1.The ----- of chocolate with romance is 4.

Today we take the appearance of dinosaurs

probably responsible for the creation of boxes for granted, but it has taken centuries of
in the shape of hearts, filled with chocolates, careful study to learn how to ------ read the
being the gift of choice for lovers every clues in the fossil record.
Valentine's Day.
A) disputably
A) enrichment
B) incidentally
B) association
C) reluctantly
C) proposal
D) accurately
D) advent
E) implicitly
E) resolution

5.Among the problems stemming from space

2.A mere 7 percent of the world's oceans has activity, 'space junk' is a growing concern as
any protection- mostly weak rules, with disused satellites and other objects ----- in our
multiple exceptions and only 2.5 percent is planet's orbit.
highly protected from ----- .
A) perpetuate
A) exploitation
B) overtake
B) diversion
C) accumulate
C) fragmentation
D) facilitate
D) distinction
E) precede
E) supervision

6.Chlorophylls are complex molecules

3.Because some African proverbs are often ---- exquisitely suited to the light absorption,
to listeners unfamiliar with African cultures, energy transfer, and electron transfer
they are sometimes used as a secretive type of functions that they ----- in photosynthesis.
language to keep outsiders from
A) pull down
understanding.
B) carry out
A) undeniable
C) take up
B) irreversible
D) draw up
C) inconsistent
E) get off
D) unintelligible

E) insufficient
7.To appeal to our desire for lower-fat 10.Adolescents and adults ----- insecure
substitutes for our favourite high-fat foods, patterns of attachment exhibit higher rates of
the commercial food industry ----- lower-fat affective disorders than securely attached
versions of many foods ----- various fat peers, and this insecure attachment is also
substitutes. seen as a risk factor for poor relational quality
----- marriage.
A) is developing / used
A) for / at
B) developed / to use
B) against / to
C) has developed / using
C) under / on
D) would develop / being used
D) with / in
E) develops / to be used
E) about / through

8.In dentistry, much of the work -----

preventive, administered through regular 11.Foundations ----- linguistics in the
check-ups and cleaning although from time to ontological sense are established -----
time, dentists ----- reactive surgery, such as identifying and describing the ultimate
filling the dental cavities. constituents or aspects of reality which
linguistic theories seek to refer to and to
A) is / need to perform
characterise.
B) was / should perform
A) about / from
C) had been / must perform
B) for / through
D) has been / had to perform
C) in / against
E) would be / could have performed
D) at / by

E) beyond / into
9.During the 20th century, numerous
technological breakthroughs in
pharmaceutical therapy made it possible ----- 12.----- autism can be a gift to higher
most of the diseases that ----- millions of functioning individuals, improving their ability
people each year. in subjects such as mathematics and software,
it is hardly true to say that everyone with the
A) to be curing / would kill
condition is a genius.
B) having cured / had killed
A) Because
C) to cure / have killed
B) Although
D) curing / killed
C) Once
E) to have cured / might have killed
D) If

E) Until
13.Some materials are common and not very 16.-----the red haemoglobin in human blood,
special, such as ordinary rocks and soil ----- which has an iron atom in its molecule,
others such as diamonds, rubies, and other lobsters and other large crustaceans have blue
jewels are prized because they are rare and blood containing hemocyanin.
have beautiful colours.
A) Such as
A) unless
B) Instead of
B) once
C) By means of
C) as if
D) In conjunction with
D) while
E) As a result of
E) just as

14.It is a strange twist of fate that both the

Ötzi, an ancient iceman, and Helmut Simon
were found dead on the ice ----- Helmut Simon
was the man who discovered the Ötzi's
remains in 1991.

A) until

B) given that

C) only when

D) unless

E) provided that

15.Air conditioning and heating systems today

----- change the temperature of a room, -----
remove dust, pollen, and other particles that
may cause respiratory problems for humans.
A) no sooner / than

B) as / as

C) whether / or

D) not only / but also

E) the more / the more

Almost 3 billion birds have vanished from the 18.
US and Canada since 1970 due to human
A) about
activities. Scientists are calling it an
'overlooked biodiversity crisis'. Studies suggest B) in
that the continent (17)----- more than a
quarter of its birds disappear in recent C) at
decades. Kenneth Rosenberg at Cornell D) with
University in New York estimated population
shifts (18)----- 529 species between 1970 and E) upon
2017. The most common species, (19)-----
starlings, have been hit the hardest. More
than 90 percent of the net loss of 2.9 billion 19.
birds (20)----- across just 12 families, including
A) according to
sparrows, warblers and blackbirds. Habitat loss
and degradation are the biggest drivers of B) for the sake of
declines. Novelist and birder Jonathan Franzen
C) such as
says we need to pay a lot more attention to
these kind of present-day threats to the D) due to
natural world (21)----- they can often be
E) on the basis of
addressed at the local level.

20.

17. A) raised

A) has seen B) glided

B) is going to see C) settled

C) sees D) occurred

D) was seeing E) obtained

E) had seen
21.

A) only if

B) unless

C) whether

D) as if

E) as
The earliest scientific system for identifying 23.
people by their physical appearance was called
A) absolute
Bertillonage, after its French inventor
Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914). This system B) fundamental
used measurements of the body, such as the
lengths of arms and legs, the diameter of the C) descriptive
head, and other statistics, (22)----- body D) complicated
markings such as scars or tattoos, and
photographs of the suspect. Although the E) feasible
system was slow and (23)-----, and could not
always tell people apart, it was used by many
police forces for years. It suffered a blow in 24.
1903 when an American called Will West was
A) from
sent to prison, before it was discovered that
another prisoner there had almost the same B) for
Bertillon measurements - and was named
C) about
William West. Bertillon measurements were
supplemented (24)----- photographs, which D) into
came to be called 'mugshots'. Usually a
E) with
photograph (25)----- from the side ('in profile')
and from the front. If the person committed a
crime at some future time, his mugshot would
be widely distributed, (26)----- he could be 25.
recognised by policemen on the beat or by the A) might have been taken
public.
B) must have been taken

C) would be taken

D) can be taken
22.
E) should have been taken
A) as a consequence of

B) as well as
26.
C) as opposed to
A) even if
D) because of
B) after
E) similar to
C) so that

D) while

E) as if
27.While ancient astronomers noticed some 29.While 'literacy' is basically thought of as the
spots on the Sun's surface, -----. ability to read and to write, -----.

