Transport

Transport (in British English) or

transportation (in American English) is
the intentional movement of humans,
animals, and goods from one location to
another. Modes of transport include air,
land (rail and road), water, cable,
pipelines, and space. The field can be
divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and
operations. Transport enables human
trade, which is essential for the
development of civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of both
fixed installations, including roads,
railways, airways, waterways, canals, and
pipelines, and terminals such as airports,
railway stations, bus stations,
warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling
depots (including fuel docks and fuel
stations), and seaports. Terminals may
be used both for the interchange of
passengers and cargo and for
maintenance.

Means of transport are any of the

different kinds of transport facilities used
to carry people or cargo. They may
include vehicles, riding animals, and pack
animals. Vehicles may include wagons,
automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains,
trucks, helicopters, watercraft,
spacecraft, and aircraft.

Modes

Various modes of transport

A mode of transport is a solution that

makes use of a certain type of vehicle,
infrastructure, and operation. The
transport of a person or of cargo may
involve one mode or several of the
modes, with the latter case being called
inter-modal or multi-modal transport.
Each mode has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and will be chosen on the
basis of cost, capability, and route.

Governments deal with the way the

vehicles are operated, and the
procedures set for this purpose, including
financing, legalities, and policies. In the
transport industry, operations and
ownership of infrastructure can be either
public or private, depending on the
country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public,

where operators provide scheduled
services, or private. Freight transport has
become focused on containerization,
although bulk transport is used for large
volumes of durable items. Transport
plays an important part in economic
growth and globalization, but most types
cause air pollution and use large
amounts of land. While it is heavily
subsidized by governments, good
planning of transport is essential to make
traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.
Human-powered

Human-powered transport
remains common in
developing countries.

Human-powered transport, a form of

sustainable transport, is the transport of
people or goods using human muscle-
power, in the form of walking, running,
and swimming. Modern technology has
allowed machines to enhance human
power. Human-powered transport
remains popular for reasons of cost-
saving, leisure, physical exercise, and
environmentalism; it is sometimes the
only type available, especially in
underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk

without infrastructure, the transport can
be enhanced through the use of roads,
especially when using the human power
with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline
skates. Human-powered vehicles have
also been developed for difficult
environments, such as snow and water,
by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the
air can be entered with human-powered
aircraft.
Animal-powered

Animal-powered transport is the use of

working animals for the movement of
people and commodities. Humans may
ride some of the animals directly, use
them as pack animals for carrying goods,
or harness them, alone or in teams, to
pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Air

An Air France Airbus A318 landing at

London Heathrow Airport
A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called an
airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where
movement of the air in relation to the
wings is used to generate lift. The term is
used to distinguish this from rotary-wing
aircraft, where the movement of the lift
surfaces relative to the air generates lift.
A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary
wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from
small trainers and recreational aircraft to
large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two things necessary for aircraft are air

flow over the wings for lift and an area
for landing. The majority of aircraft also
need an airport with the infrastructure for
maintenance, restocking, and refueling
and for the loading and unloading of
crew, cargo, and passengers.[1] While the
vast majority of aircraft land and take off
on land, some are capable of take-off
and landing on ice, snow, and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method

of transport, after the rocket.
Commercial jets can reach up to 955
kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-
engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour
(345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly
transport people and limited amounts of
cargo over longer distances, but incurs
high costs and energy use; for short
distances or in inaccessible places,
helicopters can be used.[2] As of April 28,
2009, The Guardian article notes that "the
WHO estimates that up to 500,000
people are on planes at any time."[3]

Land

Land transport covers all land-based

transport systems that provide for the
movement of people, goods, and
services. Land transport plays a vital role
in linking communities to each other.
Land transport is a key factor in urban
planning. It consists of two kinds, rail and
road.
Rail

Intercity Express, a German high-

speed passenger train

The Beijing Subway is one of the

world's largest and busiest rapid
transit networks.

Rail transport is where a train runs along

a set of two parallel steel rails, known as
a railway or railroad. The rails are
anchored perpendicular to ties (or
sleepers) of timber, concrete, or steel, to
maintain a consistent distance apart, or
gauge. The rails and perpendicular
beams are placed on a foundation made
of concrete or compressed earth and
gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative
methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more

connected vehicles that operate on the
rails. Propulsion is commonly provided
by a locomotive, that hauls a series of
unpowered cars, that can carry
passengers or freight. The locomotive
can be powered by steam, by diesel, or
by electricity supplied by trackside
systems. Alternatively, some or all the
cars can be powered, known as a
multiple unit. Also, a train can be
powered by horses, cables, gravity,
pneumatics, and gas turbines. Railed
vehicles move with much less friction
than rubber tires on paved roads, making
trains more energy efficient, though not
as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services

connecting cities;[4] modern high-speed
rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h
(220 mph), but this requires specially
built track. Regional and commuter trains
feed cities from suburbs and surrounding
areas, while intra-urban transport is
performed by high-capacity tramways
and rapid transits, often making up the
backbone of a city's public transport.
Freight trains traditionally used box cars,
requiring manual loading and unloading
of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container
trains have become the dominant
solution for general freight, while large
quantities of bulk are transported by
dedicated trains.

