIS

Advantages of CAD software:

1. It is fast and convenient method.

2. Drawings can be stored in database.
3. Drawing can be transfer easily through internet.
4. Changes in drawing can be done easily and quickly.
5. Neat and clean drawings of good quality can be prepared.
6. Accuracy can be maintained.
7. Analysis of the design by user before manufacturing.

Features of CAD software:

1. It provides 2D and 3D modeling.

2. It is easy for the user to learn and use.
3. CAD system is flexible while configuring the available hardware.
4. Standard input and output devices are attached to standard connectors thereby
making the system modular in nature.
5. Little maintenance is needed to keep the system functional.

Application of CAD

1. Mechanical engineering:
 Drafting of machines elements,
 design of machine element,
 CNC machines elements,
 Robotics

2. AUTOMATIVE:
 Hydraulics,
 Steering system,
 Design of automobile body.

3. Electrical
 Circuit layout.

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 Control system.
 Panel design.

4. Electronics:
 Diagrams of pc’s and Ic’s

5. Communication:
 Communication network,
 Satellite picture transmitting

6. Civil:
 Mapping.
 Building system.

7. Architectural:
 Town planning.
 Interior decoration.

8. Aerospace:
 Design of spacecraft.
 Flight simulator.

AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting software program used for creating blueprints for
buildings, bridges and computer chips. AutoCAD is used mainly by drafters, although
engineers, surveyors and architects may need to use the software from time to time.

AutoCAD is a 2-D and 3-D computer-aided drafting software application used in

architecture, construction and manufacturing to assist in the preparation of blueprints and
other engineering plans. Professionals who use AutoCAD are often referred to as drafters.
While drafters work in a number of specialties, the six most common specialization areas
are mechanical drafting, architectural drafting, civil drafting, electrical drafting, electronics
drafting and aeronautical drafting.

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Design
File formats and versions
The native file format of AutoCAD is .dwg. This and, to a lesser extent, its interchange file format DXF, have
become de facto, if proprietary, standards for CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing
exchange. AutoCAD has included support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk, for
publishing CAD data.

Extensions
AutoCAD supports a number of APIs for customization and automation. These include AutoLISP, Visual
LISP, VBA, .NET and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also the base for:

 a) products extending AutoCAD functionality to specific fields;

 b) creating products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil 3D
 c) third-party AutoCAD-based application.

There are a large number of AutoCAD plugins (add-on applications) available on the application store
Autodesk Exchange Apps. AutoCAD's DXF, drawing exchange file, allows importing and exporting
drawing information

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TOOLBAR IN AUTOCAD
STATUS BAR

DRAWING TOOLBAR

Modify Toolbar
LAYER TOOLBAR

First, let's explain the element. A toolbar is a a set of commands or "tools" that have been associated
with icons, or pictures, that you can click on to activate that command. These icons, or pictures, are
called toolbar buttons. If you are unsure of what is picture is, or what a certain button does, you can
move your mouse cursor over it and wait a couple seconds. A Quick Tip Tab will appear telling you
what command, or "tool", is associated with it.

The Toolbar command opens a dialog box with a list of available toolbars. You will see a list
containing a box, with or without an X in it, to the left and a name to the right. The name is
the name given to that particular toolbar. The name should, "should" being the keyword
here, give you some idea what the associted tools do. For Example: With the standard
toolbar titled "Draw" you could reasonably expect tools to draw lines, arc, circles, etc.
However, since toolbars can be named ANYTHING, you may very well see a toolbar
named X. What does it do? Your guess is as good as mine. Maybe it draws Xs? Maybe it
marks where the gold is buied? Who knows?

In the Toolbar dialog the X in the box to the left signfies that the toolbar is "on". If a toolbar
is on it is being displayed on the screen for your use. If it is off, i.e. no X in the box, it is being
hidden so that it is out of your way. You may turn on/off as may toolbar as you like.
Personally I turn off all but the _Object Properties toolbar. The reason I leave this one is it
displays the current layer, color, line type & line weight.

STATUS BAR

Location: Below the Command Line.

Displays your current settings. These settings can be turned on and off by clickingon the
word (Snap, Grid, Ortho, etc.) or by pressing the function keys, F1, F2, etc. See button
descriptions below.

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[SNAP] (F9)

Increment Snap controls the movement of the cursor. If it is off, the cursor will move
smoothly. If it is ON, the cursor will jump in an incremental movement. The increment
spacing can be changed at any time using Tools / Drafting Settings / Snap and Grid. The
default spacing is .250.

