Positive displacement

(i) Roots blower:

 Roots blower is a positive displacement type rotary compressor.
 It has two rotors having two or three lobes having epicycloid and
hypocycloid or involute profiles such that they remain in proper
contact.
 Figure 16.13 shows two lobe rotors in a roots blower.
 To prevent wear and tear two rotors have clearance in between.
 Out of two rotors one is driven by prime mover while other one is
driven by first rotor.
 When two rotors rotate then their typical geometry divides the
region inside casing into two regions i.e. high pressure region
and low pressure region.
 Although there occurs slight leakage across the mating parts
which can only be minimised not eliminated completely.
 Figure 16.13 b shows the general arrangement in roots blower.
 It has inlet at section 1–1 and exit at 2–2. Air at atmospheric
pressure enters the casing and is trapped between rotor A and
the casing.
 When the rotor rotate then air trapped in volume space V is
displaced towards high pressure region due to rotation of rotor.
 Exit end is connected to receiver in which air is gradually
transferred and the pressure inside receiver increases due to
cumulative effect of air being transferred from atmospheric
pressure region to receiver region.
 In one revolution this positive displacement of air trapped
between rotor and casing from inlet end to receiver end shall
occur four times in case of two lobe rotor as shown.
 While in case of three lobes rotor this transfer shall occur six
times.
 Every time when V volume of air is displaced without being
compressed to the receiver side high pressure region, then the
high pressure air rushes back from receiver and mixes irreversibly
with this air until the pressure gets equalized.
 Thus, gradually air pressure builds up and say this pressure
becomes p2. For inlet air pressure being p1, the work done per
cycle,
 The expression for roots blower efficiency shows that the
efficiency depends upon pressure ratio and the increase in
pressure ratio yields decrease in roots efficiency.
 At low pressure ratios the roots efficiency is quite high. Reduced
efficiency with high pressure ratios is attributed to the mechanism
involved in pressure rise.
 With high pressure ratio there occurs the reversal of flow during
positive displacement of air from casing to receiver.
 This reversal causes the loss of energy thereby lowering efficiency
due to increased actual work requirement.
 Roots blower are available in the capacity ranging from 0.15
m3/min to 1500 m3/min and the pressure ratios are of the order
of 1 to 3.5.
 These are generally used for scavenging, supercharging of IC
engines etc.
 Generally the roots efficiency is around 50–60% but high
efficiency values up to 80% can also be achieved with low
pressure ratios.
https://youtu.be/_-fwWrFLiyY
https://youtu.be/4OJTN0M1DBk
https://youtu.be/AFHogF-9eGA
(ii) Vane type compressor:
 Schematic of vane type compressor is shown in Fig. 16.15.
 It has cylindrical casing having an eccentrically mounted rotor
inside it.
 The rotor has number of slots in it with rectangular vanes of
spring loaded type mounted in slots.
 These vanes are generally non metallic and made of fibre or
carbon composites or any other wear resistant material.
 These vanes remain in continuous contact with casing such that
leakage across the vane-casing interface is minimum or absent.
 It has one end as inlet end and other as the delivery end
connected to receiver.
 Upon rotation the eccentric rotor has the vanes having differential
projection out of rotor depending upon their position.
 Air is trapped between each set of two consecutive blades in front
of inlet passage and is positively displaced to the delivery end
after compressing the volume V1 initially to V2, V3 and V4.
 When compressed volume comes in front of delivery passage
and further rotation results in the situation when partly
compressed air is forced to enter the receiver as their is no other
way out.
 This cumulative transfer of partly compressed air in receiver
causes irreversible compression resulting in gradual pressure
rise.
 The p-V representation shown in Fig. 16.15 (b) indicates that the
total pressure rise is due to the combined effect of reversible
pressure rise inside casing and irreversible pressure rise inside
receiver.
 Generally, the contribution of reversible pressure rise and
irreversible pressure rise is in proportion of 50 : 50.
 (Fixed Vane)
https://youtu.be/fxDEK3Ymx30

(Moving Vane)
 Vane compressors are available for capacity up to 150 m3/min
and pressure ratios up to 8 and efficiency up to 75%.
 For higher pressure ratios the efficiency of vane compressors is
more than that of roots blower but the vane compressors have
maximum speed up to 2500 rpm as compared to 7500 rpm in
case of roots blower.
 Vane compressors have large power requirement as compared
to roots blower due to large number of vanes on rotor. However,
with small number of vanes the power required by vaned
compressor may be comparable to roots blower.
 Vane compressors require large maintenance due to wear of
vanes and other moving parts.
 Work required per revolution for vane compressor with n number
of vanes shall be partly in reversible and partly in irreversible
process.
Centrifugal Compressors

 Centrifugal compressor is a radial flow machine compressing the

fluid due to the dynamic action of impeller.
 Centrifugal compressors have impeller mounted on driving shaft,
diffuser and volute casing as shown in Fig. 16.16.
 Centrifugal compressors have air inlet at the centre of impeller.
 The portion of impeller in front of inlet passage is called impeller
eye.

 Impeller is a type of disc having radial blades mounted upon it.