Road

Road transport

A road is an identifiable route, way, or

path between two or more places.[5]
Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or
otherwise prepared to allow easy
travel;[6] though they need not be, and
historically many roads were simply
recognizable routes without any formal
construction or maintenance.[7] In urban
areas, roads may pass through a city or
village and be named as streets, serving
a dual function as urban space easement
and route.[8]

The most common road vehicle is the

automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle
that carries its own motor. Other users of
roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles,
bicycles, and pedestrians. As of 2010,
there were 1.015 billion automobiles
worldwide. Road transport offers
complete freedom to road users to
transfer the vehicle from one lane to the
other and from one road to another
according to the need and convenience.
This flexibility of changes in location,
direction, speed, and timings of travel is
not available to other modes of
transport. It is possible to provide door-
to-door service only by road transport.

Automobiles provide high flexibility with

low capacity, but require high energy and
area use, and are the main source of
harmful noise and air pollution in cities;[9]
buses allow for more efficient travel at
the cost of reduced flexibility.[4] Road
transport by truck is often the initial and
final stage of freight transport.

Water

Automobile ferry in Croatia

Water transport is movement by means

of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat,
ship, or sailboat—over a body of water,
such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal, or river.
The need for buoyancy is common to
watercraft, making the hull a dominant
aspect of its construction, maintenance,
and appearance.
In the 19th century, the first steam ships
were developed, using a steam engine to
drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move
the ship. The steam was produced in a
boiler using wood or coal and fed
through a steam external combustion
engine. Now most ships have an internal
combustion engine using a slightly
refined type of petroleum called bunker
fuel. Some ships, such as submarines,
use nuclear power to produce the steam.
Recreational or educational craft still use
wind power, while some smaller craft use
internal combustion engines to drive one
or more propellers or, in the case of jet
boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow
draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by
large pusher-prop fans. (See Marine
propulsion.)

Although it is slow compared to other

transport, modern sea transport is a
highly efficient method of transporting
large quantities of goods. Commercial
vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried
7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[10]
Transport by water is significantly less
costly than air transport for
transcontinental shipping;[11] short sea
shipping and ferries remain viable in
coastal areas.[12][13]
Other modes

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil

Pipeline transport sends goods through a

pipe; most commonly liquid and gases
are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also
send solid capsules using compressed
air. For liquids/gases, any chemically
stable liquid or gas can be sent through a
pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for
sewage, slurry, water, and beer, while
long-distance networks are used for
petroleum and natural gas.
Cable transport is a broad mode where
vehicles are pulled by cables instead of
an internal power source. It is most
commonly used at steep gradient.
Typical solutions include aerial
tramways, elevators, and ski lifts; some
of these are also categorized as
conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's

atmosphere into outer space by means
of a spacecraft. While large amounts of
research have gone into technology, it is
rarely used except to put satellites into
orbit and conduct scientific experiments.
However, man has landed on the moon,
and probes have been sent to all the
planets of the Solar System.

Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of

the existing and planned transport
systems from a place on Earth to a
distant "other place" on Earth. Faster
transport could be achieved through part
of a low Earth orbit or by following that
trajectory even faster, using the
propulsion of the rocket to steer it.
Elements

Infrastructure

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge,

allow roads and railways to cross
bodies of water.

Tunnels, such as the Tampere Tunnel,

allow traffic to pass underground or
through rock formations.

Infrastructure is the fixed installations

that allow a vehicle to operate. It
consists of a roadway, a terminal, and
facilities for parking and maintenance.
For rail, pipeline, road, and cable
transport, the entire way the vehicle
travels must be constructed. Air and
watercraft are able to avoid this, since
the airway and seaway do not need to be
constructed. However, they require fixed
infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports, and

stations, are locations where passengers
and freight can be transferred from one
vehicle or mode to another. For
passenger transport, terminals are
integrating different modes to allow
riders, who are interchanging between
modes, to take advantage of each
mode's benefits. For instance, airport rail
links connect airports to the city centres
and suburbs. The terminals for
automobiles are parking lots, while buses
and coaches can operate from simple
stops.[14] For freight, terminals act as
transshipment points, though some
cargo is transported directly from the
point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either

be public or private. Transport is often a
natural monopoly and a necessity for the
public; roads, and in some countries
railways and airports, are funded through
taxation. New infrastructure projects can
have high costs and are often financed
through debt. Many infrastructure
owners, therefore, impose usage fees,
such as landing fees at airports or toll
plazas on roads. Independent of this,
authorities may impose taxes on the
purchase or use of vehicles. Because of
poor forecasting and overestimation of
passenger numbers by planners, there is
frequently a benefits shortfall for
transport infrastructure projects.[15]