[GRID] (F7)

The grid (dots) is merely a visual "drawing aid". The default spacing is 1 unit. You may
change the grid spacing at any time using: Tools / Drafting Settings / Snap and Grid.

[ORTHO] (F8)

When Ortho is ON, cursor movement is restricted to horizontal or vertical. When Ortho is
OFF, the cursor moves freely.

[POLAR] (F10)

POLAR TRACKING creates “Alignment Paths” at specified angles.

[OSNAP] (F3)

RUNNING OBJECT SNAP .Specific Object Snaps can be set to stay active until you turn them
off.

[OTRACK] (F11)

OBJECT SNAP TRACKING, Creates “Alignment Paths” at precise positions using object snap
locations.

DRAWING TOOLBAR
LINE COMMAND

Concepts of line command- In simple lines with connected segments: each segment is a
separate line object. With LINE, you can create a series of contiguous line segments.

Each single line segment can be edited separately from the other line segments in a series.
you can close a sequence of line segments so that the first and last segments are joined.
You can assign properties to lines including color, line type, and line width.
For more information about properties, see Control the properties of objects
You specify the location that defines the endpoints of each line with precision. You can

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 Enter the coordinate values for an endpoint ,using either absolute or relative
coordinates
 Specify an object snap relative to an existing object .For example, specify the radius
of a circle as one endpoint of the line
 Turn grid snap on and to a location
There are other methods for creating precise lines. A highly efficient technique is to offset a
line from an existing line, and then trim or extend it to the desired length.
Use plotlines objects instead of line object if u wants the segments to be connected as a
single object.
Procedure to draw lines
1. Click draw menu << Line.
2. Specify the start point.
You can use the pointing device or enter coordinate values of the command
line
3. Complete the first line segment by specifying the end point.
To undo the previous line segment during the LINE command, enter u or click undo
on the toolbar.
4. Specify the endpoints of any additional line segments.
5. Press enter to end or c to close a series of line segments.
To start a new line at the endpoint of the last line drawn, start the line command
again and press ENTER at Specify Start Point Prompt.

Commands-line:
Creates straight line segments
Draw toolbar:
Draw menu: Line
Command entry: Line
Specify first point: Specify a point or press ENTER to continue from the last drawn line or
arc Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:
Continues a line from the endpoint of the most recently drawn line.

Before pressing ENTER after pressing ENTER

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If the most recently drawn lines in the arc, its end point defines the starting point of the line,
and the line drawn tangent to the arc.

Before pressing ENTER after pressing ENTER

End the last line segment at the beginning of the first line segment which forms a closed
loop of the line segments .You can use close after you have drawn a series of two or more
segments.

Before entering after entering

Erase the most recent segment of a line sequence.

Before entering after entering

Entering umore than once backtracks through line segments in the order you credited them.

Polyline Select objects to join to source: Select one or more objects and press ENTER
The objects can be lines, polylines, or arcs. The objects cannot have gaps between them,
and must lie on the same plane parallal to the UCS XY plane.

LINE POLYLINE
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POLYGON COMMAND

Concepts of polygon command.

You can create rectangle and regular polygons quickly. Creating polygons is a simple way to
draw equilateral triangles, square, pentagons, hexagons, and so on.

Two commands, RECTANG and POLYGON, provide an efficient method to create rectangles
and regular polygons such as equilateral triangle, squares, pentagons, hexagons and so on. If
necessary, you can use EXPLODE to convert the resulting polyline object into lines.

Draw regular polygons

Use polygon to create closed polylines with between 3 and 1,024 equal-length sides. The
following illustration show polygons creating using three methods. In each case, two points
are specified.

Inscribed circumscribed

PROCEDURE: To draw a circumscribed polygon

1. Click Draw menu >>Polygon.
2. On the command line, enter the number of sides.
3. Specify the center of the polygon (1).
4. Enter c to specify a polygon circumscribed about a circle.
5. Enter the radius length (2).

To draw a polygon by specifying one edge

1. Click draw menu >> polygon.
2. On the command line, enter the number of sides.
3. Enter (Edge)
4. Specify the start point for one polygon segment.

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5. Specify the end point of the polygon segment

TO draw an inscribed polygon
1. Click draw menu >> polygon
2. On the command line enter the numbers of sides.
3. Specify the center of the polygon.
4. Enter I to specify a polygon inscribed within a circle of specified points.
5. Enter the radius length.