A) Christoph Scheiner's suggestion that A) the central role of language in the

sunspots were satellites of the Sun was later emergence of key literacy-related skills raises
dismissed important questions about the nature of
literacy development
B) they tried to devise sophisticated tools to
observe celestial bodies B) children's literacy development is a product
of both early experiences, such as parent-child
C) it was not until the invention of the
book reading, and later experiences, such as
telescope that scientists could look
reading instruction at school
systematically at the Sun
C) those in poor countries must be supported
D) they advanced an interest in sunspots,
to acquire literacy so that they can take an
developing a number of theories
active part in the development of their
E) Galileo Galilei debated on the nature of countries
sunspots through letters to Marc Welser
D) the definition of literacy has been
expanded, involving the use of various sources
such as audio-visual materials and computers
28.-----, scientists are turning to this area as a
potential screening target for early signs of E) most students and their parents are still not
Alzheimer's, an incurable neurodegenerative aware of the importance of developing digital
disease. literacy to improve school success

A) Even if the still-growing brain branches off

to form the retina during an embryo's
30.-----, although it did not have as much
development
impact in the scientific arena as the
B) As evidence builds that changes in the brain development of still photography, which had
can manifest in the retina wrought a revolution in astronomy.

C) Although retina is closely related to brain A) Astronomy was regarded as a way of

tissue and can be examined through the pupil recording the outer world through our senses
and observation capability
D) While the retina, composed of several
layers of neurons, is a part of the nervous B) Cinema takes advantage of optical illusions
system of continuous movement from a series of still
images
E) Unless retinal screenings are used to mark
the onset of symptoms for neurological C) The advent of cinema in the 1890s was a
disorders highly significant advancement in recording
technology

D) Cinematography was limited in the accurate

representation of mundane life until the late
1920s

E) The employment of cinema as documentary

reportage was always secondary to its role as a
medium of entertainment
31.-----, but it took centuries to grow into the 33. Although cholera, one of the most
ferocious force that would strike fear across devastating of all human diseases, is endemic
the then known world. in some areas of the world, -----.

A) The myth involving the Roman way of living A) treatment strategies have been devised
endured long after the last soldiers of the that have cut the fatality rate of cholera to 1%
empire died in the last decades

B) The Roman army is remembered today as B) severe diarrhoea and vomiting that
the mightiest fighting machine that the characterise this disease can lead to death due
ancient world had ever seen to dehydration

C) Soldiers in the Roman army continued to C) it is usually associated with massive

erect forts and collect taxes even at times of migrations of people, such as those occurring
war during war or famine

D) Rome's army was raised on an as-need D) people recovering from it continue to shed
basis from the citizenry based on property the organism in their faeces for weeks to
qualifications months after the initial infection

E) Roman soldiers were more literate than the E) one of the ways to prevent cholera is to
general population and were more likely to identify and treat cholera carriers in areas
leave records of their lives where it is endemic

32.Although no single security technology can 34. It is easy to get distracted halfway through
make a system completely safe, -----. a newspaper article, -----.

A) using them together with recognised A) but reading long novels is not a challenge
security practices provides many impediments when the narrative structure is easier to follow
to intruders and malware
B) since news agencies deliberately choose
B) the cyber security community has failed to thought-provoking articles that hook their
respond to the growing threat with new readers
technologies and guidelines
C) even though the newspapers write about
C) companies whose computer systems get dull and uninteresting topics such as trivial
attacked are more often held liable for the disputes between individuals
harm it causes their customers
D) so that narratives can be a universal form of
D) software developers now take security communication and much has been written
more seriously than they did at the turn of the about them
century
E) while a best-selling and critically-acclaimed
E) many see security not as the top priority novel can only deal with the society's
but as a trade-off with other objectives, such dilemmas
as functionality and performance
35. -----, there are also great environmental
benefits such as advances in productivity that
has been brought about by chemical use.

A) Before the direct importance of climate's

effect on agriculture has been a key focus of
studies on the potential agriculture policies

B) Because considerable uncertainty remains

about the global influence of chemical use on
agricultural production

C) While it is easy to see some of the

environmental harm caused by modern
chemical-intensive agricultural production

D) As long as human activities negatively affect

the fertility of soil and agricultural production

E) Given that agriculture is thought to be a

principal source of water pollution, especially
in developed nations

36. Small, blood-sucking bugs native to the

American continent seriously afflict thousands
of people every year with various diseases, ---.

A) but none of the infections carried by them

have garnered as much attention as the
widely-known Zika virus

B) even if they are thought to be

predominantly impactful on those who have
been already struggling with serious health
issues

C) so the rates are overwhelmingly high

among immigrants, many of whom live in
poverty with limited access to health care

D) though health professionals need more

studies to be done to eradicate the threats
posed by these bugs

E) yet the damage they bring to the health-

care systems in South America harms a great
number of people
37. Acupuncture generally helps alleviate the 38. In low-income countries, most food goes
symptoms of chronic ailments, such as bad before ever getting to market but this
asthma, that cannot be completely cured by waste can be minimised by improving
Western drugs, or that would produce an professional training for farmers and
overdependence on those drugs. producers, along with innovative technologies.

A) Akupunktur, genellikle Batı kökenli ilaçlarla A) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde çoğu yiyecek daha
tamamen tedavi edilemese de bu ilaçlara aşırı satışa sunulmadan bozulur ancak bu israf,
bağımlılık yaratan astım gibi kronik yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı sıra üretici ve
hastalıkların belirtilerinin hafifletilmesine çiftçilere sunulan mesleki eğitimi geliştirerek
yardımcı olur. azaltılabilir.