Means of transport

Animals

Animals used in transportation include

pack animals and riding animals.
Vehicles

A Fiat Uno in 2018

A vehicle is a non-living device that is

used to move people and goods. Unlike
the infrastructure, the vehicle moves
along with the cargo and riders. Unless
being pulled/pushed by a cable or
muscle-power, the vehicle must provide
its own propulsion; this is most
commonly done through a steam engine,
combustion engine, electric motor, jet
engine, or rocket, though other means of
propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need
a system of converting the energy into
movement; this is most commonly done
through wheels, propellers, and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by

a driver. However, some systems, such
as people movers and some rapid
transits, are fully automated. For
passenger transport, the vehicle must
have a compartment, seat, or platform
for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such
as automobiles, bicycles, or simple
aircraft, may have one of the passengers
as a driver. Recently, the progress related
to the Fourth Industrial Revolution has
brought a lot of new emerging
technologies for transportation and
automotive fields such as Connected
Vehicles and Autonomous Driving. These
innovations are said to form future
mobility, but concerns remain on safety
and cybersecurity, particularly concerning
connected and autonomous mobility. [16]

Operation

Incheon International Airport, South

Korea

Private transport is only subject to the

owner of the vehicle, who operates the
vehicle themselves. For public transport
and freight transport, operations are
done through private enterprise or by
governments. The infrastructure and
vehicles may be owned and operated by
the same company, or they may be
operated by different entities.
Traditionally, many countries have had a
national airline and national railway.
Since the 1980s, many of these have
been privatized. International shipping
remains a highly competitive industry
with little regulation,[17] but ports can be
public-owned.[18]

Policy

As the population of the world increases,

cities grow in size and population—
according to the United Nations, 55% of
the world's population live in cities, and
by 2050 this number is expected to rise
to 68%.[19] Public transport policy must
evolve to meet the changing priorities of
the urban world.[20] The institution of
policy enforces order in transport, which
is by nature chaotic as people attempt to
travel from one place to another as fast
as possible. This policy helps to reduce
accidents and save lives.

Functions
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the
most common uses of transport.
However, other uses exist, such as the
strategic and tactical relocation of armed
forces during warfare, or the civilian
mobility construction or emergency
equipment.

Passenger

A local transit bus operated by

ACTION in Canberra, Australia

Passenger transport, or travel, is divided

into public and private transport. Public
transport is scheduled services on fixed
routes, while private is vehicles that
provide ad hoc services at the riders
desire. The latter offers better flexibility,
but has lower capacity and a higher
environmental impact. Travel may be as
part of daily commuting or for business,
leisure, or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the

automobile and mass transit. The latter
consists of buses in rural and small
cities, supplemented with commuter rail,
trams, and rapid transit in larger cities.
Long-haul transport involves the use of
the automobile, trains, coaches, and
aircraft, the last of which have become
predominantly used for the longest,
including intercontinental, travel.
Intermodal passenger transport is where
a journey is performed through the use of
several modes of transport; since all
human transport normally starts and
ends with walking, all passenger
transport can be considered intermodal.
Public transport may also involve the
intermediate change of vehicle, within or
across modes, at a transport hub, such
as a bus or railway station.

Taxis and buses can be found on both

ends of the public transport spectrum.
Buses are the cheapest mode of
transport but are not necessarily flexible,
and taxis are very flexible but more
expensive. In the middle is demand-
responsive transport, offering flexibility
whilst remaining affordable.
International travel may be restricted for
some individuals due to legislation and
visa requirements.

Medical

An ambulance from World War I

An ambulance is a vehicle used to

transport people from or between places
of treatment,[21] and in some instances
will also provide out-of-hospital medical
care to the patient. The word is often
associated with road-going "emergency
ambulances", which form part of
emergency medical services,
administering emergency care to those
with acute medical problems.

