Lighting Schemes

Types and Applications

 Interior Lighting
• Lights in interior spaces play a major role in
creating desired ambience in a space along with
serving the basic function of lighting up the space
for better visual connectivity.
• There are a variety of types of lighting available
and methods to light up a space.
– Diffused Lighting
– Direct Lighting
– Task Lighting
– Water Lighting
– Chandelier Lighting
– Factory Lighting
 Factory (or)Industrial Lighting
• Industrial lighting plays a key part in the safety and
performance of your business.
• It’s typically found in warehouses, factories,
manufacturing plants and other hazardous workplaces.
• The key steps in the design process are:
– Identify the requirements.
– Determine the method of lighting.
– Select the lighting equipment.
– Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the design as
required.
– Determine the control system.
– Choice of luminaire.
– Inspect the installation upon completion.
 1. Identifying the requirements
• This involves gaining a full understanding of what the
lighting installation is intended to achieve. This
includes the following:
– Task Requirements
• Illuminance
• Glare
– Mood of the space
– Relation to shape of space
– Things to be emphasized
– Things to hide
– Direction of light
– Interaction of daylight
 2. Determine the method of lighting
• At this stage, consideration is given to how the
light is to be delivered, e.g. will it be
recessed, surface mounted, direct or
indirect, or will up-lighting be used, and its
primary characteristics, e.g. will it be
prismatic, low brightness or mellow light.
• Consideration should be given at this stage to
the use of daylight to minimize the need for
artificial light.
 3. Select the lighting equipment
• Once the method of lighting has been selected, the most appropriate
light source can then be chosen followed by the luminaire.

• The following attributes should be studied when choosing the

light source:
– Light output (lumens)
– Total input wattage
– Efficacy (lumens per Watt)
– Lifetime
– Physical size
– Surface brightness / glare
– Color characteristics
– Electrical characteristics
– Requirement for control gear
– Compatibility with existing electrical system
– Suitability for the operating environment
• A number of factors also affect luminaire
choice:
– Characteristics of the light source and control gear
– Luminaire efficiency (% lamp light output
transmitted out of the fixture)
– Light distribution
– Glare control
– Finish and appearance
– Size
– Accessibility of components for maintenance
– Ability to handle adverse operating conditions
– Aesthetics
– Thermal management
4. Calculate the lighting parameters
• Lighting calculation methods fall into three
broad categories:
– Manual calculation methods
– Three dimensional modeling
– Visualization
 Lumen Method
• The Lumen Method calculates the average
illuminance at a specific level in the space, including
an allowance for the light reflected from the interior
surfaces of the room.
• The basic assumptions are:
– All the luminaires in the room are the same and have
the same orientation
– The luminaires do not have a directional distribution
and are aimed directly to the floor
– The luminaires are arranged in a uniform array on the
ceiling and have the same mounting height
– The luminaires are spaced less than the maximum
spacing to mounting height ratio nominated in
the coefficient of utilisation tables
 Lumen method formula
• The average illuminance E(h) over a reference
surface s can be calculated from the “lumen
method” formula.

where:
F – the initial bare lamp flux (lumens)
n – the number of lamps per luminaire
N – the number of luminaires
LLF – the total light loss factor
UF(s) – the utilization factor for the reference surface s
of the chosen luminaire
 Room Index
• The Room Index is a measure of the angular size of the
room, and is the ratio of the sum of the plan areas of the
Floor(F) and Ceiling (C) surfaces to the area of the Wall
(W) surface. For rectangular rooms the room index is given
by:

• Where:
L – the length of the room
W – the width of the room
Hm – the height of the luminaire plane above the horizontal
reference plane.
If the room is re-entrant in shape, for example L shaped, then it
must be divided into two or more non-re- entrant sections, which
can be treated separately.
 Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio
(SHR)
• The Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR)
is the spacing between luminaires divided by
their height above the horizontal reference
plane.
• It affects the uniformity of illuminance on
that plane.
 Visualization
• These are programs that create a perspective
rendering of the space in levels of detail that
vary from a block representation of the space, to
photographic quality renderings, depending on the
sophistication of the program and the level of
detail of the interior to be entered.
• The programs fall into two basic types:
– Flux transfer or radiosity calculations
– Ray tracing calculations
• The major difference being in how they interpret
light from reflective surfaces.
 5. Determine the control system
• Providing multiple switches to control the number of lights that
come on at any one time. Using one switch to turn on all the lights in a
large room is very inefficient.
• Placing switches at the exits from rooms and using two-way switching
to encourage lights to be turned off when leaving the room.
• Using ‘smart’ light switches and fittings which use movement sensors
to turn lights on and off automatically. These are useful in rooms used
infrequently where lights may be left on by mistake, or for the elderly
and disabled.
• Using timers, daylight controls and motion sensors to switch outdoor
security lights on and off automatically. controls are particularly useful
for common areas, such as hallways, corridors and stairwells, in multi-
unit housing.
• Using solar powered lighting for garden and security lights.

• Using dimmer controls for incandescent lights (including halogens).

This can save energy and also increase bulb life.
 6. Choice of Luminaire
• The performance of a luminaire should be considered
just as carefully as its cost.
• In the long term a well designed, well constructed
luminaire will be cheaper than a poor quality unit; and
the salient features of a good quality luminaire are:
– Sound mechanical and electrical construction and a
durable finish
– Adequate screening of high luminance lamps to
minimize discomfort and glare
– Adequate heat dissipation to prevent over-heating of the
lamp, wiring and ancillary equipment
– High light output ratio with the appropriate light
distribution
– Ease of installation, cleaning and maintenance
 Exterior Lighting
• Exterior lighting also plays a very important role on the
structure as well as the surroundings.
• They create a direct impact on the city skyline and the
night-scapes of the city.
• They serve as a street light for the surrounding area
creating a safe environment around and making it
useful for the adjoining areas.
• These external lights also enhance the elevations of the
structures and the road line perspective of the roads
along the city.
• Here also there are a variety of types of external
lightings.
– Street Lighting
– Flood Lighting
 Street Lighting
• Street lighting design is the design of street lighting
such that people can safely continue their travels on the
road.
• Street lighting schemes never brings the same
appearance of daylight, but provide sufficient light for
people to see important objects required for traversing
the road.
• Street lighting plays an important role in:
– Reducing the risk of night-time accidents
– Assisting in the protection of buildings/property
(discouraging vandalism)
– Discouraging crime
– Creating a secure environment for habitation
 Basic Features of Street Light
Luminaires
• Roadway luminaires are mounted horizontally and thus
have fixed vertical aiming.
• Roadway lighting luminaires have particular intensity
distributions which are desired to light long narrow
horizontal stripes on one side of the luminaire, while
minimizing the intensities on the other side of the
luminaire.
• The intensity distributions up and down the narrow
strip are generally the same.
• Any fixed aimed luminaire which does not have this
type of intensity distribution is called an area luminaire.
 Main Objectives of Street Lighting
Design Scheme
• The main objectives of street lighting design
scheme are given below:
– Perfect visual sensation for safety
– Illuminated environment for quick movement
of the vehicles
– Clear view of objects for comfortable movement
of the road users.
 Which Lamps are Used in Street
Lighting?
• Various types of lamps are used in street
lighting luminaires. They are
– High pressure sodium lamp
– Metal Halide Lamps
– Low pressure sodium lamps
– Incandescent Lamp (not recommended)
– LED
– CFL (used in Lanes or streets only not widely)
Pole Arrangement Schemes in Street
Lighting Design
Single Sided
• When the width (W) of the road is nearly equal to the pole
height (H), i.e. W = H then the poles are arranged in one side
only.
• Generally pole height is available of 10 meters.
The span between two poles is equal to the road width.
 Double Sided
• When the width (W) of the road is nearly double the pole
height (H), i.e. W = 2H then the poles are arranged along both
sides in opposite to each other manner.
• The span between two poles may not be equal to the road
width.
 Staggered Sided or Zigzag Pattern
• When the width (W) of the road is nearly 1.5 times of
the pole height (H), i.e. W = 1.5 H then the poles are
arranged in both sides in zigzag manner.
• The span between two poles may not be equal to the
road width.
 Central Verge Position
• When the width (W) of the road is much greater than the pole
height (H), i.e. W>>H then the poles are arranged in the
central verge of the road.
• The luminaires are made to face towards both the road
surfaces from the central verge.
• The span between two poles may not equal to the road width.
 Street Light Design Parameters
• Street light design parameter is measured or
evaluated or simulated over the span of the
road.
– Average maintained luminance level in Lux
– Over all uniformity (U0)of Illuminance