B) Akupunktur, Batı kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen B) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde çoğu yiyeceğin daha
tedavi edilemeyen ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı satışa sunulmadan bozuluyor olmasından
bağımlılık yaratan astım gibi kronik ortaya çıkan israf, yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı
hastalıkların belirtilerinin hafifletilmesine sıra çiftçi ve üreticilere verilen mesleki
genellikle yardımcı olur. eğitimlerin geliştirilmesiyle azaltılabilir.

C) Batı kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi C) Düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki çoğu yiyecek satışa
edilemeyen ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı bağımlılık sunulmadan bozulur fakat bu israf, sadece
yaratan astım gibi kronik hastalıkların geliştirilen yeni teknolojilerle değil çiftçi ve
belirtileri, genellikle akupunktur yardımıyla üreticilere verilen mesleki eğitimlerle de
hafifletilir. azaltılabilir.

D) Astım gibi kronik hastalıklar, Batı kökenli D) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde, çoğu yiyecek satışa
ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi edilemeyebilir ya da sunulmadan bozulur ancak bu israfı yenilikçi
bu ilaçlar aşırı bağımlılık yaratabilir ancak teknolojilerin vanı sıra üretici ve ciftcilere
akupunktur, bu gibi hastalıkların belirtilerini verilecek mesleki eğitimlerle azaltmak
hafifletmeye genellikle yardımcı olur. mümkündür.

E) Akupunkturun, belirtilerini hafifletmeye E) Düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki çoğu yiyeceğin

yardımcı olduğu hastalıklar, genellikle Batı daha satışa sunulmadan bozulmasıyla oluşan
kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi edilemeyen bu israf yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı sıra üretici
ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı bağımlılık yaratan astım ve çiftçilere sunulan mesleki eğitimi
gibi kronik hastalıklardır. geliştirerek azaltılabilir.
39. While some scientists think that we must 40. Çevrimiçi alışverişin faydaları, evden
protect ecosystems, not specific species, çıkmadan istediğiniz zaman alışveriş
others believe that allowing a species to go yapabiliyor olmaktan ağır teslimatları çoğu
extinct is wrong as genetic diversity can make zaman ücretsiz olarak kapınıza getirtme
ecosystems resilient to climate change. kolaylığına kadar çeşitlilik gösterir.

A) Bazı bilim insanları belli türleri değil A) The benefits of shopping online range from
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğini being able to shop whenever you want
düşünürken diğerleri, genetik çeşitlilik, without leaving home, to the convenience of
ekosistemleri iklim değişikliğine dayanıklı having heavy deliveries brought to your door
kılabildiği için bir türün yok olmasına izin often for free.
vermenin yanlış olduğuna inanmaktadır.
B) The advantage of shopping online is not
B) Genetik çeşitlilik, ekosistemlerin iklim only shopping whenever you like without
değişikliğine dayanıklı olmasını sağlar ve bu leaving your home but also having heavy
nedenle belli türler yerine ekosistemleri deliveries brought to your door generally for
korumamız gerektiğini düşünenlerin aksine free.
bazı bilim insanları bir türün yok olmasına izin
C) Shopping online has a variety of benefits
vermenin yanlış olduğuna inanmaktadır.
such as shopping whenever you want without
C) Bazı bilim insanları belli türlerden ziyade leaving your home and easily having heavy
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğine inansa da deliveries brought to your door often for free.
bir türün yok olmasına izin vermenin yanlış
D) From the advantage of shopping without
olduğunu düşünenler, genetik çeşitliliğin
leaving home to the comfort of having
ekosistemleri iklim değişikliğine kareı dayanıklı
deliveries carried to your door whenever you
kıldığını ileri sürmektedir.
want and often for free, the benefits of
D) Belli türler yerine ekosistemleri korumamız spending online vary substantially.
gerektiğine inanan bazı bilim insanlarının
E) Being able to shop whenever you want and
aksine diğerleri bunun yanlış olduğu
without leaving home as well as having heavy
görüşündedir çünkü bir türün yok olmasına
deliveries carried to your door often for free
izin verildiğinde genetik çeşitlilik yok olur ve
are among various benefits of shopping
ekosistemler iklim değişikliğine karşı dayanıksız
online.
hale gelir.

E) Bazı bilim insanları belli türleri değil

ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğine
inanmaktadır ancak diğerlerine göre, iklim
değişikliği ekosistemleri dayanıklı kılan genetik
çeşitliliğin yok olmasına neden olduğu için bir
türün yok olmasına izin vermek yanlıştır.
41. Kanaat önderleri toplumun içerisinde bilgi 42. Ortaçağ Çinli bilim insanları yaşam süresini
birikimleri ve kültürel nitelikleriyle diğer uzatacak bir içecek yapma umuduyla
kişilerden daha önde olan ve bu nedenle de kimyasalları karıştırırken barutu kazara icat
çevrelerindeki insanlar tarafından bilgilerine ettiler ancak yaklaşık yarım yüzyıl sonra, bu
başvurulan kişilerdir. icat yaşamı kısaltan bir şeye dönüştü.

A) As opinion leaders are people who are A) Chinese scientists in medieval times were
more at the forefront than other people hoping to find a life-lengthening drink by
within a society due to their accumulation of mixing chemicals when they accidentally
knowledge and cultural qualifications, people invented gunpowder, however, after nearly
in their surroundings consult these people on half a century this invention turned out to be
their knowledge. something life-shortening.

B) Opinion leaders are people who are more at B) Medieval Chinese scientists invented
the forefront than other people within society gunpowder by mistake when they were mixing
due to their accumulation of knowledge and chemicals with the aim of finding a life-
cultural qualifications, and thus consulted on lengthening drink; however, it took nearly half
their knowledge by the people in their a century to realise that this invention is
surroundings. something life-shortening.