Draw Rectangles
Use RECTANG to create closedpolylines in a rectangular shape .You can specify the length,
width, area, and rotation parameters. You can also control the type of corner on the
rectangle –fillet, chamfer, or square.
RECTANGLE COMMAND

To draw a rectangle
1. Click draw menu >>rectangle.
2. Specify the first corner of the rectangle.
3. Specify the other corner of the rectangle.
ARC COMMAND
Procedures:
To draw an arcusing a start point, a center point and an end point
1. Click draw menu >> arc >> start, center, end.
2. Specify a start point.
3. Specify the center point
4. Specify the end point.
To draw an arc by specifying three points
1. Click draw menu >>Arc >>3 points.
2. Specify the start points.
3. Specify a point on the arc.
1. Specify the end point.
To continue an arc with a tangential line
1. Complete the arc.
2. Click Draw menu >> Line
3. Press ENTER at the first prompt.
4. Enter the length of the line and press ENTER. ARC

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To continue an arc with a tangential arc

1. Complete the arc.
2. Click Draw menu >> Arc >> Continue.
3. Specify the second endpoint of the tangent arc.

CIRCLE COMMAND
CONCEPTS OF CIRCLE COMMAND
You can create circles in several ways. The default method is to specify the center and the
radius .Three other ways to draw a circle are shown in the illustration.

Draw a Circle Tangent to other objects

The tangent is a point where an object touches another objects without intersecting it .To
create a circle that is tangent to other objects, select the objects and then specify the radius
of the circle. In the illustration below, the bold circles is the one being drawn, and points 1
and 2 select the objects to which it is tangent.
To create a circle tangent at three points, set running object snaps (OSNAP) to Tangent and
use the three- point’s method to create the circle.

PROCEDURES

To draw a circle by specifying a center point and radius or diameter

1. Click Draw menu >> Circle >> Center , Radius (or Center, Diameter )
2. Specify the center point.
3. Specify the radius or diameter.

To create a circle tangent to two objects

1. Click Draw menu >>circle >>Tan, Tan, Radius.
The command starts tangent object snap mode.
2. Select the first object to draw the circle tangent to.
3. Select the second object to draw the circle tangent to.
4. Specify the radius of the circle.

COMMANDS: To Creates a circle

Draw menu: Circle

Command entry: Circle

Specify center point for circle or [ 3P (Three Points)/2P(TwoPoints)/ Ttr (tan tan radius )]:
Specify a point or enter an option

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Draw a circle based on a center point and a diameter or a radius.

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Specify a point, enter a value, enter d, or press ENTER
Radius
Defines the radius of the circle. Enter a value, or specify a point (2). The distance between
this point and the center point determines the radius of the circle.

Diameter

Draws a circle using the center point and a specified distance for the diameter.
Specify diameter of the circle <current>: specify a point (2), enter a value, or press ENTER

Three points circle

Specify first point on circle: Specify a point (1)
Specify second points on circle: Specify a point (2)
Specify third point on circle: Specify a point (3)

Two points circle

Specify first endpoint of circle’s diameter: Specify a point (1)
Specify second endpoint of circle’s diameter: Specify a point (2)

Tan tan radius

Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line
Specify radius of circle<current >:

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Sometimes more than one circle matches the specified criteria. The program draws the
circle of specified radius whose tangent points are closest to the selected points.

Spline
Select spline or helixes to join 2 sources. Select one or more splines and press ENTER

SPLINE
Ellipse

Ellipse can be drawn by using ELLIPSE command

(Using First axis end points and other axis distance)

(60,20) (35,35)

Point (10,20),(60,20) and minor (10,20)

Axis end point (35,35).

PROCEDURE

Command : ELLIPSE

<Axis end point 1>/Center:10,20

Axis end point 2:60,20

<Other axis distance>/Rotation:35,35

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Drawing Entity- Arc

Arc can be drawn by using ARC command

(Using three given points : )

HATCH
With the help of hatching command it become very easy to understand the drawing.

To use this command first we click on the draw option in the scroll bar then click on hatch then
the menu of the hatch command is opened which is shown as below.

Hatching line is drawn at the section ,i.e. the portion which is cut by the section plane. Hatching
line are thin continuous lines drawn inclined at 45o to the main outline of the section.

They should be spaced uniformly throught a drawing. First of all point are selected on which
hatching is to be done and then type of swatch isselected angle and scale are defined and OK is
pressed.

Various types of swatches are given below.