for entire area (span × width) of the road

– Longitudinal Uniformity
• Transverse uniformity

• Disability glare is expressed in threshold increment.

• Discomfort Glare is expressed in glare control mark.
• Unit Power Density is measured for unit length.
Where,

• where no. of the luminaire (n) = 1 for single sided

pole arrangement
= 2 for double sided pole arrangement
= 2 for staggered sides pole arrangement.
 Flood Lighting
• The flooding of large surfaces with light through
powerful projectors, where the light sources are
concentrated into narrow light beams using
specific reflectors is known as flood lighting.
• Flood lighting is an artificial light with high-
intensity, broad beam.
Main Objectives of Flood Lighting
– Safety and security
– Amenity
– Decoration
– Commercial interior
 Purpose of Flood Lighting
• The flood lighting may be employed for the
following purposes −
– To enhance the beauty of the ancient monuments
at night.
– To illuminate the railway yards, car parking,
sport stadiums, construction sites, etc.
– To illuminate the advertising boards and show-
cases, etc.
 Location and Mounting of Projectors
• In practice, there are two possible locations of
projectors for flood lighting, which are −
– For small buildings, uniform flood lighting is used.
Therefore, the flood lights can be placed on other
building or on a suitable point at distances of not more
than about 60 meters. The light should fall on the
building nearly perpendicular to the building.
– For large or tall buildings, non-uniform flood lighting
is used. Thus, the flood lights should be so located that
the contours and features of the building are well
defined and they should enhance the beauty of the
building or monument.
Types of Flood Lighting Projectors
 Calculation of Flood Lighting
Step 1 – Level of Illumination Required
• In this step, the illumination level required is to be
calculated. The level of illumination required depends upon
the type of building, the purpose of flood lighting and the
amount of conflicting light in the vicinity, etc.
Step 2 – Type of Projector
• This step involves the determination of type of projector for
the flood lighting. The following two considerations enter
into the choice of a projector, viz. −
– Beam size – It determines the area covered by the beam.
– Light output – It determines the illumination provided.
• Also, the beam angle of the projector is decided according
to the distance of the projector from the surface.
Step 3 – Calculate the Number of Projectors
•For any desired light intensity over a definite surface, the number of
projectors required is obtained from the following formula −

Where,
•'A' is the surface area to be illuminated in m2.
•'E' is the level of illumination required in lumens/m2.
•Depreciation factor – it is defined as the ratio of illumination under ideal
condition to the illumination under normal condition.
•Waste light factor – It is defined as the ratio of total lumens emitted by the
source to the total lumens available after waste of light. It is about 1.2 for
rectangular areas, 1.5 for irregular areas and objects like statues and
monuments, etc.
•Coefficient of utilization – It is defined as the ratio of beam lumens to lamp
lumens. It is also known as Beam Factor and its value lies between 0.3 and 0.5.
 Applications of Flood Lighting
• Flood lighting is widely used in the following
fields −
– Architectural building and monuments
– Ports
– Frontage lighting of buildings
– Manufacturing plants
– Construction sites, etc.