C) Opinion leaders are consulted on their C) Although Chinese scientists in medieval

knowledge by the people in their surroundings times invented gunpowder by accident when
given that they are more at the forefront than they were mixing chemicals in the hope of
other people within society due to their finding a life-lengthening drink, after nearly
accumulation of knowledge and cultural half a century this invention turned out to be
qualifications. something life-shortening.

D) As a result of their accumulation of D) Gunpowder was invented accidentally by

knowledge and cultural qualifications, opinion Chinese scientists in medieval times when
leaders are more at the forefront than other they were mixing chemicals in the hope of
people within society, which leads people in finding a life-lengthening drink, but after
their surroundings to consult them on their nearly half a century this invention turned out
knowledge. to be something life-shortening.

E) Opinion leaders are people who are E) Medieval Chinese scientists invented
consulted on their knowledge by the people in gunpowder by accident when they were
their surroundings due to their accumulation mixing chemicals in the hope of finding a life-
of knowledge and cultural qualifications, lengthening drink, but after nearly half a
which puts them more at the forefront than century this invention turned out to be
other people within society. something life-shortening.
Rome's 11 aqueducts, some extending for more 44.According to the passage, water flowing
than 80 kilometres, transported enough water to through a channel ---
feed the city's 591 public fountains, as well as
countless private residences. However, experts A) creates sediments which are formed on
have long been divided about how much water account of the materials used in aqueduct's
each aqueduct could actually convey. "Many structure
assumptions have been made based on some
pretty unreliable ancient data concerning the size B) may leave some traces that might be used
of the flows of Rome's aqueducts, giving some very later on to make some estimates regarding the
inflated figures," says archaeologist Duncan channels' capacity
Keenan-Jones of the University of Glasgow. "We
thought it was important to adopt a more scientific C) will erode the materials that convey the
approach." Keenan-Jones is part of a team of water to the private residences in the course
scientists who evaluated the amount of residual of time
mineral deposits in the Anio Novus aqueduct to
accurately gauge the depth and flow rate of water.
D) can be measured precisely just by looking
By analysing travertine -a type of limestone at an aqueduct's maximum water transport
deposit- that was left on the aqueduct's interior capacity
walls and floor, the researchers calculated a flow
E) will become richer in minerals as the
rate of between 100,000 and 150,000 cubic meters
per day a number below traditional flow. "Our
channel transporting it gets longer
work has shown that often, even shortly after the
aqueducts were built, the flow rates were well
below the capacity estimates," says Keenan-Jones. 45.The water flow rate assumptions based on
"Ancient Rome had a lot of water, but not nearly as ancient data is much higher than the assumptions
much as has often been claimed." based on more scientific approaches because ---.

A) modern civil engineering allows building of

more efficient water transportation systems

B) Roman citizens had different water

43.Which of the following is true according to
consumption habits in the past
the passage?
C) the composition of water was different at
A) Residents in Rome kept records of their
the time of the calculations
water consumption, which has allowed to
make precise presumptions. D) water resources around the city were
irregular at those times
B) Roman engineers were aware of the fact
that the amount of water was in decrease due E) the former did not take travertine formation
to accumulation of travertine. into consideration

C) Experts have shared dissimilar opinions

about the amount of water transported
46.The underlined word ‘gauge’ in the passage
through each aqueduct
is closest in meaning to –
D) In Rome, public fountains had the biggest
A) stimulate
share in the consumption of water resources.
B) measure
E) The previous data combined with more
scientific methods and approaches ensured C) alter
the success of Duncan Keenan-Jones' study.
D) accelerate

E) compensate
A persuasive message should have its greatest 48.Why does the author mention the findings
impact just after it is presented. It is counter- of the Yale attitude changing programme?
intuitive to think that its power might increase
A) To provide supportive evidence for the
with the passage of time, and yet this is
sleeper effect theory
precisely what the sleeper effect suggests. An
early finding in the Yale attitude changing B) To exemplify the sympathetic attitude of the
programme was that films promoting more American soldiers
positive attitudes among American soldiers
towards their British allies in the Second World C) To mention an effective military tactic used
War became more effective well after they in World War II
had been viewed. Kelman and Howland D) To emphasise the impact of films on morale
reasoned that we initially associate the during a war
conclusion of a message with the quality of its
argument and other cues such as the E) To show the importance of positive
credibility of its source. Of these, memory of attitudes among allies
the argument becomes more enduring as time
goes by. Were we to take a measure of the
impact of an extreme message about a month 49.The underlined word 'enduring' in the
later, the sleeper effect predicts that the less passage is closest in meaning to --.
credible source would probably be as
A) recurring
persuasive as the more credible source: the
message survives but the source does not. B) lasting
Crano and Prislin have described the sleener
C) concealed
effect usually associated with studies in mass
communication, as an "old chestnut". Its D) realistic
reliability has long been questioned, but it has
been replicated under quite strict conditions. E) widespread

47.According to the passage, the sleeper effect 50.Based on the sleeper effect, in the long run,
the credibility of the source ----
indicates that----

A) the initial effect of a message fades away as A) is not as important as the quality of the
time goes by argument presented

B) powerful messages need to be conveyed B) becomes less influential compared to the

immediately recollection of the event

C) a straightforward message is the most C) determines the credibility of the message

persuasive one that was conveyed

D) as time passes, the exact message is better D) needs to be established by replicating the
understood study under strict conditions