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Modify Toolbar

Erase

You can erase any line by using the ERASE command . There are two ways to erase lines : select
individual lines or window a group of lines the erase tool is located on the modify toolbar .

To Erase individual lines

Select the area tool on the modify toolbar.

The following prompt appears in the command :line box

Command : ERASE

Select the erase tool on the modify toolbar.

The following prompt appears in the command : line box

Command : ERASE

Select object : the cursor is replaced by rectangular cursor. This is the select cursor any time
you see this cursor . AutoCAD experts you to select entity in this example

Object Erased Object

Copy

The copy command is used to make an exact copy of an exiting line or object . The copy can also
use to create more than one copy without reactivating the command.

MIRROR COMMAND

CONCEPTS OF MIRROR COMMAND

You can flip objects about a specified axis to create a symmetrical mirror image.

Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects because you can quickly draw half the
object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire objects.
You flip objects about an axis called a mirror line to create a mirror image. To specify this
Temporary mirror line, you enter two points. You can choose whether to erase or retain the
original objects.

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Object selected with window result with original object retained

By default, when you mirror text, attributes, and attributes definitions they are not reversed
or turned upside down in the mirror image. The text has the same alignment and
justification as before the object was mirrored. If you do want text to be reversed, set the
MIRRTEXT system variable to 1.

MIRRTEXT affects text that is created with the TEXT, ATTDEF, or MTEXT commands;
attribute definitions; and variable attributes. Text and constant attributes that are a part of
an inserted block are reversed when the block is mirrored regardless of the MIRRTEXT
setting.
PROCEDURE
To mirror objects
1. Click Modify menu >> Mirror.
2. Select the object to mirror.
3. Specify the first point of the mirror line.
4. Specify the second point.
5. Press ENTER to retain the original objects ,or enter y to erase them
To mirror objects in 3D
1. Click modify menu >> 3D operations >> Mirror 3D.
2. Select the object to mirror.
3. Specify three points to define a mirroring plane.
4. Press ENTER to retain the original objects, or enter y to delete them.

OFFSET COMMAND

CONCEPTS OF OFFSET COMMAND

OFFSET creates a new object whose shape parallels the shape of a selected object.
Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which side
you specify for the offset

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Polyline polyline with offset

A highly effective drawing technique is to offset objects and then trim or extend their ends.

Offset trim & extend offset lines result

You can offset

 Lines
 Arcs
 Circles
 2D polylines
Special Cases for offset polylines and splines
2D polylines and splines are trimmed automatically when the offset distance is larger than
can otherwise be accommodated.

Offset automatic trim

Closed 2D polylines that are offset to create larger polylines result in potential gaps between
segments. The OFFSETGAPTYPE system variable controls how these potential gaps are
closed

Offset Gap type =0 Offset Gap type =1 Offset Gap type =2

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PROCEDURES
To offset an object by specifying a distance
1. Click Modify menu >> Offset.
2. Specify the offset distance.
You can enter a value or use the pointing device
3. Select the object to offset.
4. Specify a point on the side where you want to place the new objects.
5. Specify another object to offset, or press ENTER to end the command.
To offset an object through a point
1. Click modify menu >> Offset.
2. Enter t (through).
3. Select the object to offset.
4. Specify the through point.
5. Select another object to offset, or press ENTER to end the command.

ARRAY COMMAND
You can create copies of object in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an array.
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between
each for polar arrays, you control the no of copies of the object and whether the copies are
rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.

Create Rectangular Arrays

A rectangular array is built along a baseline defined by the current snap rotation angle. This
angle is zero by default, so the rows and columns of a rectangular array are orthogonal with
respect to the X and Y axes. The default angle 0 direction setting can be changed in UNITS

Object selected angle of rotation

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Create Polar Arrays

When u creates a polar array, the array is drawn counterclockwise or clockwise, depending
on whether you enter a positive or a negative value for the angle to fill.

Before array after array

The radius of the array is determined by the distance from the specified center point to a
reference or a base point on the last selected object. You can use the default reference
point (usually an arbitrary point that coincide with a snap point), or you can specify a new
base point to be used as the reference point.
TRIM COMMAND
You can shorten or lengthen objects to meet the edges of other objects.
This means you can first create an object such as a line and then later adjust it to fix exactly
between other objects.
Objects you select as cutting edges or boundary edges are not required to intersect the
object being trimmed. You can trim or extend a object to a projected edge or to an
extrapolated intersection; that is, where the object would intersect if they were extended.
If u do not specify a boundary and press ENTER at the select objects prompt, all displayed
Objects become potential boundaries.
Note To select cutting edges or boundary edges that include blocks, you can use only single
Selection, Crossing, Fence, and Select All options.

