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Flow Measurement Using

Venturi Meter

Experiment 3

Shahd Kamal Abass Mohammed khair


206025
11\11\2024

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Introductions:
The Venturi flow meter, named after its inventor Giovanni Battista Venturi, is a
highly utilized instrument in a range of industries. This piece of equipment is
renowned for its accuracy in measuring the flow rate of fluids, including gases and
liquids.

Employing the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem, a Venturi flow meter calculates


the flow rate of a fluid by assessing its pressure change when flowing through a
pipe. The operation of this device can be divided into three main components: an
entrance or converging section, a throat, and a diverging or recovery section.

Objectives:
The Venturi meter experiment is a fundamental experiment in fluid mechanics,
primarily aimed at:

Verifying Bernoulli's principle: By measuring the pressure difference between two


distinct points in the pipe, the inverse relationship between fluid velocity and
pressure is demonstrated.
Measuring the flow rate of a fluid: By calculating the pressure difference between
the wider and narrower sections of the pipe, the fluid flow rate can be accurately
determined.
Studying the effect of constriction on fluid velocity and pressure: By changing the
diameter of the throat (the narrowest part of the pipe), the impact on velocity and
pressure variations can be observed.
Calculating the discharge coefficient: This coefficient represents the meter's
efficiency in measuring flow and is calculated by comparing it to the theoretical
flow rate value.
Understanding the components and operation of a Venturi meter: Through the
experiment, students can learn about the different parts of the meter and how each
part functions.

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Apparatus:
A Venturi meter consists of several key components that work together to measure
the flow rate of fluids:
Converging Section: This section is where the fluid initially enters. It’s designed
with a gradual reduction in cross-sectional area which causes the fluid’s velocity to
increase and the pressure to decrease.
Throat: The throat is the narrowest part of the Venturi flow meter where the
velocity of the fluid is at its highest and the pressure at its lowest.
Diverging Section: After the throat, the pipe gradually widens again, slowing
Simple manometers: Used for measuring small pressure differences.
Differential manometers: Used for measuring larger pressure differences.
Pressure transducers: Convert pressure differences into an electrical signal that can
be measured and processed.

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Procedure:
Experimental Setup:

All devices were connected according to the experimental diagram.


All connections were tightened to prevent leaks.
The tank was filled with the liquid to be measured.
The pump was turned on to circulate the liquid through the Venturi meter.
Pressure Measurement:

Readings from the manometer or pressure sensor were taken at two specific points
on the main pipe and the throat.
The pressure difference (ΔP) between these two points was calculated.
Time and Volume Measurement:

The valve was opened to allow the liquid to flow into the measuring vessel.
The stopwatch was started, and the time taken to fill a known volume of the vessel
was measured.
The volumetric flow rate (Q) was calculated by dividing the volume by the time.
Calculations:

Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation were used to calculate the
theoretical flow rate.
The discharge coefficient (Cd) of the Venturi meter was calculated by dividing the
actual flow rate by the theoretical flow rate.

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Theory:
By applying the Bernoulli equation, the theoretical discharge (Qtheoretical) is
calculated from the following equation:
𝑄𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =(𝐴1𝑥𝐴2)𝑥√2𝑥𝑔𝑥"(h1 −h2).........(1) √𝐴12 − 𝐴22
Where:
Qtheoretical= the theoretical discharge (ideal) (m3/sec).
A1= the cross sectional area of entry (upstream or converging) section (mm2)
(A1= 31.76 mm2).
A2= the cross sectional area of throat section (mm2) (A2= 15 mm2).
h1= the manometer reading (head reading) across the entry (upstream) section
(mm).
h2= the manometer reading (head reading) across the throat section (mm). h1-h2=
The differential manometer reading (mm).
In practice, there is some loss of the energy between section 1 and 2. Therefore, the
measured values of Q usually fall a little short of coefficient Cd which is
introduced as follows:
Qactual= Cd . Qtheorotical ... ... ... (2)
Where:
Qactual= the actual discharge (m3/sec).
Cd = the discharge coefficient.

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Data:

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Calculations:
1. Calculate Qact by using equation (Qact=Vol/time).
2. Calculate the cross sectional area of upstream section (A1) and throat section
(A2) by using equation (Area=(𝜋/4)d2).
3. Calculate the differential between reading (h1-h2).
4. Calculate the theoretical discharge (Qtheortical) by using equation (1).
5. Calculate Cd by using equation (2).
6. Calculate the average of the discharge coefficient by collecting the calculated
runs and dividing it on the readings number.
7. Plot the relationship between the actual flow rate (Qact) versus the root square
of (h1-h2)1/2 and finding the slope from linear equation for graph then calculate
Cd (again) through by using equation (3) and comparing it with Cd average. The
table (2) is represent the results for this experiment.

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Results:

h1-
Ran Vol(m^3) Time(sec) h1(m) h2(m) Qact(m^3/s) h2(mm) Qth(m^3/sec) Cd(Eq^2)
1 0.005 22.75 0.185 0.12 0.00021978 0.065 0.00027335 0.804025165
2 0.005 15.3 0.212 0.125 0.000326797 0.087 0.000316244 1.033371939
3 0.005 13.35 0.233 0.128 0.000374532 0.105 0.000347422 1.078032381
4 0.005 11.75 0.255 0.129 0.000425532 0.126 0.000380581 1.11811013
5 0.005 10.3 0.3 0.133 0.000485437 0.167 0.000438148 1.107929844

Qact(m^3/s) (h1-h2)^0.5
0.00021978 0.25495098
0.0003268 0.29495762
0.00037453 0.32403703
0.00042553 0.35496479
0.00048544 0.40865633

D1=26 A1(mm)= 531.1429 A1(M) A2(M)


D2=16.75 A2(mm)= 220.3533 0.000531 0.00022

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(h1-h2)^0.5 Vs Qact
0.45
0.4 y = 568.22x + 0.1193
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006

Discussion:
The discrepancy between the average discharge coefficient and the value obtained
from the graph can be attributed to non-ideal experimental conditions, dynamic
flow effects, measurement inaccuracies, and environmental factors. Graphical
representations typically rely on idealized flow assumptions that may not be
perfectly replicated in real-world experiments.

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