Fluids Ppt

The attraction between molecules of the same kind is known as a cohesive force.
For example, the

force of cohesion between water molecules keeps the substance's molecules bonded together. The
attraction between different types of molecules is known as adhesion force.
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at
rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.
The force per unit length perpendicular to a line drawn in the

surface of the liquid is the surface tension. Its SI unit is newtons
per metre, and its CGS unit is dynes per centimeter. The
dimensions are MT−2.
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance
to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it
corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for
example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water.
• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's

resistance to flow.
A fluid with low viscosity flows easily

because its molecular makeup results in
very little friction when it is in motion.
Gases also have viscosity, although it is a
little harder to notice it in ordinary
circumstances.
Coefficient of Viscosity
Coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is equal to the tangential force required to maintain a unit velocity gradient between two parallel layers of liquid each of area unity.
The SI unit of coefficient of viscosity is poiseuille (Pl) or Pa – s or Nm-

• In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) is a type of fluid flow in which the
motion of the particles is smooth and parallel to one another. In turbulent flow, the particles
are constantly moving in all directions.
The coefficient of viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow of the fluid. In general, gas viscosity is less
than liquid viscosity. The inverse of viscosity is called fluidity.
Coefficient of viscosity. Coefficient of viscosity is defined as the tangential force required to maintain a
unit velocity gradient between two parallel layers of liquid of unit area. We have; f=η×A×dv/dx
The SI UNIT IS Nsm-2
Poise is a unit of dynamic viscosity. Poise is a

CGS unit of dynamic viscosity.
1 Poise = 1 Dyne-sec/cm2 = 10-1 N sec/m.
1 poise = 0.1 N s/m2 =
What is Stoke’s Law?
Stoke’s Law is a mathematical equation
that expresses the settling velocities of
the small spherical particles in a fluid
medium.
The law is derived considering the

forces acting on a particular particle as
it sinks through the liquid column under
the influence of gravity.
The force that retards a sphere moving

through a viscous fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity and the
radius of the sphere, and the fluid’s
viscosity.
Stoke’s Law Derivation
From Stoke’s Law viscosity equation, we know According to classical mechanics, mass, length
that viscous force acting on a sphere is and time are independent entities.
directly proportional to the following Equating the superscripts of mass, length and
parameters: time, respectively from equation (2), we get
•the radius of the sphere (r) a = 1… (3)
•coefficient of viscosity (η) –a + b + c = 1… (4)
•the velocity of the object (v) –a –c = -2 or a + c = 2… (5)
Mathematically, this is represented as Substituting (3) in (5), we get
F∝ηarbvc 1+c=2
Now let us evaluate the values of a, b and c. c = 1 (6)
Substituting the proportionality sign with an Substituting the value of (3) & (6) in (4), we get
equality sign, we get
–1 + b + 1 = 1
F=kηarbvc…(1)
Here, k is the constant of proportionality, a b = 1 (7)
numerical value with no dimensions. Substituting the value of (3), (6) and (7) in (1), we
Writing the dimensions of parameters on get
either side of equation (1), we get F=kηrv
[MLT–2] = [ML–1T–1]a [L]b [LT-1]c The value of k for a spherical body was
experimentally obtained as 6π. Therefore, the
Simplifying the above equation, we get equation gives the viscous force on a spherical
[MLT–2] = Ma ⋅ L–a+b+c ⋅ T–a–c… (2) body falling through a liquid F= 6πηrv.
.
Terminal Velocity Formula
In the case of raindrops, initially, it is due to
gravity that it accelerates. As the velocity
increases, the retarding force also increases.
Finally, when viscous force and the buoyant
force is equal to the force due to gravity, the
net force becomes zero, and so it does the
acceleration. The raindrop then falls with a
constant velocity, known as terminal velocity.
Thus, in equilibrium, the terminal velocity vt is
given by the equation
Terminal velocity v=2r2(ρ−σ)g/9η
ρ and σ are sphere and fluid mass densities,

respectively.
From the equation above, we can infer that
the terminal velocity depends on the square
of the radius of the sphere and is inversely
proportional to the viscosity of the medium.
Critical velocity and terminal velocity are not the same. Critical of a liquid is the limiting velocity for streamline
flow of the liquid, but terminal velocity is the constant velocity acquired by a body moving through a fluid.
Terminal velocity of the object is the highest velocity it gains when it is falling through a fluid (gas or
liquid). The application of terminal velocity is found in fluid mechanisms. An object reaches the terminal
velocity when the resisting force of fluid (drag force) becomes equal to the driving force of the object.
The angle of contact is the angle formed by the tangent drawn to the
meniscus from the point of contact with the container's walls. It's
measured from within the liquid.
The angle of contact is important because it determines whether a

fluid will spread out on a surface or drop onto it. A larger angle of
contact means the liquid will retain its droplet shape, while a smaller
angle of contact means the liquid will spread out.
Factors that can affect the angle of contact

include:
•Force of cohesion: Holds the same
molecules together
•Force of adhesion: Holds different
molecules together
•Atmospheric pressure: Can influence the
angle of contact
Capillary action, commonly known as capillary effect or motion, is when liquid flows through narrow
spaces without external forces, such as gravity; rather, the liquid's movement is aided by intermolecular
forces present in between the liquid and solid surface(s).
The height h through which a liquid will rise in a capillary tube of radius r is given
by h=2Tcosθ/rρg, this is also known as ascent formula.
The equation of continuity expresses the law of mass
conservation, which states that the rate at which mass
enters a system is equal to the rate at which mass exits
a system. It can be derived by considering a pipe with a
non-uniform cross-section, applying the principle of
conservation of mass,
Poiseullie’s expression :The Pressure Gradient (∆P) Shows the pressure differential
between the two ends of the tube, defined by the fact that every fluid will always flow
from the high pressure (P1) to the low-pressure area (P2) and the flow rate is calculated
by the ∆P = P1-P2.
In fluid dynamics, the
Reynolds number is a
dimensionless quantity
that helps predict fluid
flow patterns in different
situations by measuring
the ratio between inertial
and viscous forces. At low
Reynolds numbers, flows
tend to be dominated by
laminar (sheet-like) flow,
while at high Reynolds
numbers, flows tend to be
turbulent.

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The attraction between molecules of the same kind is known as a cohesive force.

For example, the

The force per unit length perpendicular to a line drawn in the

• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's

A fluid with low viscosity flows easily

The SI unit of coefficient of viscosity is poiseuille (Pl) or Pa – s or Nm-

The SI UNIT IS Nsm-2

Poise is a unit of dynamic viscosity. Poise is a

The law is derived considering the

The force that retards a sphere moving

Terminal velocity v=2r2(ρ−σ)g/9η

ρ and σ are sphere and fluid mass densities,

The angle of contact is important because it determines whether a

Factors that can affect the angle of contact

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