E) in time, the impact of a message becomes E) is more significant than what is

more powerful remembered about the occasion
Throughout its history, the fertile region 52.As some scholars claim, the Celts, who
situated at the heart of central Europe, known inhabited Germany, ----
today as Germany, has attracted repeated
A) may have been the descendants of the
waves of migrants. With few natural barriers
Urnfeld culture which adopted the method of
to the movement of peoples, it has been
burning and burying their dead in urns
home to a variety of cultures. The most
widespread and advanced culture that called B) described Greek and Roman civilisations in
Germany home during the prehistoric period their records, which have come down to the
was the Celts, a remarkable people who came present time in buried urns
to the region at some point during the Bronze
Age and remained there until the classical C) were widely accepted as the most
period, when Greek and Roman writers developed culture of their time because of
described their civilisation. While their origins their tribal society structure
are obscure, some scholars argue that a D) had to move from one region to the other
people known as the Urnfeld culture, because from the Bronze Age until the classical period,
they cremated their dead and buried them in when they settled in Europe
urns, may have been the ancestors of the Celts
who lived in central Europe. The Celts were a E) used to cremate their dead just as it was
tribal society geared toward war. Celtic done in the Umfeld culture
warriors, led by an aggressive military
aristocracy, were feared throughout the
classical world for the ferocity of their attacks 53.It is pointed out in the passage that the
and frequency of their raids. Their society was Celts ----
tribal and clan-based, founded upon a rigid
A) escaped wars and attacks because of their
hierarchy of warrior aristocrats, druids
weak military clans that usually consisted of
(practitioners of a mysterious animist religion),
aristocracy
and commoners. Interestingly, Celtic women
enjoyed more autonomy than either their B) had a tribal social structure that dismisses
Roman or Greek contemporaries, serving as the ones who were not able to fight
warriors and even as rulers in some cases.
C) allowed their women to participate in wars
that were basically against the aristocratic
warriors
51.According to the passage the territory of
modern Germany ---- D) started to disappear after attacks and
frequent raids into their territories during the
A) has always been barren and its people were
classical era
unwelcoming towards migrants
E) had a particular strict aristocratic social
B) attracted many waves of migration because
structure and fought often
of its dense population

C) has a rich cultural heritage due to its varied

migrant background

D) moved from the fertile territory to the

central regions of the continent

E) has natural barriers that made the

migration challenging
54.One can conclude from the passage that
today's Germany ----

A) was mainly established by the cultures

represented in detail by the Celtic and Umfeld
historians

B) still preserves the Celtic culture that first

originated on this territory before the Bronze
Age

C) has been home to several different cultures,

one of which was the Celtic culture with its
fearsome warriors

D) used to be the location of Urnfeld culture,

which was feared for their violent attacks on
the Celts

E) is believed to have been home

simultaneously to the Celtic culture and the
Umfeld culture
What exactly do actors contribute to film 55.Which of the following is true of the
artistry, and how do they do it? Lee Strasberg, Stanislavski method?
a teacher, theorist of acting, and a leader of
A) It established a set of strict acting principles
the Actors Studio, suggested that the most
to which all performers and directors must
effective film performers were those who did
conform.
not act. "They try not to act, but to be
themselves, to respond or react", he said. B) It provided a similar approach to film
Strasberg used the Stanislavski method from artistry, in line with what most books on acting
Konstantin Stanislavski, who was a director at previously suggested.
the Moscow Art Theatre and wrote a number
of books on acting. A central tenet of the C) It encouraged performers to act as they
Stanislavski method was that actors were not normally would do in their private lives.
to show emotion in the traditional manner of D) It was first developed by Konstantin
the stage, but to speak and gesture in a Stanislavski and then reformulated by Lee
manner one would use in private life. In the Strasberg, who had many books on acting.
context of the Actors Studio, the Stanislavski
method emphasised an individualised and E) Its contribution to film artistry was poorly
psychological approach to acting. It required a understood despite its popularity among
performer to draw on his or her own self, actors.
experiences, and memories that could inform
a characterisation and shape how a character
might speak or move. Characters were thus 56.The approach adopted in Stanislavski
shown to have an inner life rather than being method requires performers to -----.
stereotyped figures representing a single
A) control how they speak or move according
concept (the good girl, the brutish boss, etc.).
to the director's demands
They could become complex human beings
with multiple and contradictory feelings. It B) make a distinction between their own
was the ability to convey the complexity of a emotions and those of the character they will
character's inner feelings that made Actors play
Studio-trained successful performers Marlon
C) overcome their contradictory feelings about
Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean
other characters in the same film
such iconic figures of the 20th century.
D) make predictions about the inner life of
stereotyped figures like the good girl or the
brutish boss

E) benefit from their own personality to shape

the features of the character they are to
portray
57.According to the Stanislavski method,
which of the following contributes to an
actor's performance?

A) Learning how to play stereotyped

characters

B) Ignoring his or her own feelings when

reflecting the inner life of a character

C) Comparing his or her performance with that

of an iconic figure

D) Trying to display the intricate feelings of a

character

E) Acting based on traditional manners of the

stage

58.What does the passage mainly focus on?

A) The advantages and limitations of the

Stanislavski method

B) How to play a stereotyped character with

the Stanislavski method

C) The use of emotions to accurately portray a

character

D) The Stanislavski method and its basic

requirements

E) Successful performers from the Actors

Studio
Since the first scholarly conference on artificial 60.According to the passage, which of the
intelligence (AI), a large number of successful following is a major weakness of Al robots?
Al programs and robots have been built.
A) Lacking the necessary capacity to be
Robots routinely explore the depths of the
reprogrammable
ocean and distant planets, and the Al program
called Deep Blue was able to defeat the grand B) Poor performance in some popular sports
master chess champion Garry Kasparov after a matches
series of highly publicised matches. As
impressive as these accomplishments are, C) Inability to interact with the environment
critics still maintain that Al has yet to achieve naturally
the goal of creating a program or robot that D) Imitating the interaction in the real world
can truly operate on its own for any significant
length of time. Al programs and robots are not E) Inability to function for long periods of time,
yet advanced enough to survive on their own, despite the current scientific endeavour
or interact with the world in the same way
that a natural creature might. So far Al
programs have not been able to succeed in 61.According to the passage, which of the
solving problems outside of narrowly-defined following is not one of the goals about future
domains. For instance, Deep Blue can play Al robots?
chess with the greatest players on the planet
A) Robots that behave autonomously
but it cannot do anything else. What scientists
really crave for achieving in Al studies is to B) Robots that can explore the outer space
create programs that not only play world-class
C) Robots that are aware of their surroundings
chess but also hold conversations with people,
interact with the outside world, plan and D) Robots with genuine communication skills
coordinate goals and projects, have
independent personalities, and perhaps E) Robots with some organisational skills
exhibit some form of consciousness. However, 62.Which of the following is the main idea of
critics claim that Al will not achieve these the passage?
latter goals in years to come.
A) Throughout the short

