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A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve
highly complicated problems quickly and accurately.
1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input.
2) it stores data.
3) it can process data as required by the user.
4) it gives results in the form of output, and
5) it controls all operations inside a computer.
1. Input: It supplies data to the cpu.key board, mouse, scanner etc.. comes under
input devices.
2. CPU : CPU means central processing unit.It processes data coming from input
devices and sends to output or memory to store.
It has following functional units.
a. ALU : It is arthematic and logic unit.It performs arthematical operations like
addition,subtraction, increment and decrement and logical operational like
AND,OR,NOT,XOR operations ,compare and shift operations.
b. Control Unit :
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It generates necessary control and timing signals to perform any single
operation.It is called brain of the CPU.Without this section, a single operation is
performed.
c. Registers :
These store data or processed data temporarily.before sending into
destination.Depending on data processing,capacity of registers will be
changed.8085 is 8 bit microprocessor, it consists 8 bit registers.8086 is 16 bit
microprocessor ,it consists 16 bit registers.ARM processors consist 32 bit
registers.
3.Output :
It gives processed data to user or outside world. Monitor, speakers or any result
oriented devices etc.. are output devices.
4.Memory : It stores processed data or program codes or information for future
purpose.Primary memory like RAM,ROM and secondary memory like hard disks,optical
disks, flash drives etc.. comes under memory.
2.Characteristics of a Computer:
1. Speed :
computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we
take hours to complete.
computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per
second.
2. Accuracy :
The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed
with the same accuracy.
3. Diligence :
A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc.
It can work for hours without creating any error.
If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation
with the same accuracy.
4. Versatility :
It means the capacity to perform completely different type of works with same speed
and accuracy.
5. Power of Remembering :
Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data.
Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any
numbers of years.
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6. No IQ :
Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from
the user.
It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy..
computer cannot take its own decision as you can.
7. No Feeling :
It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience.
Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work.
It does not distinguish between users.
8. Storage :
The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data.
You can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which
can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to other computers.
3.Generations of computer :
The various generations of computers an listed below :
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1. They used valves or vacuum tubes as their main electronic component.
2. They were large in size, slow in processing and had less storage capacity.
3. They consumed lots of electricity and produced lots of heat.
4. They used machine level language for programming.
Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650 etc
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Thus the computer which was occupying a very large room in earlier days can now be
placed on a table. The personal computer (PC) that you see in your school is a Fourth
Generation Computer Main memory used fast semiconductors chips up to 4 M bits size.
Hard disks were used as secondary memory. Keyboards, dot matrix printers etc. were
developed. OS-such as MS-DOS, UNIX, Apple’s Macintosh were available. Object
oriented language, C++ etc were developed.
Data flow & EPIC architecture of these processors have been developed.
RISC & CISC, both types of designs are used in modern processors.
Memory chips and flash memory up to 1 256GB, hard disks up to 100TB have been
developed.
4.Classicication of computers?
Ans:
Computers are classified
1.According to Size
2.According to purpose
3.According to type
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1.According to size , Computers are divided into four types.
b. Mini computers
d.Super computers.
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Workstation
(b)Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users
simultaneously.
Mini computers are typically multi-user system that supports multiple
simultaneous users and runs multiple programs at the same time.
They are known for their reliability, durability, and affordability. Mini-computers
are smaller and less powerful than supercomputers but are more powerful than
personal computers.
They are designed in such a way that they can be used to handle the large
volume of data.
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(c)Mainframe
Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or
even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and
supports many simultaneous execution of programs.
(d)Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount of
mathematical calculations (number crunching).
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For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in
petrochemical prospecting).
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(a) Analog Computers
(b) Digital Computers.
(c) Hybrid computers.
a) Analogue Computer
Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue
data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete
values. We can say that analogue computers are used where we don't need
exact values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device
without first converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the
continuous changes in physical quantity and generally render output as a
reading on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are
examples of analogue computer.
2) Digital Computer
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations
at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary
numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to
produce the output. All modern computers like laptops, desktops including
smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers.
3) Hybrid Computer
Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It
is fast like an analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like
digital computers. It can process both continuous and discrete data. It
accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before
processing. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both
analogue and digital data is processed. For example, a processor is used in
petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and
price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific
applications.