Air medical services is a comprehensive

term covering the use of air transport to
move patients to and from healthcare
facilities and accident scenes. Personnel
provide comprehensive prehospital and
emergency and critical care to all types
of patients during aeromedical
evacuation or rescue operations, aboard
helicopters, propeller aircraft, or jet
aircraft.[22][23]
Freight

A bulk carrier, BW Fjord

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in

the value chain in manufacturing.[24] With
increased specialization and
globalization, production is being located
further away from consumption, rapidly
increasing the demand for transport.[25]
Transport creates place utility by moving
the goods from the place of production
to the place of consumption.[26] While all
modes of transport are used for cargo
transport, there is high differentiation
between the nature of the cargo
transport, in which mode is chosen.[27]
Logistics refers to the entire process of
transferring products from producer to
consumer, including storage, transport,
transshipment, warehousing, material-
handling, and packaging, with associated
exchange of information.[28] Incoterm
deals with the handling of payment and
responsibility of risk during transport.[29]

Freight train with shipping containers

in the United Kingdom

Containerization, with the standardization

of ISO containers on all vehicles and at
all ports, has revolutionized international
and domestic trade, offering a huge
reduction in transshipment costs.
Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually
loaded and unloaded into the haul of any
ship or car; containerization allows for
automated handling and transfer
between modes, and the standardized
sizes allow for gains in economy of scale
in vehicle operation. This has been one of
the key driving factors in international
trade and globalization since the
1950s.[30]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that

can be handled roughly without
deterioration; typical examples are ore,
coal, cereals, and petroleum. Because of
the uniformity of the product, mechanical
handling can allow enormous quantities
to be handled quickly and efficiently. The
low value of the cargo combined with
high volume also means that economies
of scale become essential in transport,
and gigantic ships and whole trains are
commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid
products with sufficient volume may also
be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for

products of high value; while less than
one percent of world transport by volume
is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of
the value. Time has become especially
important in regards to principles such as
postponement and just-in-time within the
value chain, resulting in a high willingness
to pay for quick delivery of key
components or items of high value-to-
weight ratio.[31] In addition to mail,
common items sent by air include
electronics and fashion clothing.

Industry

Impact

Economic

Transport is a key component of

growth and globalization, such as in
Seattle, Washington, United States.
Transport is a key necessity for
specialization—allowing production and
consumption of products to occur at
different locations. Throughout history,
transport has been a spur to expansion;
better transport allows more trade and a
greater spread of people. Economic
growth has always been dependent on
increasing the capacity and rationality of
transport.[32] But the infrastructure and
operation of transport have a great
impact on the land, and transport is the
largest drainer of energy, making
transport sustainability a major issue.

Due to the way modern cities and

communities are planned and operated, a
physical distinction between home and
work is usually created, forcing people to
transport themselves to places of work,
study, or leisure, as well as to temporarily
relocate for other daily activities.
Passenger transport is also the essence
of tourism, a major part of recreational
transport. Commerce requires the
transport of people to conduct business,
either to allow face-to-face
communication for important decisions
or to move specialists from their regular
place of work to sites where they are
needed.

In lean thinking, transporting materials or

work in process from one location to
another is seen as one of the seven
wastes (Japanese term: muda) which do
not add value to a product.[33]

Planning

Transport planning allows for high

utilization and less impact regarding new
infrastructure. Using models of transport
forecasting, planners are able to predict
future transport patterns. On the
operative level, logistics allows owners
of cargo to plan transport as part of the
supply chain. Transport as a field is also
studied through transport economics, a
component for the creation of regulation
policy by authorities. Transport
engineering, a sub-discipline of civil
engineering, must take into account trip
generation, trip distribution, mode choice,
and route assignment, while the operative
level is handled through traffic
engineering.

The engineering of this roundabout in

Bristol, United Kingdom, attempts to
make traffic flow free-moving.

Because of the negative impacts

incurred, transport often becomes the
subject of controversy related to choice
of mode, as well as increased capacity.
Automotive transport can be seen as a
tragedy of the commons, where the
flexibility and comfort for the individual
deteriorate the natural and urban
environment for all. Density of
development depends on mode of
transport, with public transport allowing
for better spatial utilization. Good land
use keeps common activities close to
people's homes and places higher-
density development closer to transport
lines and hubs, to minimize the need for
transport. There are economies of
agglomeration. Beyond transport, some
land uses are more efficient when
clustered. Transport facilities consume
land, and in cities pavement (devoted to
streets and parking) can easily exceed 20
percent of the total land use. An efficient
transport system can reduce land waste.

Too much infrastructure and too much

smoothing for maximum vehicle
throughput mean that in many cities there
is too much traffic and many—if not all—
of the negative impacts that come with it.
It is only in recent years that traditional
practices have started to be questioned
in many places; as a result of new types
of analysis which bring in a much broader
range of skills than those traditionally
relied on—spanning such areas as
environmental impact analysis, public
health, sociology, and economics—the
viability of the old mobility solutions is
increasingly being questioned.

