Powtr System f.

ngintering
.. ·es the vibration problem has been SOlvect
In add1t1on to the design of the clamp and access on '
is used) byllie
use of special devices which will fall into two groups: k bridge damper
D~pe rs (~ ~to;equired to make the conductor circ
(a) Reinforcement or armour rods, (b) ·11at1o
( ns), Jt is
t o damp dancmg f d ake the conductor circular. Adoption of h00. 1ar. Far
• 11
o con uctors osca
zontar Con.
stranded conductors, PVC tape is wrapped to mthese vibrations.
ductor configuration reduces the danger due to
. g of a conductor having following data:
Example 19.1 Calculate the maxim um sa
Span = 200 m, w = 0.S kg/m,
maximum allowable tension J600 kg.
··s01ut1on~ wl lV2,2)
.. -- .. .I

T= H cosh (H) ""H ( 1+ 292

T - 2H2+ w2/2
or H- 2H 2
w2,2
H2 -HT+ - =0
2
Solving for H w2,2
H= T--
2T
Substituting values,
= 1600- (0.8)2(100)2
H 2x1600
= 1,598 kg m
diameter of J._~gp■
Example 19.2 In a transmission line, line conductor has an effective .
0.0195 m, weighs 258.95 kgper304.78 m and has an ultimate strength of
8037.18 kg. Cal-
m must be sup~rted in
culate the height above ground at which a conductor with a span of 274.30
te strength with a 0.0127 m radial coat·
order that the total tension shalJ not exceed half the ultima
2 of projected area. The ground clearance
ing ~f ic~ and a ho~zontal wind3 pressure of 39.056 kg/m
required 1s 6. 70, weight of 1 m of ice= 953.63 kg. .

The total loading is w = 2.684 kg/m

The maximum permissible tension T = ~ x 8037.18
= 4018.59 kg
I= 137.15 m
2
d= w/ = 2.684 X (137.15)2 _
2T 4018.59 - 12.50 m
::::--E--.-
:o::te:-:-:::o,=·m~cu71ty-:L-e¥-el--::■
N
- asy; - Medium; • - Difficult
 Mechanical Dtsign of Tr,nsmission Linn

H= T-.v-t2!2T
re exactly
111trn<> =4018.59 - 33.55 =3985.04
wl 2.684 x 137. 15 _ 0 092
H - 3985.04 - •
d= (Hlw) (cosh (wl/H)- J]
== (3985.0412.684) (cosh (0.092)-1)
=6.349 m
ei ht of support> 6.70 + 6.349 = 13.049
Hg > 42' l 0" = 43'
Safety factor= 2 (assumed)

";,mple 19.3 An overhe ad line comprises a copper conductor of 2.5 cm2

cross ~L9D ■
sectional area and weighing 2.25 kg/m strung between the supports and equal height and
2SO mapart. The conductor was strung to a tension of 3000 kg when
the temperature was 20°C
ntal wind
and there was no wind. Calculate the tension when the temperature is 0°C and the horizo
pressure is I kg/m of conductor 2length.
Given: E= 1.27 x I06 kg/cm , a= 17 x I0---0/°C.

w/2
d= -
8T
di = wif 2 = 2.25 x (250)2 = 5_85 m
87t 8 X 3000
81 = 20°C, W1 = 2.25 kg/m, T1 =3000 kg
2
82 =0°c, W2 = Jc2.2s)2 + 1 =2.46 kg/m
T2 =?
d2(d; -k)=L
L= 2- w2'4 = 2- X 2.46 X (250)4
6
= 142 m
64 AE 64 2.5 X 1.27 X 10
4
k- 2 3 2 3 wi/
- d1 + 8 (82 - 81)al - 64 AEd1
4
_[ J -6 2 _ 2_ 2.25 X (250) ]
2 250 5.85
- (5.85) - 8 X 20 X 17 X IO X ( ) 64 X 2.5 X 1.27 XI 06 X

