Unit -1

Difference between OOP and POP

OOP:
Related with the real life objects and their properties. OOP
Concepts:
1. Class and Objects
2. Data abstraction
3. Encapsulation
4. Polymorphism
5. Inheritance
POP:
Related with the conventional style. This approach is also known as
the top-down approach. In this approach, a program is divided into
functions that perform specific tasks. This approach is mainly used
for medium-sized applications. Data is global, and all the functions
can access global data. The basic drawback of the procedural
programming approach is that data is not secured because data is
global and can be accessed by any function. Program control flow is
achieved through function calls and go to statements.
Difference between OOP and POP:
OOP POP

Object oriented. Structure oriented.

Program is divided into

Program is divided into objects. functions.

Bottom-up approach. Top-down approach.

Inheritance property is used. Inheritance is not allowed.

It uses access specifier. It doesn’t use access specifier.

Encapsulation is used to hide the

data. No data hiding.

Concept of virtual function. No virtual function.

OOP POP

C++, Java. C, Pascal.

Standard Header Files And Their Uses:

1. #include<stdio.h>: It is used to perform input and output operations

using functions scanf() and printf().
2. #include<iostream>: It is used as a stream of Input and Output using cin
and cout.
3. #include<string.h>: It is used to perform various functionalities related to
string manupulation like strlen(), strcmp(), strcpy(), size(), etc.
4. #include<math.h>: It is used to perform mathematical operations
like sqrt(), log2(), pow(), etc.
5. #include<iomanip.h>: It is used to access set() and setprecision()
function to limit the decimal places in variables.
6. #include<signal.h>: It is used to perform signal handling functions
like signal() and raise().
7. #include<stdarg.h>:It is used to perform standard argument functions
like va_start() and va_arg(). It is also used to indicate start of the
variable-length argument list and to fetch the arguments from the
variable-length argument list in the program respectively.
8. #include<errno.h>: It is used to perform error handling operations
like errno(), strerror(), perror(), etc.
9. #include<fstream.h>: It is used to control the data to read from a file as
an input and data to write into the file as an output.
10. #include<time.h>: It is used to perform functions related to date()
and time() like setdate() and getdate(). It is also used to modify the
system date and get the CPU time respectively.
11. #include<float.h>: It contains a set of various platform-dependent
constants related to floating point values. These constants are proposed
by ANSI C. They allow making programs more portable. Some examples
of constants included in this header file are- e(exponent), b(base/radix),
etc.
12. #include<limits.h>: It determines various properties of the various
variable types. The macros defined in this header, limits the values of
various variable types like char, int, and long. These limits specify that a
variable cannot store any value beyond these limits, for example an
unsigned character can store up to a maximum value of 255.
C++ Data Types
All variables use data-type during declaration to restrict the type of data to be
stored. Therefore, we can say that data types are used to tell the variables
the type of data it can store. Whenever a variable is defined in C++, the
compiler allocates some memory for that variable based on the data-type
with which it is declared. Every data type requires a different amount of
memory.

Data types in C++ is mainly divided into three types:

1. Primitive Data Types: These data types are built-in or predefined data
types and can be used directly by the user to declare variables. example:
int, char , float, bool etc. Primitive data types available in C++ are:
 Integer
 Character
 Boolean
 Floating Point
 Double Floating Point
 Valueless or Void
 Wide Character
2. Derived Data Types: The data-types that are derived from the primitive
or built-in datatypes are referred to as Derived Data Types. These can be
of four types namely:
 Function
 Array
  Pointer
 Reference
3. Abstract or User-Defined Data Types: These data types are defined by
user itself. Like, defining a class in C++ or a structure. C++ provides the
following user-defined datatypes:
 Class
 Structure
 Union
 Enumeration
 Typedef defined DataType
This article discusses primitive data types available in C++.

 Integer: Keyword used for integer data types is int. Integers typically
requires 4 bytes of memory space and ranges from -2147483648 to
2147483647.

 Character: Character data type is used for storing characters. Keyword

used for character data type is char. Characters typically requires 1 byte
of memory space and ranges from -128 to 127 or 0 to 255.

 Boolean: Boolean data type is used for storing boolean or logical values.
A boolean variable can store either true or false. Keyword used for
boolean data type is bool.

 Floating Point: Floating Point data type is used for storing single
precision floating point values or decimal values. Keyword used for
floating point data type is float. Float variables typically requires 4 byte of
memory space.