Environment

Global greenhouse gas emissions from transportation:[34]

Cars (40%)
Trucks (34%)
Planes (11%)
Boats (11%)
Trains (4%)

Traffic congestion persists in São

Paulo, Brazil, despite the no-drive
days based on license numbers.
Transport is a major use of energy and
burns most of the world's petroleum.
This creates air pollution, including
nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a
significant contributor to global warming
through emission of carbon dioxide,[35]
for which transport is the fastest-growing
emission sector.[36] By sub-sector, road
transport is the largest contributor to
global warming.[37] Environmental
regulations in developed countries have
reduced individual vehicles' emissions;
however, this has been offset by
increases in the numbers of vehicles and
in the use of each vehicle.[35] Some
pathways to reduce the carbon
emissions of road vehicles considerably
have been studied.[38][39] Energy use and
emissions vary largely between modes,
causing environmentalists to call for a
transition from air and road to rail and
human-powered transport, as well as
increased transport electrification and
energy efficiency.

Other environmental impacts of transport

systems include traffic congestion and
automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which
can consume natural habitat and
agricultural lands. By reducing transport
emissions globally, it is predicted that
there will be significant positive effects
on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog, and
climate change.[40]
While electric cars are being built to cut
down CO2 emission at the point of use,
an approach that is becoming popular
among cities worldwide is to prioritize
public transport, bicycles, and pedestrian
movement. Redirecting vehicle
movement to create 20-minute
neighbourhoods[41] that promotes
exercise while greatly reducing vehicle
dependency and pollution. Some policies
are levying a congestion charge[42] to
cars for travelling within congested areas
during peak time.
Sustainable development

The United Nations first formally

recognized the role of transport in
sustainable development in the 1992
United Nations Earth summit. In the 2012
United Nations World Conference, global
leaders unanimously recognized that
transport and mobility are central to
achieving the sustainability targets. In
recent years, data has been collected to
show that the transport sector
contributes to a quarter of the global
greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore
sustainable transport has been
mainstreamed across several of the
2030 Sustainable Development Goals,
especially those related to food, security,
health, energy, economic growth,
infrastructure, and cities and human
settlements. Meeting sustainable
transport targets is said to be particularly
important to achieving the Paris
Agreement.[43]

There are various Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) that are
promoting sustainable transport in order
to meet the defined goals. These include
SDG 3 on health (increased road safety),
SDG 7 on energy, SDG 8 on decent work
and economic growth, SDG 9 on resilient
infrastructure, SDG 11 on sustainable
cities (access to transport and expanded
public transport), SDG 12 on sustainable
consumption and production (ending
fossil fuel subsidies), and SDG 14 on
oceans, seas, and marine resources.[44]

History

Bronocice pot with the earliest known

image of a wheeled vehicle in the
world, found in Poland

A bullock team hauling wool in

Australia
Natural

Humans' first ways to move included

walking, running, and swimming. The
domestication of animals introduced a
new way to lay the burden of transport on
more powerful creatures, allowing the
hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding
animals for greater speed and duration.
Inventions such as the wheel and the sled
(U.K. sledge) helped make animal
transport more efficient through the
introduction of vehicles.

The first forms of road transport involved

animals, such as horses (domesticated
in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE),
oxen (from about 8000 BCE),[45] or
humans carrying goods over dirt tracks
that often followed game trails.

Infrastructure

Many early civilizations, including those in

Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley,
constructed paved roads. In classical
antiquity, the Persian and Roman empires
built stone-paved roads to allow armies
to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of
crushed stone underneath kept such
roads dry. The medieval Caliphate later
built tar-paved roads.
Water transport

Water transport, including rowed and

sailed vessels, dates back to time
immemorial and was the only efficient
way to transport large quantities or over
large distances prior to the Industrial
Revolution. The first watercraft were
canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early
water transport was accomplished with
ships that were either rowed or used the
wind for propulsion, or a combination of
the two. The importance of water has led
to most cities that grew up as sites for
trading being located on rivers or on the
sea-shore, often at the intersection of
two bodies of water.
Mechanical

Until the Industrial Revolution, transport

remained slow and costly, and
production and consumption gravitated
as close to each other as feasible. The
Industrial Revolution in the 19th century
saw several inventions fundamentally
change transport. With telegraphy,
communication became instant and
independent of the transport of physical
objects. The invention of the steam
engine, closely followed by its application
in rail transport, made land transport
independent of human or animal
muscles. Both speed and capacity
increased, allowing specialization
through manufacturing being located
independently of natural resources. The
19th century also saw the development
of the steam ship, which sped up global
transport.