Trim Objects

You can trim objects so that they end precisely at boundary edges defined by other objects.
For example, you can clean up the intersection of two walls smoothly by trimming.

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Before trim after trim

An object can be one of the cutting edges and one of the objects being trimmed. For
example, in the illustrated light fixture, the circle is a cutting edge for the construction lines
and is also being trimmed.
When you trim several objects, the different selection methods can help you choose the
current cutting edges and object to trim. In the following example, the cutting edges are
selected using crossing selection.
You can trim objects to their nearest intersection with other objects. Instead of selecting
cutting edges, you press ENTER. Then, when you select the objects to trim, the nearest
displayed object act as cutting edges. In this example, the walls are trimmed so that they
intersect smoothly.
You can extend objects without leaving the TRIM command. Hold down SHIFT and select the
objects to be extended.

Extend objects
Extending operates the same way as trimming. You can extend objects so they end precisely
at boundary edges defined by other objects. In this example, you extend the lines precisely
to a circle, which is the boundary edge.
You can trim objects without leaving the EXTEND command. Hold down SHIFT and select the
objects to be trimmed.

CHAMFER COMMAND
PROCEDURES
To set chamfer distances
1. Click Modify menu >> Chamfer.
2. Enter d (Distances).
3. Enter the first chamfer distance.
4. Enter the second chamfer distance.
5. Select the lines for chamfering.

To chamfer two nonparallel line segments

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1. Click Modify menu >> Chamfer.

2. Select the first line.
3. Select the second line
To chamfer by specifying chamfer length and angle
1. Click Modify menu >> Chamfer.
2. Enter a (Angle).
3. Enter the distance from the corner to be chamfered along the first line.
4. Enter the chamfer angle.
5. Select the first line. Then select the second line.
To chamfer without trimming
1. Click Modify menu >> Chamfer.
2. Enter t (Trim Control).
3. Enter n (No Trim).
4. Select the objects to chamfer.
FILLET COMMAND
PROCEDURES
To set the fillet radius
1. Click Modify menu >> Fillet.
2. Enter r (Radius).
3. Enter the fillet radius.
4. Select the objects to fillet.

To fillet two line segments

1. Click Modify menu >> Fillet
2. Select the first line.
3. Select the second line.

To fillet without trimming

1. Click Modify menu >> Fillet.
2. If necessary, enter t (Trim). Enter n (No Trim)
3. Select the objects to fillet.
JOIN COMMAND
CONCEPTS OF JOIN COMMAND
You can break an object into two objects with or without a gap between them. You can also
join
objects to make a single object.

Break Objects
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Use BREAK to create a gap in an object, resulting in two objects with a gap between them.
BREAK is often used to create space for block or text.

Before breaking after breaking

To break an object without creating a gap , specify both break points at the same location.
The fastest way to do this is to enter @0,0 at the prompt for the second point.
You can create breaks in most geometric objects except
 Blocks
 Dimensions
 Mines
 Regions

Join Objects
Use JOIN to combine similar objects into a single object. You can also create complete
circles and ellipses from arcs and elliptical arcs. You can join
 Arcs
 Elliptical arcs
 Lines
 Polylines
 Splines
The object to which you want to join similar objects is called a source object. Objects to be
joined must be located in the same plane. Additional restrictions for each type of objects are
described in the JOIN command.
Note When joining two or more arcs (or elliptical arcs), the arcs are joined counterclockwise
beginning from the source object.

PROCEDURES OF JOIN COMMAND

To break an object
1. Click Modify menu >> Break.
2. Select the object to break.
By default, the point at which you select the object is the first break point. To select
a different pair of break points, enter f (First) and specify the first break point.
3. Specify the second break point.
To break an object without creating a gap, enter @0,0 to specify the previous point.

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To join objects
1. Click Modify menu >> Join.
2. Select the source object to which you want to join objects.
3. Select one or more objects to join to the source object.
Valid objects include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, polylines, and splines. Additional
restrictions for each type of objects are described in the JOIN command
DIMENSIONING IN 2D AND 3D COMMANDS

LINEAR DIMENSION

CONCEPTS OF LINEAR DIMENSION

You can create linear dimensions with horizontal, vertical, and aligned dimension lines.
These linear dimensions can also be stacked, or they can be created end to end.

