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    e200804-201_241029_010346

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    Mers Abe

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    e200804-201_241029_010346

    Uploaded by

    Mers Abe
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    1 views10 pages

    e200804-201_241029_010346

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    of 10

    Unit Operations Chapter 2.

    Fluid Statics

    Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    Fluid mechanics (유체역학) – 단위조작의 기본 분야


    관, 펌프에서의 유체이동, 교반, 반응
    열전달, 확산, 물질전달 등 분리조작의 기초

    “Engineering science dealing with the behavior of fluids”


    ↓
    liquid, gas, vapor
    Fluid Statics (유체 정역학)
    : treats fluids in the equilibrium state of no shear stress
    Fluid Dynamics (유체 동역학)
    : treats fluids when portions of the fluid are in motion

    Incompressible fluids (비압축성 유체) – density changes are neglected ( ρ = const.)


    Compressible fluids (압축성 유체) – density changes are significant
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    Hydrostatic equilibrium

    정지 유체의 압력: 높이에 따라 다름.


    지면과 평행한 단면에서는 동일

    All forces on the small volume of fluid Æ 0


    (그렇지 않은 경우엔 “유동”이 존재)

    ∴ ∑ Fi = 0

    F1 (the force acting in an upward direction)


    : pS
    F2 (the force acting in a downward direction)
    : (p+dp)S
    F3 (gravitational force): gρS ⋅ dZ
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    ∴ pS − ( p + dp ) S − gρSdZ = 0

    Å upward direction: positive (+)

    dp + gρdZ = 0 ------ (2.2)

    For incompressible fluids ( ρ = const.)


    pb − pa = ρg ( Z a − Z b ) ------ (2.4)

    즉, ∆p = ρg∆Z

    - Head of a liquid (액체의 높이압)


    : the relationship between pressure and the height of a liquid column

    Z = p / ρg (Z: head)
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    - Barometric equation (기압 방정식)


    For an ideal gas, ( ρ ≠ 0)

    pM m
    ρ= pV = nRT = RT ( ρ = m / V )
    RT M
    Eq. (2.2) becomes

    dp gM
    + dZ = 0
    p RT

    Integrating between levels a & b, (assuming that T is constant)

    pb ⎛ gM ( Z b − Z a ) ⎞
    = exp⎜ − ⎟ : barometric eq’n (2.7)
    pa ⎝ RT ⎠
    관련 문제: Prob. 2.2
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    - Rotating centrifuge (원심분리기)

    Pressure drop over any ring of rotating liquid,


    (회전하는 원심분리기 속 액체의 압력강하)
    ∆p
    dF = rω 2 dm
    ← F = ma, ∴ dF = adm
    a = rω 2
    dv vdθ
    ← a= = = vω = rω 2
    dt dt

    dm = 2πρrbdr ← 2πrdr (면적), b(높이)


    ← dm = ρdS ⋅ b
    dS = 2πrdr

    ∴ dF = 2πρbω 2 r 2 dr
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    dF
    Since dp =
    2πrb
    = ω 2 ρrdr

    r1에서 r2까지 적분하면,

    p2 − p1 = ∫rr2 ω 2 ρ rdr
    1

    Assuming ρ is constant,

    ω 2 ρ (r2 2 − r12 )
    ∴ p2 − p1 = ------ (2.8)
    2

    관련 문제: Prob. 2.6


    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    - Manometer (압력차 측정기) U관 마노미터

    여기서는 U-tube manometer의 원리

    p1 (at pt. 1) : pa
    p2 (at pt. 2) : pa + g ( Z m + Rm ) ρ B
    p3 (at pt. 3) = p2
    p4 (at pt. 4) : p3 − gRm ρ A
    p5 (at pt. 5) : p4 − gZ m ρ B
    = pb

    ∴ pa + g [(Z m + Rm )ρ B − Rm ρ A − Z m ρ B ] = pb

    Æ ∴ pa − pb = gRm ( ρ A − ρ B ) ----- (2.10) 관련 문제: Prob. 2.1

    만일 ρ B 를 무시할 수 있으면 ∆p = ρg∆Rm 으로 됨


    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    (Ex. 2.1) Pressure drop across an orifice (orifice meter)

    pa = 0.14 bar streamline


    (gauge pressure)
    pb = −250 mmHg
    (gauge pressure)
    Fig. 8.17 (p. 228)
    Rm = ?

    Liquid B (brine) Liquid A (mercury)


    1,260 kg/m3 13,590 kg/m3
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    pa = 0.14 bar pb = −250 mmHg

    = 0.14 × 105 Pa − 250


    = ×g×ρ
    1,000
    = 14,000 Pa
    = −33,318 Pa
    From Eq. (2.10):

    pa − pb = gRm ( ρ A − ρ B )

    ∴ Rm = 0.391 m (391 mm)

    cf.) Absolute p = Atmospheric p + Gauge p (절대압 = 대기압 + 게이지압)

    절대압으로는 pa = 1atm + 0.14 bar =1.153 bar


    pb = 1atm − 250 mmHg = 510 mmHg
    Unit Operations Chapter 2. Fluid Statics

    Related Problems

    (Probs.) 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, 2.11, 2.12 and 2.13

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