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5.MEMORY :
1. KB 1000
2.MB 1000000
3.GB 1000000000
4.TB 1000000000000
5.PB 1000000000000000
6.EB 1000000000000000000
7.ZB 1000000000000000000000
8.YB 1000000000000000000000000
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IEC (INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO TECHNICAL COMMISSION) UNITS :
Traditionally the SI multipliers kilo, mega, giga, terra etc. were used. However,
in the computer industry they were used in a different manner than officially
prescribed. Because storage capacity is often expressed in powers of 2
and 210=1024 is so close to 1000, it was decided it would be useful to call
1024 bytes a kilobyte, instead of 1000 bytes. This became confusing when
storage capacity increased. The use of the same unit prefixes with two
different meanings has caused confusion. Starting around 1998,
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and several other
standards and trade organizations addressed the ambiguity by publishing
standards and recommendations for a set of binary prefixes that refer
exclusively to powers of 1024. Accordingly, the US National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) requires that SI prefixes only be used in
the decimal sense: kilobyte and megabyte denote one thousand bytes and
one million bytes respectively (consistent with SI), while new terms such
as kibibyte, mebibyte and gibibyte, having the symbols KiB, MiB, and GiB,
denote 1024 bytes, 1.048.576 bytes, and 1.073.741.824 bytes, respectively.
SI IEC
yotta
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SOFTWARE:
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers
and execute specific tasks. Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. It can be thought of
as the variable part of a computer, while hardware is the invariable part.
Types of software:
Among the various categories of software, the most common types include
the following:
Boost switch mode power supply: It has the step-up type of regulator
circuit to convert the low-level dc signal into a high level. The word
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‘boost’means to add up or increase .Thus a boost switching regulator
increases the level of the supply voltage keeping the polarity same as that
of the input signal.
Buck-Boost switch mode power supply: This SMPS performs combined
operation of buck as well as boost regulator. In this topology, the output
produced is inverted in nature whose voltage can be either more or less
than the supply input depending on the duty cycle.
Along with these three, two more types of considerable smps are flyback and
forward converter.
Input Rectifier and Filter :Initially, the unregulated ac input signal from
the source is provided to the input rectifier and filter circuit. Here the ac input
signal is rectified to generate a dc signal and further smoothened to remove high-
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frequency noise component from it. The dc output (still in unregulated form) is fed
to the power transistor that acts as a high-frequency switch.
Hence, according to the switching action of the power transistor dc voltage will be
obtained at its output side. The chopping frequency plays a crucial role in
maintaining the desired dc voltage level.
Control Circuit :The control circuitry present here acts as the feedback circuit
for the complete unit. This involves a comparator along with a pulse width
modulator (PWM). The dc output from the rectifier and filter is fed to the control
circuit where the error amplifier which acts as a comparator, compares the
obtained dc voltage with the reference value.
Basically, the duty ratio is the ratio of on-time to the overall cycle time (i.e., on +
off) time. Hence, by making necessary adjustments in the width of the pulses, the
chopping frequency gets adjusted hence, regulated dc output can be obtained.
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What is Uninterruptible Power Supply?
UPS, also known as the Uninterruptible Power Supply, is an electrical device
used to maintain a continuous power supply to any electrical device in case
of a power failure.
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but it is useful to continue the functioning while the UPS system is
being repaired.
5. Other components of UPS system: Other components of a UPS
system vary depending upon its size and type, and it may include
components such as fans and capacitors.
1. Voltage Surges and Spikes: Greater voltage on the line than the desired
voltage.
2. Total Power Failure: In cases when the fuse blows or the line goes down.
3. Voltage Sags: Line voltage is less than the desired voltage.
4. Differences in the frequencies: When the frequency of oscillation of the
power supply differs from the desired frequency.
1. Standby UPS
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2. Line Interactive UPS
3. Online UPS
All three devices operate during power failure; however, they may differ in
their operations.
1. OFFLINE(Standby) UPS:
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Through a direct AC connection, in normal conditions, hardware
receives utility power.
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3. Online UPS:
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