 Overview of Creating Linear Dimensions

 Create Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions

You can create dimensions using only the horizontal or vertical components of the locations
or objects that you specify.

 Create Aligned Dimensions

You can create dimensions that are parallel to the locations or objects that you specify.

 Create Baseline and Continued Dimensions

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions measured from the same baseline.

Continued dimensions are multiple dimensions placed end to end.

 Create Rotated Dimensions

In rotated dimensions, the dimension line is placed at an angle to the extension line origins.

PROCEDURES OF LINEAR DIMENSION

To create a horizontal or vertical dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Linear.

2. Press ENTER to select the object to dimension, or specify the first and second

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extension line origins, Dimension.

3. Before specifying the line location, you can override the dimension direction and
edit the text, the text angle, or the dimension line angle:

 To rotate the extension lines, enter r (Rotated). Then enter the dimension line angle.

 To edit the text, enter m (multiline text). In the In-place Text Editor, revise the text.
Click OK.

Editing within or overwriting the brackets (<>) changes or removes the dimension
value calculated by the program. Adding text before or after the brackets appends
text before or after the dimension value.

 To rotate the text, enter a (Angle). Then enter the text angle.

1. Specify the dimension line location.

To create an aligned dimension

1. Click dimension menu >> Aligned.

2. Press ENTER to select the object to dimension, or specify the first and second
extension line origins.

3. Before specifying the dimension line location, you can edit the text or change the
text angle. Editing within or overwriting the brackets (<>) changes or removes the
dimension value calculated by the program. Adding text before or after the brackets
appends text before or after the dimension value.

 To edit the text using multiline text, enter m (multiline text). In the In-place Text
Editor, revise the text. Click OK.

 To edit the text using single-line text, enter t (Text). Revise the text on the command
line and press ENTER.

 To rotate the text, enter a (Angle). Then enter the text angle.

4. Specify the dimension line location.

To create a baseline linear dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Baseline.

By default, the origin of the last linear dimension created is used as the first

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extension line for the new baseline dimension. You are promted for the second
dimension line.

Use an object snap to select the second extension line origin, or press ENTER to
select any dimension as the base dimension.

The program automatically places the second dimension line at the distance
specified by the Baseline Spacing option in the Dimension Style Manager, Lines
tab.

1. Use an object snap to specify the next extension line origin.

2. Continue to select extension line origins as required.

3. Press ENTER twice to end the command.

To create a continued linear dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Linear.

2. Press ENTER to select the object to dimension or specify the first and second
extension line origins.

3. To rotate the dimension lines, enter r (Rotated). Then enter the dimension line
angle.

4. Specify the dimension line location.

To make extension lines oblique

1. Click Dimension menu >> Oblique.

2. Select the dimension.

3. Enter a value for the angle of obliqueness, or specify two points.

ANGULAR DIMENSION.

CONCEPTS OF ANGULAR DIMENSION.

Angular dimensions measure the angle between two lines or three points. To measure the
angle between two radii of a circle, you select the circle and specify the angle endpoints.
With other objects, you select the objects and then specify the dimension location. You can
also dimension an angle vertex and endpoints. As you create the dimension, you can
modify the text content and alignment before specifying the dimension line location.

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Note: You can create baseline and continued angular dimensions. Baseline and continued
angular dimensions are limited to 180 degrees or less. To obtain baseline and continued
angular dimensions larger than 180 degrees, use grip editing to stretch the location of the
extension line of an existing baseline or continued dimension.

Dimension Lines

If you use two straight, nonparallel lines to specify an angle, the dimension line arc spans
the angle between the two lines. If the dimension line arc does not meet one or both of the
lines being dimensioned,. The program draws one or two extension lines to intersect the
dimension line arc. The arc is always less than 180 degrees.

Dimension Circles and Arcs

If you use an arc or a circle or three points to specify an angle, the program draws the
dimension line arc between the extension lines. The extension lines are drawn from the
angle endpoints to the intersection of the dimension line arc.

Circle line

The location that you specify for the dimension line arc determines the quadrant of the
dimensioned angle.

PROCEDURES OF ANGULAR DIMENSION.

To create an angular dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Angular.

2. Use one of the following methods:

 To dimension a circle, select the circle at the first endpoint of the angle and then
specify the second endpoint of the angle.

 To dimension any other object, select the first line, and then select the select the
second line.

3. Enter options as needed:

 To edit the dimension text content, enter t (Text) or m (multiline text). Editing within
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or overwriting the brackets (<>) changes or removes the calculated dimension value.
Adding text before or after the brackets appends text before or after the dimension
value.