 Compressor casing has a diffuser ring surrounding impeller and
the air enters the impeller eye and leaves from impeller tip to
enter diffuser ring.
 Volute casing surrounds the diffuser ring.
 Volute casing has cross section area increasing gradually up to the
exit of compressor.
 These impellers of centrifugal compressors may also be of double
sided type such that air can enter from two sides (both) of
impeller.
 Thus double sided impeller shall have double impeller eye
compared to single impeller eye as shown in Fig. 16.17.

 Air enters the impeller eye axially and flows radially outwards
after having entered compressor.
 Radial flow of air inside compressor is due to impeller (blades)
rotating about its axis.
 These impeller blades impart momentum to the air entering,
thereby rising its pressure and temperature.
 Subsequently the high pressure fluid leaving impeller enters the
diffuser ring where the velocity of air is lowered with further
increase in pressure of air.
 Thus in diffuser ring the kinetic energy of air is transformed into
pressure head.
 High pressure air leaving diffuser is carried by volute casing to the
exit of compressor.
 Due to increased cross section area of volute casing some velocity
is further reduced causing rise in its pressure, although this is very
small.
 Total pressure rise in compressor may be due to ‘impeller action’
and ‘diffuser action’ both.
 Generally, about half of total pressure rise is available in impeller
and remaining half in diffuser.
 Pressure and velocity variation in centrifugal compressor is shown
in Fig. 16.18.
  Centrifugal compressors are used in aircrafts, blowers,
superchargers, etc. where large quantity of air is to be supplied at
smaller pressure ratios.
 Generally, pressure ratio up to 4 is achieved in single stage
centrifugal compressors while in multistage compressors the
pressure ratio up to 12 can be achieved.
 These compressors run at speed of 20,000–30,000 rpm.

Thermodynamic analysis:
 In case of centrifugal compressors the fluid is being compressed
following reversible adiabatic process ideally.
 In actual case the frictionless adiabatic compression is not
possible due the frictional losses between fluid and casing.
 Irreversibilities also creep into compression process due to the
entry and exit losses such as throttling, shock at inlet and exit and
eddy formation etc.
 Therefore, the actual compression occurs following polytropic
compression process.
 Figure 16.19 shows the T–s representation for ideal and actual
compression process.
\
Losses in centrifugal compressor: Centrifugal compressor has losses at
inlet. Every compressor offers its optimum performance at design
operation. Any deviation from design condition increases the different
losses occuring in it. Due to friction, turbulence, eddy formation etc.
there are flow losses inside the compressor. These losses are
proportional to the square of flow velocity. Compressibility of fluid at
high Mach nos. also offers losses. Losses in diffuser, volute casing are
also there due to friction. Friction and secondary flow losses also cause
slip and actual whirl component is less than theoretical value.

AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS

 Axial flow compressors have the fixed blades and moving blades
mounted along the axis of compressor.
 Air enters axially and leaves axially.
 It has primarily two components i.e. rotor and casing.
 The rotor has blades mounted on it constituting moving blade
ring.
 Blades are also mounted on the inner side of casing thereby
constituting stages as fixed blade ring followed by moving blade
ring followed by fixed blade ring, moving blade ring and so on.
 Due to the reduction in volume the volume space for compressed
air may be gradually reduced.
 Gradual reduction in volume can be done by flaring the rotor
while keeping stator diameter uniform or by flaring the stator
while keeping rotor diameter constant as shown in fig. 16.21.
 The pressure of fluid entering the axial flow compressor increases
upon passing through the fixed and moving blades.
 This flow of fluid over moving blades is accompanied by enthalpy
rise while the fixed blades merely deflect the fluid so as to
facilitate smooth entry into moving blades.
 Absolute velocity of air increases along axis of rotor due to work
input from the prime mover.
 Relative velocity of air decreases during its flow through rotor.
 Blades have aerofoil section so as to have minimum losses due to
turbulence, boundary layer formation and separation, eddy
formation etc.
Centrifugal Compressor

https://youtu.be/s-bbAoxZmBg
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104117/6
surge and choking explained

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104117/4
Axial flow diagram

S.K. Som
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1dyUVA19kQ&index=21&list=PL
bMVogVj5nJSurQymuzzJM9MwLpEb75lq

A.M. Pradeep
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcPBYh6Cfao&list=PLbMVogVj5nJ
S7srFCd_hJwdgHRd27YMgF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcPBYh6Cfao&list=PLbMVogVj5nJ
Sm6LFzKGSHmaPQnKjpmZYF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dafjkTM2nlg&list=PLbMVogVj5nJ
SXjTminozHEFZJkN_ojx_e

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1hjaXZE93w (2)
surge protection system

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaF8swUdnAk&t=8s
Block diagram

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoLKikJghV8
3D blower animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-bbAoxZmBg&feature=youtu.be
CF compressor basic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8DMun06NXg&t=7s
surge basic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olISYuNaBBk
water pump surge tank

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QaajARc_CQ&t=88s (1)
engine compressor surge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuyJ5jD3r0o&t=85s
engine compressor surge basic

Aeroplane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQWYhsYfMxE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzYdiWjN48A