With the development of the combustion

engine and the automobile around 1900,
road transport became more competitive
again, and mechanical private transport
originated. The first "modern" highways
were constructed during the 19th century
with macadam. Later, tarmac and
concrete became the dominant paving
materials.
 The Wright brothers' first flight in
1903

In 1903 the Wright brothers

demonstrated the first successful
controllable airplane, and after World
War I (1914–1918) aircraft became a
fast way to transport people and express
goods over long distances.[46]

After World War II (1939–1945) the

automobile and airlines took higher
shares of transport, reducing rail and
water to freight and short-haul passenger
services.[47] Scientific spaceflight began
in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the
1970s, when interest dwindled. In the
1950s the introduction of
containerization gave massive efficiency
gains in freight transport, fostering
globalization.[30] International air travel
became much more accessible in the
1960s with the commercialization of the
jet engine. Along with the growth in
automobiles and motorways, rail and
water transport declined in relative
importance. After the introduction of the
Shinkansen in Japan in 1964, high-speed
rail in Asia and Europe started attracting
passengers on long-haul routes away
from the airlines.[47]

Early in U.S. history, private joint-stock

corporations owned most aqueducts,
bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and
tunnels. Most such transport
infrastructure came under government
control in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, culminating in the
nationalization of inter-city passenger
rail-service with the establishment of
Amtrak. Recently, however, a movement
to privatize roads and other infrastructure
has gained some ground and
adherents.[48]

See also
Transport
portal

Environmental impact of aviation

Energy efficiency in transport
 Green transport hierarchy
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems
Society
List of emerging transportation
technologies
Journal of Transport and Land Use
Outline of transport
Public transport
Rail transport by country
Speed record
Taxicabs by country
Transportation engineering