 To edit the dimension text angle, enter a (Angle).

4. Specify the dimension line arc location.

DIMENSION-ARC LENGTH

CONCEPTS

Arc length dimensions measure the distance along an arc or polyline segment.

Typical uses of arc length dimensions include measuring the travel distance around a cam
or indicating the length of a cable. To differentiate them from linear or angular dimensions,
arc length dimensions display an arc symbol by default.

The arc symbol, also called a hat or cap, is displayed either above the dimension text. You
can specify the placement style using the Dimension Style Manager. The placement style
can be changed on the Symbols and Arrows tab of either the New Dimension Style dialog
box or the Modify Dimension Style box. The extension lines of an arc length dimension can
be orthogonal or radial.

Note: Orthogonal extension lines are displayed only when the included angle of the arc is
less than 90 degrees.

PROCEDURES

To create an arc length dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Arc Length.

2. Select an arc or polyline arc segment.

3. Specify the dimension line location.

DIMENSION - DIAMETER.

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CONCEPTS

Radial dimensions measure the radii and diameter of arc and circles with optional
centerlines or a center mark.

There are two types of radial dimensions:

 DIMRADIUS measure the radius of an arc or circle , and displays the dimension text
with the letter R in front of it.

 DIMDIAMETER measures the diameter of an arc or circle, and displays the dimension
text with the diameter symbol in front of it.

For horizontal dimension text, if the angle of radial dimension line is greater than 15
degrees from horizontal, a hook line, also called a dogleg or landing, one arrowhead long, is
created next to the dimension text.

Control Centerlines and Center Marks

Depending on your dimension style settings, center marks and lines generate automatically
for diameter and radius dimensions. They are created only if the dimension line is placed
outside the circle or arc. You can create centerlines and center marks directly with the
DIACENTER command.

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You can control the size and visibility of centerlines and center marks on the Modify
Dimension Style dialog box, Symbols and Arrow tab, under Center Marks. You can also
access this setting with the DIMCEN system variable.

The size of the centerline is the length of the center line segment that extends outside the
circle or arc. It is also the size of the gap between the center mark and the start of the
centerline.

The size of the center mark is the distance from the center of the circle or arc to the end of
the center mark.

Create Jogged Radius Dimensions

With DIMJOGGED, you can create jogged radius dimensions, also called "foreshortened
radius dimensions," when the center of an arc or circle is located off the layout and cannot
be displayed in its true location. The origin point of the dimension can be specified at a
more convenient location called the center location override.

You can control the default angle of the jog in the Modify Dimension Style dialog box,
Symbols and Arrow tab, under Radius Dimension Jog.

Once a jogged radius dimension is created, you can modify the jog and the center location
override by

 Using grips to move the features

 Changing the locations of the features with the Properties palette

 Using STRETCH

Note: Jogged radius dimensions can be viewed but not edited in versions previous to
AutoCAD 2006. Also, if you make dramatic changes to the associated geometry, you may
get unpredictable results for the jogged radius dimension.

PROCEDURE

To create a diameter dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Diameter.

2. Select the arc or circle to dimension.

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3. Enter options as needed:

 To edit the dimension text content, enter t (Text) or m (multiline text). Editing within
or overwriting the brackets (<>) changes or removes the dimension value. Adding
text before or after the brackets appends text before or after the dimension value.

 To change the dimension text angle, enter a (Angle).

4. Specify the leader line location.

To create a radius dimension

1. Click Dimension menu >> Radius.

2. Select the arc, circle, or polyline arc segment.

3. Enter options as needed:

 To edit the dimension text content, enter t (Text) or m (multiline text). Editing within
or overwriting the brackets (<>) changes or removes the dimension value. Adding
text before or after the brackets appends text before or after the dimension value.

 To change the dimension text angle, enter a (Angle).

4. Specify the leader line location.

DIMENSIONING STYLE

PROCEDURE
1. Select Dimensioning click on style.
2. Select option to be needed:
3. To edit the style or size shape or style click on known function modify. Set
Current,New…,Modify,Override…,Compare…
4. Click on modify to chamge current setting.
5. Set the size of the arrow text or what you want to change.

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DIMENSION TEXT
Dimension text is a text string that reflects the actual measurement between selected points as
calculated by AutoCAD.

ARROWS
An arrow is a symbol used at the end of the dimension line. Arrows are also called terminator
because they signify the end of the dimension line.