= 34.3 - 1.S X 1.7 x 0.62S-22.2

=4.1
 d2 (d}-4.1) = 142
= ~ = 2.46 X (250) = J l 90 k
2

Solving d2 = Sj m, Tz 8J., 8 x 5j g
*

In this chapter, mech31lical design of transm_ission li?e is described in detail. Sag and tension calcuJa
tions are explained including the effect of\\ md and ice. _ -

• Sag= d = If (c-0s }r/ - l)m

w II
v. I
• Tension, T =TA= T8 = H coshH

• Weight due to the wind, w = ( ¾, + w, )2 + w! kgfIm

w1 = ice covering; wr = weight of the conductor; ww = wind pressure
2 d2
• Young's modulus, S =I+
31

~ + 4 + ~ + ... + L! m
• Ruling span, Lt=
½+~+ ... +Ln

Review Questions ·~,_·;_ .

19.1 Derive the expression of sag for the catenary shape of the conductor. ~-
19.2 What do you mean by effective loading of conductors? Obtain the expression for -.~■
deflected sag.
19.3 Discuss briefly various factors afTecting the sag. too■ ~

19.4 Write a short note on

(a) Equivalent span J~-
(b) Vibration and vibration dampers
19.S How are sag templates used for locating towers? Discuss.
-
I9.1 A transmission line conductor having a diameter Of 19.5 mm weighs 850 kg ~r -
km. _The span is 275 m. !he wind pressure is 39 kg/m2 of projected area witb •~511
~oahng of 13 mm. The ultimate strength of the conductor is 8000 kg. Calculate tbe
if the factor of safety is 2 and ice weighs 91 0 kg/m3. JIIIIIIIIIIIIII
19.2 At a river crossing an overhead transmission line has a span of 600 m, with the tw.0 11111111"""
supports at 20 m and I00 m above water level. The weight of the conductor 15
 M«lunoJ Dtsign of Tnriumis,ron Untt

on of the cond uctor isr. adjusted to 1250 kg• de•· • the cIearancc of the
ihe tensi ne
o4 kg,,111• If
tor abo\·e
. •
water at a pom t 250 m ,rom the base of the
"'rma
high er tower. Use approxama
• te
~....,
c:caauuc
a,ethod- • cm2 cross-sectional area and :lO O.
do,·erhead line compnses a copper conductor of 2.5 ~ -• •
1tJ .4 . hing 2.25 kg/m strung betw. eenf300 the supports and equal height and 250 m ,_ fln.'lr t
..
0
••,,g
n,ecnnductorw~ strung ~o a tension° kg when_ the temperature was 20°C and there was no
th and the horizontal wind pressure is I
"ind. Calculate the tension when e temperature as 0°C
, of conductor Jength.
ltm 6 2
Given: E = 1.27 x I0 kg/cm , a= 17 x Io--~/''C.
from two towers at height of 45. 7 m ~L OO .
An o,·erhead Jine at a river cross in~ is sup~rted
19•4 and 91.4 mabove wale~ le~·el, hon~ontal distance between the towers being 335.26 a._ - ·-
meter is 0.5. Find the clearance between
m. If the maximum tens10n 1s I. 93 kg and the weight per
the conductor and the water at a point midway between
the towers.