have been achieved by scientists who have been

59.Which of the following is true about Deep carrying out studies on it.
Blue?
B) Al robots like Deep Blue are currently not
A) It failed to exhibit satisfactory performance capable of achieving multi-purpose tasks and they
in areas other than chess. will not be able to do so without vast amount of
funding.
B) It was considered more successful than
C) Although scientists have made significant
research robots exploring oceans and space.
progress in the field, Al robots will not be able to
C) It was closely controlled by a human when accomplish a wide range of tasks in the foreseeable
future.
it defeated the grand master chess champion.
D) Scientists' future projections about Al robots
D) It suffered from some major setbacks
hardly resemble those made by the general public
despite its ultimate success in defeating a as far as the future of robots and Al are considered.
chess master.
E) One of the greatest dreams of scientists running
E) It was originally created to fulfil some Al programs is to create robots that can reciprocally
functions other than playing chess matches. communicate with other robots.
63. 64.

Silvia: Jenny:

- I am drowning in a sea of papers, documents, - I can't stop worrying about things. Every
old photographs, and other research time I do something, I get super anxious.
materials. What should I do?
Steve:
Peter:
- Worry is just a waste of time; it steals your
- I know, all that stuff can clutter your home or joy.
office and overwhelm you. There is a
Jenny:
technique called 'keep or toss' to help you.
- I know it ruins my life, but I can't help it. It
Silvia:
seems like a trait which is difficult to change.
- What is that? Sounds like a game to me. You know, I always see the grass greener on
the other side of the fence. I can't look at the
Peter:
bright side.
- -----
Steve:
Silvia:
- -----
- But what about things in between? I mean
Jenny:
those which belong to neither category.
- It's worth giving it a try. At least this way if I
Peter:
recognise my worries, they won't spiral out of
- Keep them if you feel you will need them in control.
the future.
A) If you frame your thoughts and let
A) So many office workers used this technique negativity take over. it'll be much more
in the 1950s in USA, but it's rather obsolete problematic.
these days.
B) It's the problem of overthinkers I guess.
B) It's easy. Hold onto the necessary ones and They think about issues over and over again,
throw away what you don't really need. even by creating unrealistic scenarios.

C) It comes from a Chinese philosophy of life C) It's OK to worry about the unpleasant
which advises people not to collect things they outcomes of an event that had already
don't really need. happened. But why do you worry about the
future? You never know what will happen.
D) To be honest, I don't know much about it. I
guess we'd better search for it on the internet. D) There're some techniques to ease your
Who knows, maybe it can help you. worries. I know it may not be easy to stick to
them but it'll pay off in the end.
E) I have been using it since I started my job to
keep only the crucial ones for a couple of E) Worrying doesn't change the result, it just
years. complicates the issues further. You'll learn how
to stop it when you realise this.
65. 66.
Clive: Jamie:
- People say they're sick of targeted ads on social - As far as I see, you are quite good at
media because they feel like they are always being communicating with your plants in the garden.
tracked. But, the more certain companies learn You never return with an empty basket and
about us, the better they can create products and
your vase is always shining with new flowers.
services that match our needs.
Sandra:
Anna:

- How about medical companies asking for consent - Yeah, you have a point. And more
to keep our medical data? We sign lengthy consent importantly, it's not random. I always know
forms without fully understanding their terms or the correct time to gather a new bunch of
implications. flowers from certain plants.
Clive: Jamie:
- ----- - ------
Anna: Sandra:
- What if such confidential data is leaked and - Strikingly, the order of species leafing out any
shared with third parties? I've heard about people
one garden is almost identical from year to
prevented from purchasing life insurance or
year, with some species always starting the
charged exorbitant fees by hospitals.
process early and others always late.
Clive:
Jamie:
-Hmm, then these targeted ads could be a cause
for concern. - So, it means that a gardener just needs to
observe her plants to learn their usual
A) We may think we contribute to the field of flowering times.
medical science by doing so, but there're
many people trying to deceive others. A) How can you make sure that your plants
will give you the same number of flowers
B) They need this information for statistics and every year?
it helps them understand the prevalence of
certain conditions. Why are you so suspicious B) How is it possible that you can be so sure
of them? of the best time to expect a plant to flower?

C) I think seeing ads that match our needs is C) How do you keep your plants always in
time-saving. Isn't it great not to go through the good condition to make them produce
trouble of searching for exactly what you flowers?
need?
D) How do you protect your plants from
D) Everything related to the internet is loaded warming temperatures at certain times of the
with uncertainty anyway which is why one has year?
to do online shopping only from the most
E) How have you learnt which colours each
secure devices.
plant flowers in a given time in your garden?
E) More and more people use applications
that prevent ads, which I think will make a
difference as to how much and what kind of
information can be collected about us
67.

Sheila:

- Look at this advert, Jerry. It is advertising a

tour to Alaska, land of bitter cold
temperatures and driving blizzards.

Jerry:

- But that's not the whole reality. Alaska has its

own attractions which grab tourists' attention.

Sheila:

- Really? Like what?

Jerry:

- The northern lights, pristine wilderness, and

eight magnificent national parks, just to name
a few.

Sheila: -----

Jerry:

- If so, you can read this atlas to gain more

information about them.

A) Still, many people don't seem to be

interested in visiting such a cold place.

B) When you think about it, it's a pity that not

many people prefer to visit this place.

C) I've also heard of its rich natural resources

which make the place quite attractive for
investors.