EXTENSION LINE
Extension lines are drawn from the object measured to the dimension line. These lines are also
called witness line.

LEADER
A leader is a line that stretches from the dimension text to the object being dimensioned. Some
times the text for dimensioning and other annotations do not adjust properly near the object. In
such cases use a leader and place the text at the end of leader line.

CENTER MARK and CENTER LINES

The centre mark is defined as a cross mark that identifies the centre point of the circle or an arc.
Centre lines are mutually perpendicular lines passing through the centre of the circle/arc.

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LAYER TOOLBAR
LAYERS
A LAYER is like a transparency. Have you ever used an overhead light projector?
Remember those transparencies that are laid on top of the light projector? You couldstack
multiple sheets but the projected image would have the appearance of onedocument.
Layers are basically the same. Multiple layers can be used within onedrawing.

The example, on the right, shows 3 layers.

One for annotations (text),
one for dimensions and one for objects.
It is good “drawing management” to draw related objects on the same layer. Forexample, in
an architectural drawing, you could have the walls of a floor plan on onelayer and the
Electrical and Plumbing on two other layers. These layers can then be thawed (ON) or frozen
(OFF) independently. If a layer is frozen, it is not visible. When you Thaw the layer it
becomes visible again. This will allow you to view or makeplots with specific layers visible or
invisible.

SELECTING A LAYER - Method 1.(Method 2 on next page)

1. Display the LAYER CONTROL DROP-DOWN LIST below by clicking on thedown arrow.
2. Click on the LAYER NAME you wish to select. The Layer selected will becomethe CURRENT
layer and the drop-down list will disappear.

SELECTING A LAYER - Method 2.

1. Select the Layer command using one of the following:

TYPE = LA <enter>
PULLDOWN = FORMAT / LAYER

TOOLBAR = OBJECT PROPERTIES

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2. The “Layer Properties Manager” dialog box, shown below, will appear.
3. First select a layer by Clicking on its name.
4. Select the CURRENT button. (The green check mark)
5. Then select the OK button

The layer you have just selected is now the CURRENT layer. This means that the nextobject
drawn will reside on this layer and will have the same color, linetype and lineweight. These
are called Properties.
How to delete a layer: Select the layer name then select the “Delete Layer” button.You
can’t delete the “current” layer or a layer in use.

CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
STUDY AND IMPLEMENTING OF CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS AND UCS.
OBJECTIVE: An awareness about the different coordinate system.

THEORY:There are four different types of coordinate systems used in AutoCAD to locate the
point on screen. In AutoCAD considering the screen as XY plane does 2D drafting. X-value is
considered horizontally and Y-value is taken vertically. By default, the lower left corner is

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considered as origin (0, 0). AutoCAD uses the following coordinate systems:

a. Absolute coordinate system

b. Relative coordinate system

c. Polar coordinate system

d. Direct Distant Entry system

(a) Absolute coordinate system: (X, Y)

In this method, the points are locate to draw with respect to the origin (0,0). To mark a
point values is given in pairs for X-coordinate value followed by Y-coordinate.

Example:

Draw a line from point (5, 5) to Pt (10, 10)

Command: - Line

From Pt: - 5, 5

To Pt: - 10, 10

(b) Relative Co-ordinates:(@ X-distance-distance)

In this method, the points are located to draw a line with reference to the previous point.

Example:

Draw a line from Pt (2,2) to Pt 5 units in X-axis and 8 units in Y-axis relative to first
coordinate.

Command: Line

From Pt: 2, 2

To Pt: @ 5, 8

Draw the fig. with help of relative method

Specify First point: 20, 20

Specify next point: @ 60, 0

Specify next point: @ 0, 30

Specify next point: @ -40, 0

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Specify next point: @ 0, 20

Specify next point: @ -20, 0

Specify next point: @ 0,-50

(c) Polar Coordinates: (@ distance<angle)

The points are located to draw a line by defining the distance of the point from the current
position and the angle made to that line.

Specify First point: (20, 20)

Specify next point: @ 60<0

Specify next point: @ 30<90

Specify next point: @ 40<180

Specify next point: @ 20<90

Specify next point: @ 20<180

Specify next point: @ 50<270

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Practics Exercise of Line command 1

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Practics Exercise of Circle command 2

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Practics Exercise of Array command 3

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Practics Exercise of Trim and Hatch command 4

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Practics Exercise of EXTRUDE command 5

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Practics Exercise of Solid Subtraction command 6

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Practics Exercise of UCS command 7

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Practics Exercise of Revolve command 8

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