 Double Floating Point: Double Floating Point data type is used for
storing double precision floating point values or decimal values. Keyword
used for double floating point data type is double. Double variables
typically requires 8 byte of memory space.

 void: Void means without any value. void datatype represents a valueless
entity. Void data type is used for those function which does not returns a
value.

 Wide Character: Wide character data type is also a character data type
but this data type has size greater than the normal 8-bit datatype.
Represented by wchar_t. It is generally 2 or 4 bytes long.
Concepts of String:
C++ provides following two types of string representations −

 The C-style character string.

 The string class type introduced with Standard C++.

The C-Style Character String

The C-style character string originated within the C language and continues to be
supported within C++. This string is actually a one-dimensional array of characters
which is terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains
the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.
The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word
"Hello". To hold the null character at the end of the array, the size of the character
array containing the string is one more than the number of characters in the word
"Hello."
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};
If you follow the rule of array initialization, then you can write the above statement
as follows −
char greeting[] = "Hello";
Following is the memory presentation of above defined string in C/C++ −

Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The
C++ compiler automatically places the '\0' at the end of the string when it initializes
the array. Let us try to print above-mentioned string −
Live Demo
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main () {

char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

cout << "Greeting message: ";

 cout << greeting << endl;

return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Greeting message: Hello
C++ supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings −

Sr.No Function & Purpose

1 strcpy(s1, s2);
Copies string s2 into string s1.

2 strcat(s1, s2);
Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.

3 strlen(s1);
Returns the length of string s1.

4 strcmp(s1, s2);
Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1<s2; greater than 0 if s1>s2.

5 strchr(s1, ch);
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1.

6 strstr(s1, s2);
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1.

Following example makes use of few of the above-mentioned functions −

Live Demo
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

using namespace std;

int main () {

char str1[10] = "Hello";

char str2[10] = "World";
 char str3[10];
int len ;

// copy str1 into str3

strcpy( str3, str1);
cout << "strcpy( str3, str1) : " << str3 << endl;

// concatenates str1 and str2

strcat( str1, str2);
cout << "strcat( str1, str2): " << str1 << endl;

// total lenghth of str1 after concatenation

len = strlen(str1);
cout << "strlen(str1) : " << len << endl;

return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as
follows −
strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello
strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
strlen(str1) : 10

The String Class in C++

The standard C++ library provides a string class type that supports all the
operations mentioned above, additionally much more functionality. Let us check the
following example −
Live Demo
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main () {

string str1 = "Hello";

string str2 = "World";
string str3;
int len ;

// copy str1 into str3

str3 = str1;
cout << "str3 : " << str3 << endl;

// concatenates str1 and str2

str3 = str1 + str2;
cout << "str1 + str2 : " << str3 << endl;

// total length of str3 after concatenation

 len = str3.size();
cout << "str3.size() : " << len << endl;

return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as
follows −
str3 : Hello
str1 + str2 : HelloWorld
str3.size() : 10
C++ Classes and Objects
Class: A class in C++ is the building block, that leads to Object-Oriented
programming. It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data
members and member functions, which can be accessed and used by
creating an instance of that class. A C++ class is like a blueprint for an
object.
For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars with
different names and brand but all of them will share some common
properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit, Mileage range etc.
So here, Car is the class and wheels, speed limits, mileage are their
properties.
 A Class is a user defined data-type which has data members and member
functions.
 Data members are the data variables and member functions are the
functions used to manipulate these variables and together these data
members and member functions defines the properties and behavior of
the objects in a Class.
 In the above example of class Car, the data member will be speed
limit, mileage etc and member functions can be apply brakes, increase
speed etc.
An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is
allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated.
Defining Class and Declaring Objects
A class is defined in C++ using keyword class followed by the name of class.
The body of class is defined inside the curly brackets and terminated by a
semicolon at the end.
Declaring Objects: When a class is defined, only the specification for the
object is defined; no memory or storage is allocated. To use the data and
access functions defined in the class, you need to create objects.
Syntax:
ClassName ObjectName;
Accessing data members and member functions: The data members and
member functions of class can be accessed using the dot(‘.’) operator with
the object. For example if the name of object is obj and you want to access
the member function with the name printName() then you will have to
write obj.printName() .
Accessing Data Members
The public data members are also accessed in the same way given however
the private data members are not allowed to be accessed directly by the
object. Accessing a data member depends solely on the access control of
that data member.
This access control is given by Access modifiers in C++. There are three
access modifiers : public, private and protected.
Member Functions in Classes
There are 2 ways to define a member function:
 Inside class definition
 Outside class definition
To define a member function outside the class definition we have to use the
scope resolution :: operator along with class name and function name.