D) So, I reckon I need to raise my geographical

knowledge on tourist destinations.

E) Alaska is one of the states of USA, not an

independent country.
68.Because of a decrease in the sense of taste, 69. The Crusaders have been suspected of
older people often increase their salt intake as returning to their countries with novel
well as sugar, which can contribute to high microorganisms, but it was the Portuguese,
blood pressure and nutrient loss. with their African exploration, who brought
many in Europe into contact with tropical
A) The rise in salt and sugar intake might lead
diseases for the first time.
to high blood pressure and nutrient loss as
well as a decline in the sense of taste in older A) Although the Crusaders are thought to have
people. brought new microorganisms when they
returned to their countries, the Portuguese, in
B) A decline in the sense of taste in older
fact, introduced tropical diseases to a large
people frequently results in more salt and
number of people in Europe through their
sugar consumption, potentially contributing to
exploration of Africa.
high blood pressure and nutrient loss.
B) Despite the widespread suspicion that the
C) Older people frequently tend to have a
African exploration by the Portuguese led
decreased sense of taste as a result of the
many Europeans to be struck by tropical
increase in their salt and sugar intake, leading
diseases, the Crusaders are thought to have
to high blood pressure and nutrient loss.
brought unknown microorganisms when they
D) The contribution of high blood pressure and returned to their countries.
nutrient loss to the decline in the sense of
C) Tropical diseases in Europe first appeared
taste in older people often manifests itself in
when the Crusaders returned to their
increased salt and sugar consumption.
countries with microorganisms new to the
E) An increased intake of salt and sugar, and Europeans; however, the Portuguese are
therefore a decreased sense of taste often believed to have introduced them through
contribute to high blood pressure as well as their African exploration.
nutrient loss in older people.
D) The Crusaders were not blamed for
transferring tropical diseases to many in
Europe because it was the Portuguese who
returned to their countries from their African
exploration with unfamiliar microorganisms.

E) It has long been thought that the

Portuguese, with their African exploration,
caused tropical diseases to hit Europe, yet it
was the Crusaders who had contact with new
microorganisms for the first time and
transmitted them to many people when they
returned to their countries.
70. Red supergiants form when a massive star 71. The use of natural gas is integrated into
runs out of hydrogen in its core and can no the economy of developed countries in many
longer convert hydrogen into helium via areas ranging from manufacturing to cooking,
nuclear fusion. so decarbonising the natural gas systems is
crucial to limit climate change.
A) Red supergiants are the outcome of a
massive star's depleting its hydrogen supplies A) Although developed countries are aware of
in its core, due to its inability to turn helium the importance of decarbonising natural gas
into hydrogen through nuclear fusion. systems to limit climate change, the use of
natural gas is integrated into their economy in
B) Red supergiants are created by a process in
many areas of manufacturing and cooking.
which a massive star fails to turn hydrogen
into helium through nuclear fusion and B) To limit their influence on climate change,
therefore uses up its existing deposit of many developed countries have given
hydrogen. importance to decarbonise natural gas
systems and integrated it into their economies
C) The emergence of a red supergiant leads to
in the areas ranging from manufacturing to
a massive star's depleting the hydrogen in its
cooking.
centre and losing its ability to turn hydrogen
into helium through nuclear fusion. C) Even if developed countries reduce the use
of natural gas in their main economic fields
D) The depletion of hydrogen at the centre of
such as manufacturing and cooking, it is still
a massive star and its inability to produce
important for them to find ways of
helium out of hydrogen through nuclear fusion
decarbonising the natural gas systems to
lead to the emergence of red supergiants.
control climate change.
E) Red supergiants emerge if there is no longer
D) Given that the use of natural gas is an
enough hydrogen in the core of a massive star
integral part of the economy of developed
as it fails to make use of nuclear fusion to turn
countries in many fields from manufacturing
hydrogen into helium.
to cooking, it is essential to decarbonise the
natural gas systems to keep climate change
under control.

E) Though developed countries keep using

natural gas in many economic areas, among
which manufacturing and cooking are the
most important ones, they need to
decarbonise natural gas systems due to
climate change.
72. Unlike chemistry, physics, or biology, 73. Sleep tips are not straightforward. There
astronomy is not a hands-on science- are lots of tips to increase our chances of a
astronomers cannot experiment on the good night's sleep, and avoiding caffeine tops
objects they study. ----- Today's technology, the list. However, sleep researchers do not
however, has improved the process of consider caffeine to be all bad. Another key tip
observing enormously. Once restricted to is that getting exercise might help us nod off,
logging the light coming from celestial objects, but many people avoid doing exercise in the
astronomers can now tune into everything evening due to concerns that it might interfere
from radio waves to gamma rays, which all with sleep. ----- On the contrary, we should go
reveal what is going on in the cosmos. ahead if that is the time that suits us.
Electronics and computers have also
A) For example, the advantage of having a nap
revolutionised the collection of data and its
before a long night sleep has been widely
analysis, meaning that astronomers have more
publicised as it reduces our stress.
information at their fingertips about the
universe than ever before. B) Yet, studies suggest that a workout done at
a late hour is not necessarily problematic for
A) The bigger the mirror in a telescope, the
our sleep.
more light it can collect and the more detail
that can be seen. C) However, a recent review has highlighted
that even a short walk outside can sometimes
B) Space probes sent to other worlds have
lead to an undesirable sleep state.
changed this a little, but stars and galaxies are
so far away that professional astronomers D) Similarly, what matters is to take time to
continue to observe at a distance. have a full rest to ensure a transition to sleep
after a hectic working day.
C) The ultimate telescope for astronomers
seeking pin-sharp views of the depths of the E) To illustrate, not only can it increase your
universe is the James Webb Space Telescope, alertness, it can also be used as a treatment
launched in 2022. for sleep apnoea, a kind of breathing disorder.
D) Most modern professional telescopes are
reflectors with mirrors, situated on
mountaintops.