References
1. Crawford, Amy (2021-10-25). "Could
flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban
 transportation?" (https://www.theguardia
n.com/environment/2021/oct/25/could-fl
ying-electric-air-taxis-help-fix-urban-trans
portation) . The Guardian. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2021111916575
3/https://www.theguardian.com/environ
ment/2021/oct/25/could-flying-electric-ai
r-taxis-help-fix-urban-transportation)
from the original on 2021-11-19.
Retrieved 2021-11-19.
2. Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 281.
3. Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to
US (https://www.theguardian.com/world/
feedarticle/8477508) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20150926073442/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/feeda
rticle/8477508) 2015-09-26 at the
Wayback Machine. The Guardian. April 28,
2009.
4. Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 279.
5. "Major Roads of the United States" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2007041315342
6/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/mld/roadt
rl.html) . United States Department of the
Interior. 2006-03-13. Archived from the
original (http://nationalatlas.gov/mld/roa
dtrl.html) on 13 April 2007. Retrieved
24 March 2007.
6. "Road Infrastructure Strategic Framework
for South Africa" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20070927063243/http://www.trans
port.gov.za/library/docs/rifsa/infor.htm
l) . National Department of Transport
(South Africa). Archived from the original
(http://www.transport.gov.za/library/doc
s/rifsa/infor.html) on 27 September
2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
7. Lay 1992, pp. 6–7.
8. "What is the difference between a road
and a street?" (http://dictionary.reference.
com/help/faq/language/d01.html) .
Word FAQ. Lexico Publishing Group.
2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20070405124704/http://dictionary.r
eference.com/help/faq/language/d01.ht
ml) from the original on 5 April 2007.
Retrieved 24 March 2007.
 9. Harvey, Fiona (2020-03-05). "One in five
Europeans exposed to harmful noise
pollution – study" (https://www.theguardi
an.com/society/2020/mar/05/one-in-five-
europeans-exposed-to-harmful-noise-poll
ution-study) . The Guardian. ISSN 0261-
3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/026
1-3077) . Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200305064317/https://www.th
eguardian.com/society/2020/mar/05/on
e-in-five-europeans-exposed-to-harmful-n
oise-pollution-study) from the original on
2020-03-05. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
10. The United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development (UNCTAD) 2007, pp. x,
32.
11. Stopford 1997, pp. 4–6.
12. Stopford 1997, pp. 8–9.
13. Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 280.
14. Cooper & Shepherd 1998, pp. 275–276.
15. Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette K. Skamris Holm,
and Søren L. Buhl, "How (In)Accurate Are
Demand Forecasts in Public Works
Projects", Journal of the American
Planning Association 71:2, pp. 131–146.
16. Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul; et al. (2021).
"Facilitating a Reliable, Feasible, and
Comfortable Future Mobility" (https://ww
w.researchgate.net/publication/3509727
11) . SAE International Journal of
Connected and Automated Vehicles. 4
(1). Retrieved 5 September 2022.
17. Stopford 1997, p. 422.
18. Stopford 1997, p. 29.
19. Meredith, Sam (2018-05-17). "Two-thirds
of global population will live in cities by
2050, UN says" (https://www.cnbc.com/2
018/05/17/two-thirds-of-global-populatio
n-will-live-in-cities-by-2050-un-says.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20201112041309/https://www.c
nbc.com/2018/05/17/two-thirds-of-globa
l-population-will-live-in-cities-by-2050-un-
says.html) from the original on 2020-11-
12. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
20. Jones, Peter (July 2014). "The evolution
of urban mobility: The interplay of
academic and policy perspectives" (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.iatssr.2014.06.0
01) . IATSS Research. 38: 7–13.
doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.06.001 (https://
doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.iatssr.2014.06.00
1) .
21. Skinner, Henry Alan. 1949, "The Origin of
Medical Terms". Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins
22. Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC,
Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al.
(2005). "Access to trauma centers in the
United States" (https://doi.org/10.1001%2
Fjama.293.21.2626) . JAMA. 293 (21):
2626–2633.
doi:10.1001/jama.293.21.2626 (https://d
oi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.293.21.2626) .
PMID 15928284 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/15928284) .
23. Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R
(1995). "Variation in air medical
outcomes by crew composition: a two-
year follow-up" (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2Fs0196-0644%2895%2970322-5) . Ann
Emerg Med. 25 (2): 187–192.
doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0196-0644%28
95%2970322-5) . PMID 7832345 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7832345) .
24. Chopra & Meindl 2007, p. 3.
25. Chopra & Meindl 2007, pp. 63–64.
26. McLeod, Sam; Curtis, Carey (2020-03-14).
"Understanding and Planning for Freight
Movement in Cities: Practices and
Challenges" (https://doi.org/10.1080/026
97459.2020.1732660) . Planning
Practice & Research. 35 (2): 201–219.
doi:10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1080%2F02697459.202
0.1732660) . ISSN 0269-7459 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/issn/0269-7459) .
S2CID 214463529 (https://api.semantics
cholar.org/CorpusID:214463529) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
220730093942/https://www.tandfonline.
com/doi/full/10.1080/02697459.2020.17
32660?cookieSet=1) from the original on
2022-07-30. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
27. Chopra & Meindl 2007, p. 54.
28. Bardi, Coyle & Novack 2006, p. 4.
29. Bardi, Coyle & Novack 2006, p. 473.
30. Bardi, Coyle & Novack 2006, pp. 211–214.
31. Chopra & Meindl 2007, p. 328.
32. Stopford 1997, p. 2.
33. EKU Online, The Seven Wastes of Lean
Manufacturing (https://safetymanagemen
t.eku.edu/blog/the-seven-wastes-of-lean-
manufacturing/) Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20230307053738/https://
safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/the-sev
en-wastes-of-lean-manufacturing/) 2023-
03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Eastern
Kentucky University, accessed 6 March
2023
34. International Council on Clean
Transportation, A world of thoughts on
Phase 2 (https://www.theicct.org/blogs/s
taff/a-world-of-thoughts-on-phase-2)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
181119010824/https://www.theicct.org/
blogs/staff/a-world-of-thoughts-on-phase
-2) 2018-11-19 at the Wayback Machine,
16 September 2016 (page visited on 18
November 2018).
35. Fuglestvet; et al. (2007). "Climate forcing
from the transport sectors" (http://www.p
nas.org/cgi/reprint/0702958104v1.pdf)
(PDF). Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. Center for
International Climate and Environmental
Research. 105 (2): 454–458.
Bibcode:2008PNAS..105..454F (https://ui.
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10
5..454F) . doi:10.1073/pnas.0702958104
(https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.070295
8104) . PMC 2206557 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC220655