Multiple Choice Questions · , .- -r-~t~~,

IU Temperature increase produces LOO II 19.5 By increasing the sag on the J.99 II
the following effect on a trans- • • transmission line, the tension
(a) increases
mission line
(b) decreases
(a) sag and tension ofconductor decreases
(c) is not affected
(b) sag and tension of conductor increases
(d) may increase or decrease
(c) sag increases and tension of the con-
ductor decreases 19.6 The value of tower footing re- rLO DII
sistance is influenced by driven '---·- ••
(d) sag decreases and tension of the con-
ductor increases rods having
l9J The. knowle~ge of maximum LOO II (a) larger length
(b) good material
sag 1s essential in detennining •• •-
the (c) larger cross-section
(d) none of the above
(a) ground clearance of the conductor
(b) maximum span of the conductor
19.7 The effect of ice covering is to ~~ 9P -
increase the weight of the con-
{c~ maximum stress on the conductor
ductor and hence to increase the vertical
ltJ {dj_ n~ne of the above
S~n~mg chart is used in trans- .LOO II sag.
(a) True (b) False
n11ss1on lines for ' ..
19.8 The two factors which vary the {~ ®·
~: for designing the tower sag and tension are tempera-
( ) for calculating the sag in the conductor ture and elasticity.
c detennining the distance between the (a) True (b) False
(d) ~nductor
19.9 The minimum clearance above :IJJIII
~ ffi~n the design of insulator string the ground of the lowest
or~l~ ge lines have a span LO O. • · "'- · conductor, for low and medium voltages
, -.,,.ux1rnately
lines, across a street may be
: :m (b) 400m (a) 6.0 m (b) 7.791 m
DI (d) 800 m (d) 6.791 m
(c) 8.591 m
- POWtT System Engineering

19.10 For the ground clearance re- _LOO

quired height is 7.5 m with a
ID weight 850 kg/km. The span is 2?S -.._
wind pressure is 39 kg/m of the pr~- The
. .
sag of 2.5 m, the height above area with ice .
coatmg of 13 mm ThOJCCtcd.
the ground is mate s_trength of _the conductor is• e uk 1ti-
(a) 6.1 m 8000
(b) 8.5 m What ts the maxtmum sag, if the facto gf
(c) 10.591 m (d) 9.9 m safety is 2 and ice weight 91 okg/m3? r 0
19.11 What is the sag for a span of LOD
400 m, if the ultimate tensile
ID (a) 4.5 m (b) 6.4 m
L (c) 7.0m (d) 5.0m
strength of conductor is 6000 kgf, and the 19.14 An overhead transmission line
~LOO ■
weight of conductor is 550 kgf/km? The has a span of 240 m between •
factor of safety is 2. level supports. What is the maximum sag
(a) 1.016 m (b) 2.40 m if the conductor weight 727 kg/km and has
(c) 3.6 m (d) 4.2 m a breaking strength of 6880 kg? Allow the
19.12 A transmission line has a span ,LOO
of 275 rn between level sup-
II factor of safety of 2. Neglect, wind and ice
loading.
ports. The conductor has a diameter of (a) 1.52 m (b) 1.6 m
19.58 mm, weight 0.844 kg/m and has an (c) 0.75 m (d) 1.25 m
ultimate breaking strength of 79?0 kgf. 19.15 T~e line
conductor of a trans- ..,~OQII
Each conductor has a radial covering of mission line has an overall di-
ice 9.58 mm thick and is subjected to a ameter of 19.53 mm, weight 0.844 kg/m
horizontal wind pressure of 40 kg/m2 of
and an ultimate breaking strength of 7950
ice covering the projected area. If the fac-
kg. If the factor of safety is be 2 when the
tor of safety is 2, what is the deflect~9 sag?
conductor has an ice of 1 kg/m and a hori-
Ice weight is 913.5 kg/m3. •
(a) 5.36 m zontal wind pressure of l .5kg/m. What is
(b) 4.1 m the vertical sag, corresponding to this load-
(c) 3.9 m (d) 3.01 m
ing for a 300 m span level supports?
19.13 A transmi~sion line conduc- :LOO
tor has a diameter of 19.5 mm, ••
II (a) 1.08 m (b) 5.0 m
(c) 5.22 m (d) 4.62 m

Answer Key
- .
19.1 (c) 19.2 (a)
19.6 (a) 19.3 (b) 19.4 (c)
19.7 (a) 19.8 (a) 19.S (b)
19.9 (d)
~ 19.12 (c)
., - 19.13 (b) 19.14 (a)
19.10 (d)
19.15 (c)
References

i • I
• te. New York. 1968.
'I 1111