2d Bernoullis Equation

Bernoulli’s Equation
2 derivations
The Bernoulli Equation
Expresses relation between velocity, pressure and elevation in a flow
field.
• Derived from considering

- forces acting on a fluid element, i.e., apply Newton's 2nd Law
- energy conservation from steady flow energy equation
Assumptions
1. Ideal fluid (inviscid) flow

- hence no shear, u = 0 ( no energy loss)
2. Steady state flow
3. Incompressible flow
4. 1D uniform flow - strictly only along a single streamline
With our fluid system without energy inputs or outputs we get a
simple range of variables
Conditions at any point inside the control volume stay constant.

There is no change in energy inside the control volume, E = 0
This means that the total energy flowing in must be equal to the
total energy flowing out.
Flow in .
Flow rate= m1 (kg s-1)
Flow out .
Flow rate= m2 (kg s-1)
Vel in C1 (m s-1) 1 Vel out C2 (m s-1)
Height in z1 (m) Height out z2 (m)
Control
Pressure in p1 (N m-2) Pressure out p2 (N m-2)
Volume
Density in 1 (kg m-3) Density out 2 (kg m-3)
2
Types of Energy
The
• total energy in a fluid system may comprise all or a
combination of the following:
Potential energy (J) - mgh
Kinetic energy (J) - ½ mv2
Also
Static pressure (J) - pressure x volume (pV)
As ,
The energy associated with static pressure =
The energy in a flow
We can look at the energy associated with these and say that that
in (1) must be the same as that out (2).
1 2 𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2
𝑚 𝐶 +𝑚𝑔 𝑧 1 +𝑚
1 = 𝑚 𝐶 2 +𝑚𝑔 𝑧2 +𝑚
2 𝜌 2 𝜌

Cancelling out .
1 2 𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2
𝐶 1 + 𝑔 𝑧 1+ = 𝐶 2+ 𝑔 𝑧 2+
2 𝜌 2 𝜌

M.
1 2 1 2
𝜌 𝐶 + 𝜌 𝑔 𝑧1 + 𝑝1 =
1 𝜌 𝐶 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 𝑧2 + 𝑝2
2 2
We can look at the energy associated with these and say that in must be
the same as that out
Kinetic in + Potential in + Pressure in = Kinetic out + Potential out + Pressure out
1 2 𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2
𝑚 𝐶 1 +𝑚𝑔 𝑧 1 +𝑚 = 𝑚 𝐶 2 +𝑚𝑔 𝑧2 +𝑚
2 𝜌 2 𝜌
1 2 1 2
𝜌 𝐶 1 + 𝜌 𝑔 𝑧1 + 𝑝1 = 𝜌 𝐶 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 𝑧2 + 𝑝2
2 2
And since we are interested in the difference between beginning

and end, we can write this as
1 2 2
0= 𝜌 ( 𝐶 2 − 𝐶 1 ) + 𝜌 𝑔 ( 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 ) + ( 𝑝2 − 𝑝 1 )
2
Which is one version of Bernoulli’s equation.

Derivation from Newton's 2nd Law
• Consider a small element of fluid in a streamtube
- No heat transfer nor work done by or on the fluid.
• Consider only forces due to pressure and gravity
A
s  p  dp s 
 ds 
A
 z + z
p
z gAs
Forces acting on a streamtube element

A
s  p  dp s 
 ds 
A
 z + z
p
z gAs
Newton's 2nd law : F = ma

mass of element = As

acceleration =
consider only pressure forces and gravity (weight)
Resolving along the longitudinal axis of the streamtube

A
s  p  dp s 
 ds 
A
 z + z
p
z gAs
Resolving along the longitudinal axis of the streamtube

dp dC
pA  ( p  s )A  gAs cos   As
ds dt

since
and dC  C Cs  Ct  C dC
dt ds
for steady state flow
dp dz dC
This becomes  sA  gAs  AsC
ds ds ds
dp dz dC
 sA  gAs  AsC
ds ds ds

dividing throughout by and rearranging gives Euler's equation
1 dp dC dz
C g 0
 ds ds ds
Bernoulli's equation –
assuming incompressible flow and integrating with respect to s
p C2
  gz  constant (m2 s-2 or J kg-1)
 2
pressure (p) energy + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant
= total energy
Physical Significance
p C2
  z  constant ( m )
g 2 g
• static + dynamic + elevation = constant = Total head (m)
 
head head
constant (Pa)
static + dynamic + potential = constant = Total Pressure
  
pressure pressure pressure
Sum of three components (energy) is constant

Total energy of a fluid particle is constant and conserved.
For flow of gases, potential energy (gravity) is relatively small, therefore
we can often write:
1 2
p  C  constant ( Pa)
2
Static pressure + dynamic pressure = constant
hence high velocity  low pressure
conversely low velocity  high pressure

Two forms of Bernoulli’s equation
p  1 C 2  constant ( Pa)
2
•
Remember the assumptions
1. Ideal fluid (inviscid) flow (no energy input or removal)
2. Steady state flow
3. Incompressible flow
4. 1D uniform flow - strictly only along a single streamline

2d Bernoullis Equation

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Bernoulli’s Equation

• Derived from considering

1. Ideal fluid (inviscid) flow

Conditions at any point inside the control volume stay constant.

Kinetic in + Potential in + Pressure in = Kinetic out + Potential out + Pressure out

And since we are interested in the difference between beginning

Which is one version of Bernoulli’s equation.

Forces acting on a streamtube element

Newton's 2nd law : F = ma

Resolving along the longitudinal axis of the streamtube

Resolving along the longitudinal axis of the streamtube

Sum of three components (energy) is constant

Static pressure + dynamic pressure = constant

hence high velocity  low pressure

conversely low velocity  high pressure

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