Chapter 02

Principles of Communication
Single Side Band and Vestigial Side Band

Dr. A. Ananth
ananth@iiitkottayam.ac.in
Single Side Band –Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
• DSB-FC  B.W  2W, Power Efficiency  33.33% (µ =1)
• DSB-SC  B.W  2W, Power Efficiency  100%
• Both DSB-FC and DSB-SC consumes more bandwidth  double side bands
• Is it possible to send and receive message signal with single band?
• Can we conserve bandwidth?

Generation of SSB-SC
• Generate a DSB-SC signal
• Pass through BPF with frequency range between fc and fc + w or fc and fc - w
• fc and fc + w  USB
• fc and fc - w  LSB
• Practically, ideal filters are difficult to implement

• Voice signal close to zero frequency has low energy
• Ideal SSB filter can extract the single side band of the modulated signal
Conditions of the filter
• The desired side band should lie within the passband region of the filter
• The unwanted side band should lie outside the passband or should lie in the
stopband region of the filter
• The transition band (region between two passband) for the SSB filter is twice
the lowest frequency (2 fa)
• Coherent detection can be done to retrieve message signal

• Hilbert transform can be used to realize SSB-SC
• The synchronization of the carrier signal phase and frequency can be

maintained by
Low power pilot carrier signal in addition to the selected side band
High stable oscillator at the transmitter and receiver for carrier signal
generation
• High stable oscillator may introduce small phase error causing phase
distortion (Donald duck voice effect)
Generation of SSB-SC
• BPF filter method  Frequency Discrimination
• Using Hilbert transform or phase shift method  Phase discrimination

Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
• Single side band is not suited for message signal with significant low
frequency component
• Vestigial side band modulation is an alternative for SSB-SC
• Signals with significant energy at low frequency or no energy gap at the

origin
• VSB  all of the one sideband and part of the other sideband are
transmitted
• In VSB, non-zero transition band is allowed
• What is the condition imposed on the filter to recover the message signal
back?
VSB Transmitter
• Product modulator
• Band pass filter
• The Fourier transform for output signal is
• U(f)  Fourier transform of u(t)
• M(f)  Fourier transform of m(t)

• Our interest is to find how should be the H(f) such that the message signal
will be recovered back from the modulated signal
• Coherent detector with synchronous carrier signal
• The output of product modulator at the receiver is

• Frequency domain of v(t) is
• Using S(f) in V(f) give

• Passing through a LPF gives the frequency components
• To get the message signal back, Vo(f) should be a scaled version of M(f), to
have this the filter frequency should be
• H(fc)  the value of H(f) at f = fc

• When the below condition is satisfied at the coherent detection
• The output of the coherent detector will be
• The total bandwidth of VSB modulated signal is

B.W = W + fv
W  Message signal bandwidth
fv  vestigial band bandwidth
Frequency Translation
• Operation performed in DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB-SC modulation Frequency
translation, frequency changing, mixing, heterodyning
• Frequency translation  translating the frequency of the signal to a different

required frequency
• Message signal modulated by a carrier signal f1 will have spectrum centered at
f1 frequency
• Now the task is to shift the modulated signal frequency from f1 to new
frequency f2
• The frequency translation can be done using mixer

• Mixer  Product modulator and BPF
• BPF  bandwidth as that of the modulated signal s1(t)
• What should be the frequency of LO connected to the mixer to get the desired
frequency?
• Let the LO frequency be fl
• After mixer, the signal will have new frequency range centered at fl+f1 = f2
• New frequency be
• The required LO frequency should be
• f2 > f1  The new frequency is larger than the old frequency is translated
upward
• f2 < f1  The new frequency is less than the old frequency is translated
downward
Why BPF at the mixer?
• The product modulator produces two frequency terms
• The BPF rejects the unwanted frequency and holds only the desired frequency
• Mixing is a linear operation and holds the modulated signal properly

Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Multiplexing  an important signal processing
• Independent signals combined and transmitted over a common channel
• Voice signals  300 Hz to 3100 Hz
• To send voice signals obtained from different sources through a common

channel
• To keep the signals apart or without mixing/ interfering and to retrieve/

separate signals at the receiver
• The signals can be separated in time or frequency

• Separation of signals in frequency  Frequency division multiplexing
• Separation of signals in time  Time division multiplexing
• LPF  to limit the signals with low frequency components and to remove
unwanted high frequency signal that may interfere with other signal
• For modulation, any one of the modulation techniques can be used (DSB-FC,
DSB-SC, SSB-SC)
• Modulators  to translate signals to different frequencies
• BPF limits the frequency range or to keep signal in a prescribed range
• Output of BPF from all sources are passed to the channel
• The original message signal is recovered by individual demodulators
• One way communication

• Number of signals multiplexed in channel depends on channel bandwidth and
signal bandwidth
• Channel BW  bandwidth over which the channel is capable of transmitting

the signal without distortion (Range of frequencies over which the channel
gain is constant)
• For more multiplexing, channel BW ↑ and signal BW ↓
• Twisted pair cable  500KHz