E) Telescopes capture light from objects, such

as stars, or galaxies, with sensitive electronic
cameras that build up an exposure over hours
if the object is very faint.
74. Anticipatory socialisation is a term used to 75. In the television news industry, the short
describe a variety of programmes offered by blurb aimed at getting you to watch a
organisations that allow prospective programme is called a 'tease'. The tease is
employees to gain work experience prior to designed to be very effective, very quick,
full-time employment. Each programme is lasting about ten seconds or less, and the
designed to help individuals, usually high information it contains works like a headline.
school or college students, develop an Viewers are enticed to keep watching with
accurate self-concept, gain a realistic promises of exclusive stories and footage,
understanding of various career fields and good-looking hosts, and good journalism. -----
organisational environments, and allow a And it does not cease with the end of the
check for a fit between individual programme since when the news is over, you
characteristics and the demands of different are still pleaded with to return the next day for
jobs. ----- They also allow participants to an early morning newscast, which in turn will
become accustomed to the informal side of an entice the next news programme and so on. If
organisation through exposure to the less news programmers had it their way, you
structured employee networks and norms that would watch a steady diet of news
exist within the hiring company. programmes 24/7 with only brief breaks for
advertising.
A) Through these programmes, prospective
employees can become acclimated to an A) In the world of news and entertainment,
organisation's formal mission, policies and where actors who have played lawyers on a
culture prior to fully joining the organisation television series are even called to give
as a regular employee. speeches at lawyer's conventions.

B) Research into these programmes has B) Television broadcasters are trained to

expanded recently, reflecting greater interest identify the errors made when creating a
in the design of these programmes. programme.

C) Current employees that assist students C) The best news programme may not have
during their stay in the organisation report ratings as high as a news programmes with a
feeling satisfied because they think that their very effective tease.
organisation approves their skills as mentors.
D) The whole system is designed to stop you,
D) Such programmes are quite appealing to the audience, from using the remote-control
most organisations as they have additional button to switch channels.
workforce but they do not need to pay for it,
E) There are bright men and women who are
though it sometimes leads to exploitation.
knowledgeable journalists and who can and
E) It is estimated that three quarters of all do work as TV newscasters.
college students complete an internship
during their academic careers.
76. (I) The vertical farming concept is simple: 78. (1) Venus is the same size as Earth, and has
growing crops on vertically-stacked levels, an atmosphere, but it is too close to the Sun
rather than side by side in a field. (II) It costs for oceans to form. (II) On Earth the oceans
hundreds of thousands of sterlings to erect a absorb carbon dioxide from the air, reducing
mid-sized vertical farm, and its energy use is the greenhouse effect. (III) But on Venus there
prohibitively high. (III) Instead of the Sun, the are no oceans, so all the carbon dioxide
vertical farm uses artificial light, and where erupted by the planet's volcanoes has stayed
there is ordinarily soil, growers use nutritious in its atmosphere. (IV) When plants, soil, and
water, or evenly-dispersed mist. (IV) Vertical water warm up, more water evaporates from
farms take up an insignificant amount of land their surfaces and ends up in the atmosphere
compared to conventional farms. (V) They use as water vapour. (V) The result is a hugely
almost no water, do not flush contaminants powerful greenhouse effect that raises the
into the ecosystem, and can be built where surface temperature of Venus to above 500°C
people actually live. hot enough to melt lead.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

77. (I) In the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, 79. (1) More than 300 ways to convert widely
Eurasian networks of commercial and available chemical waste into a range of drugs
information exchanges reached further than and fertilisers have been identified by a
ever before. (II) By 2000 BCE, there existed software program. (II) The software created a
trading cities in Central Asia that had contacts vast database of all the possible combinations
with Mesopotamia, northern India, and China, of chemicals and the processes that could be
linking vast areas of Eurasia into loose used to combine them. (III) The researchers
networks of exchange. (III) Late in the first behind the tool believe it will optimise the
millennium BCE, goods and ideas began chemical industry and allow the recycling of
travelling regularly from the Mediterranean to by-products that would otherwise need to be
China and vice versa along what came to be stored. (IV) Running on a single high-end
known as the Silk Roads. (IV) The appearance server, the program took about a month to
of agricultural technologies supported larger, calculate the hundreds of billions of
denser, and more varied communities and combinations. (V) These were then narrowed
created first urban civilisations. (V) The scale down to only those processes that led to the
of these exchange networks may help explain creation of drugs, fertilisers or other useful
the universalistic claims of religions of this era, molecules.
such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Christianity.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
80. (I) Dogs both faithful and frightening have
featured in classical myths, legends, and folk
tales throughout the ages and in all countries.
(II) People have been writing about dogs for
around 2,000 years, but the earliest books
were practical guides for people who kept
dogs for working, primarily hunting. (III) None
is more loyal than Argos, Odysseus's hunting
dog, who waits 20 years to welcome his
master home. (IV) When Odysseus arrives
back to his homeland, Ithaca, Argos is the first
to recognise him. (V) And possibly none is
more monstrous than the three-headed
hound Cerberus, keeper of the entrance to
Hades, whose capture was the 12th and most
dangerous Labour of Hercules.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
CEVAP ANAHTARI 47. E
48. A
1. B
49. B
2. A
50. B
3. D
51. C
4. D
52. A
5. C
53. E
6. B
54. C
7. C
55. C
8. A
56. E
9. C
57. D
10. D
58. D
11. B
59. A
12. B
60. C
13. D
61. B
14. B
62. C
15. D
63. B
16. B
64. D
17. A
65. B
18. B
66. B
19. C
67. D
20. D
68. B
21. E
69. A
22. B
70. D
23. D
71. D
24. E
72. B
25. C
73. B
26. C
74. A
27. C
75. D
28. B
76. B
29. D
77. D
30. C
78. D
31. B
79. C
32. A
80. B
33. C
34. A
35. C
36. A
37. B
38. A
39. A
40. A
41. B
42. E
43. C
44. B
45. E
46. B