7) . PMID 18180450 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/18180450) . Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2008062506152
3/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/07029
58104v1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on
2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
36. Worldwatch Institute (16 January 2008).
"Analysis: Nano Hypocrisy?" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20131013141752/htt
p://www.worldwatch.org/node/5579) .
Archived from the original (http://www.wo
rldwatch.org/node/5579) on 13 October
2013. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
37. Jan Fuglestvedt; et al. (Jan 15, 2008).
"Climate forcing from the transport
sectors" (http://www.pnas.org/content/pn
as/105/2/454.full.pdf) (PDF). PNAS. 105
(2): 454–458.
Bibcode:2008PNAS..105..454F (https://ui.
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10
5..454F) . doi:10.1073/pnas.0702958104
(https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.070295
8104) . PMC 2206557 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC220655
7) . PMID 18180450 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/18180450) . Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2018050411143
8/http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/10
5/2/454.full.pdf) (PDF) from the original
on May 4, 2018. Retrieved November 20,
2018.
38. "Claverton-Energy.com" (http://www.clave
rton-energy.com/carbon-pathways-analys
is-informing-development-of-a-carbon-red
uction-strategy-for-the-transport-sector.ht
ml) . Claverton-Energy.com. 2009-02-17.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210318033332/https://claverton-energy.c
om/carbon-pathways-analysis-informing-
development-of-a-carbon-reduction-strate
gy-for-the-transport-sector.html) from
the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved
2010-05-23.
39. Data on the barriers and motivators to
more sustainable transport behaviour is
available in the UK Department for
Transport study "Climate Change and
Transport Choices (http://www.dft.gov.u
k/pgr/scienceresearch/social/climatecha
ngetransportchoices/) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20110530124709/
http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/scienceresearc
h/social/climatechangetransportchoice
s/) 2011-05-30 at the Wayback Machine"
published in December 2010.
40. Environment Canada. "Transportation" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/200707131928
36/http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Tr
ansportation-WS800CCAF9-1_En.htm) .
Archived from the original (http://www.ec.
gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Transportation-WS8
00CCAF9-1_En.htm) on July 13, 2007.
Retrieved 30 July 2008.
41. Planning (2020-09-09). "20-minute
neighbourhoods" (https://www.planning.vi
c.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-
melbourne/plan-melbourne/20-minute-ne
ighbourhoods) . Planning. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2021092008313
1/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-
and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/pla
n-melbourne/20-minute-neighbourhood
s) from the original on 2021-09-20.
Retrieved 2020-09-26.
42. "Congestion Charge (Official)" (https://ww
w.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-ch
arge) . Transport for London. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20210309190
237/https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/con
gestion-charge) from the original on
2021-03-09. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
43. "Sustainable transport .:. Sustainable
Development Knowledge Platform" (http
s://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topic
s/sustainabletransport) .
sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202010092
15804/https://sustainabledevelopment.u
n.org/topics/sustainabletransport) from
the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved
2020-09-26.
44. "Sustainable transport at the heart of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) .:.
Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopmen
t.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=200
00&nr=802&menu=2993) .
sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202010150
52731/https://sustainabledevelopment.u
n.org/index.php?page=view&type=20000
&nr=802&menu=2993) from the original
on 2020-10-15. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
45. Watts, Martin (1999). Working Oxen (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=u86yjr-J-
hAC) . Shire Album. Vol. 342. Princes
Risborough, Buckinghamshire: Osprey
Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0747804154.
Retrieved 2016-02-08. "[...] tamed aurochs
became the first domestic oxen. The
earliest evidence for domestication is
found in the Middle East around ten
thousand years ago."
46. Bardi, Coyle & Novack 2006, p. 158.
47. Cooper & Shepherd 1998, p. 277.
48. Clifford Winston, Last Exit: Privatization
and Deregulation of the U.S.
Transportation System (Washington, D.C.:
Brookings Institution, 2010).
Bibliography
Bardi, Edward; Coyle, John & Novack,
Robert (2006). Management of
Transportation (https://www.worldcat.
org/oclc/62259402) . Australia:
Thomson South-Western. ISBN 0-324-
31443-4. OCLC 62259402 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/62259402) .
Chopra, Sunil & Meindl, Peter (2007).
Supply chain management : strategy,
planning, and operation (https://www.w
orldcat.org/oclc/63808135) (3rd ed.).
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson.
ISBN 978-0-13-208608-0.
OCLC 63808135 (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/63808135) .
Cooper, Christopher P.; Shepherd,
Rebecca (1998). Tourism: Principles
and Practice (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=jzpnQgAACAAJ)
(2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Financial
Times Prent. Int. ISBN 978-0-582-
31273-9. OCLC 39945061 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/39945061) .
Retrieved 22 December 2012.
Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the
World: A History of the World's Roads
and of the Vehicles that Used Them (htt
ps://archive.org/details/waysofworldhi
sto00laym) . New Brunswick, N.J.:
Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-
2691-4. OCLC 804297312 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/804297312) .
 Stopford, Martin (1997). Maritime
Economics (https://www.worldcat.org/
oclc/36824728) (2nd ed.). London:
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15310-7.
OCLC 36824728 (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/36824728) .

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Transport.
Look up transport or transportation in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to
Transport.
Wikivoyage has travel related
information for Transportation.

Transportation (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160303212816/http://ucblibr
aries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/trnspr
t.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Transportation (https://curlie.org/Scien
ce/Technology/Transportation) at
Curlie
America On the Move (http://americanh
istory.si.edu/onthemove/) An online
transportation exhibition from the
National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution
World Transportation Organization (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2013060402
2027/http://www.transport.org/) The
world transportation organization (The
Non-Profit Advisory Organization)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Transport&oldid=1163724857"

This page was last edited on 6 July 2023, at

08:15 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.