• Coaxial cable  500 MHz
• FOC  GHz
VSB Transmission of Analog and Digital Television
• Video and Audio
• Employing DSB-FC and DSB-SC consumes more bandwidth (not capable of

transmitting many signals)
• SSB-SC is suitable only for voice but not for video signal
• VSB is used for analog and digital television signal transmission
• To have simple and cheap receiver like envelope detector, carrier signals are
transmitted along with modulated signal
Why VSB and not DSB-SC/ AM/ SSB?
• If Video signal BW  4.2 MHz
• By DSB-FC, television signal

2(4.2) + Guard band + Audio signal = 9 MHz
• By VSB  6 MHz (saves 3 MHz)
• Video signal has significant low frequency component

• BW of TV broadcasting in North America 6 MHz
Frequency response of transmitted video signal

• Video and audio signal modulates with different carrier
• Picture carrier  55.25 MHz
• Sound carrier  59.75 MHz
• Information/ baseband signal lies in 1.25 MHz below and 4.5 MHz above carrier
of picture
• Why carrier signal is transmitted along with vestigial side band?
• To have a simple and cheap detector like envelope detector

• TV Broadcasting in North America  6 MHz
Frequency Response of VSB Filter at the Receiver

• In commercial TV signal broadcasting the transmitted signal is not a VSB
modulated signal
• The power levels of the transmitted signals are high and controlling the side
bands of the filter will be expensive  VSB filter is kept at all the receiver
• Performance is similar to VSB with excess BW and power wasted
• Transmitted signal  USB, 25% of LSB and picture carrier are transmitted
• Envelope detection in VSB modulated signal creates waveform distortion at

the receiver
• By VSB filter, the video signals can be recovered properly and is applied to
analog as well as digital TV signals
• Evolution of analog to digital television signals in North America  VSB
• Digital tv signals, sound, colour and video are integrated

• Amplitude spectrum of VSB modulated digital television signal
• Spectrum extends
0.31 MHz below carrier
5.69 MHz above carrier
• Carrier signal at 54.155 MHz
• Reduces the receiver cost

References
1. Communication Systems, Simon Haykins & Moher, 5th Edition, John

Willey, India Pvt. Ltd, 2010.

Chapter 02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Principles of Communication

Single Side Band and Vestigial Side Band

• DSB-FC  B.W  2W, Power Efficiency  33.33% (µ =1)

• DSB-SC  B.W  2W, Power Efficiency  100%

• Is it possible to send and receive message signal with single band?

• Can we conserve bandwidth?

• Generate a DSB-SC signal

• Pass through BPF with frequency range between fc and fc + w or fc and fc - w

• Practically, ideal filters are difficult to implement

• Coherent detection can be done to retrieve message signal

• The synchronization of the carrier signal phase and frequency can be

• BPF filter method  Frequency Discrimination

• Using Hilbert transform or phase shift method  Phase discrimination

• Vestigial side band modulation is an alternative for SSB-SC

• Signals with significant energy at low frequency or no energy gap at the

• Band pass filter

• The Fourier transform for output signal is

• U(f)  Fourier transform of u(t)

• M(f)  Fourier transform of m(t)

• Coherent detector with synchronous carrier signal

• The output of product modulator at the receiver is

• Using S(f) in V(f) give

• H(fc)  the value of H(f) at f = fc

• The output of the coherent detector will be

• The total bandwidth of VSB modulated signal is

• Frequency translation  translating the frequency of the signal to a different

• The frequency translation can be done using mixer

• BPF  bandwidth as that of the modulated signal s1(t)

• Let the LO frequency be fl

• The required LO frequency should be

• The product modulator produces two frequency terms

• Mixing is a linear operation and holds the modulated signal properly

• Voice signals  300 Hz to 3100 Hz

• To send voice signals obtained from different sources through a common

• To keep the signals apart or without mixing/ interfering and to retrieve/

• The signals can be separated in time or frequency

• Separation of signals in frequency  Frequency division multiplexing

• Separation of signals in time  Time division multiplexing

• BPF limits the frequency range or to keep signal in a prescribed range

• Output of BPF from all sources are passed to the channel

• The original message signal is recovered by individual demodulators

• One way communication

• Channel BW  bandwidth over which the channel is capable of transmitting

• For more multiplexing, channel BW ↑ and signal BW ↓

• Twisted pair cable  500KHz

• Employing DSB-FC and DSB-SC consumes more bandwidth (not capable of

• VSB is used for analog and digital television signal transmission

• If Video signal BW  4.2 MHz

• By DSB-FC, television signal

• By VSB  6 MHz (saves 3 MHz)

• Video signal has significant low frequency component

Frequency response of transmitted video signal

• Picture carrier  55.25 MHz

• Sound carrier  59.75 MHz

• Why carrier signal is transmitted along with vestigial side band?

• To have a simple and cheap detector like envelope detector

Frequency Response of VSB Filter at the Receiver

• Performance is similar to VSB with excess BW and power wasted

• Envelope detection in VSB modulated signal creates waveform distortion at