BÖLÜM 8 ÇALIŞMA SORULARI

8-43
Solution Air enters a rectangular duct. The fan power needed to overcome the pressure losses is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow
is fully developed. 3 Air is an ideal gas. 4 The duct involves no components such as bends, valves, and connectors.
5 The flow section involves no work devices such as fans or turbines
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and 35C are  = 1.145 kg/m3,  = 1.89510-5 kg/ms, and  =
1.65510 m /s. The roughness of commercial steel surfaces is  = 0.000045 m (Table 8-2).
-5 2

Analysis The hydraulic diameter, the volume flow rate, and the Reynolds number in this case are
4 Ac 4ab 4(0.15 m)(0.20 m)
Dh = = = = 0.17143 m
p 2(a + b) 2(0.15 + 0.20) m 10
m
V = VAc = V (a  b) = (7 m/s)(0.15  0.20 m 2 ) = 0.21 m 3 /s
VDh (1.145 kg/m3 )(7 m/s)(0.17143 m) 15 cm
Re = = = 72,506
 1.895  10−5 kg/m  s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The Air
20 cm
relative roughness of the pipe is 7 m/s

4.5 10−5 m
 / Dh = = 2.625 10−4
0.17143 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading error, we determine it from
the Colebrook equation using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),

1   / Dh 2.51  1  2.625 10−4 2.51 

= −2.0log  +  → = −2.0log  + 
  72,506 f 
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7
It gives f = 0.02036. Then the pressure drop in the duct and the required pumping power become

L V 2 10 m (1.145 kg/m3 )(7 m/s) 2  1 N   1 Pa 

P = PL = f = 0.02036  2  2 
= 33.317 Pa
D 2 0.17143 m 2  1 kg  m/s   1 N/m 
 1W 
Wpump = V P = (0.21 m3 /s)(33.317 Pa)   = 6.9965 W  7.00 W
 1 Pa  m /s 
3

Discussion The friction factor could also be determined easily from the explicit Haaland relation. It would
give f = 0.02008, which is reasonably close to 0.02037. Also, the power input determined is the mechanical power
that needs to be imparted to the fluid. The shaft power will be much more than this due to fan inefficiency; the
electrical power input will be even more due to motor inefficiency.
Solution Underground water is to be pumped to a reservoir at a much higher elevation using plastic pipes.
The required power input to the pump is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow
is fully developed. 3 The total minor loss coefficient due to the use elbows, vanes, etc is estimated to be 12. 4
Water level in the well remains constant. 5 Both the well and the reservoir are open to the atmosphere. 6 The
kinetic energy correction factors are the same at both the inlet and exit.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water are given to be  = 1000 kg/m3 and  = 0.00131 kg/ms.
The plastic pipe is smooth and thus  = 0.
Analysis We choose point 1 at the free surface of well water and point 2 at the free surface of the reservoir
in the farm. We note the fluid at both points is open to the atmosphere (and thus P1 = P2 = Patm) and the fluid
velocities at both points are low (V1  V2  0). We take the free surface of the well as the reference level (z1 = 0).
Then the energy equation for a control volume between these two points simplifies to
P1 V2 P V2
+ 1 1 + z1 + hpump, u = 2 +  2 2 + z2 + hturbine,e + hL → hpump, u = z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
2
 L  V2
where z2 = 58+20 = 78 m and h L = h L,total = h L,major + h L,minor =  f
 D
+ K L 
 2g Reservoir

The average velocity in the pipe and the Reynolds number are
z2 = 78 m
V V 0.004 m 3 /s
V= = = = 2.037 m/s
Ac D 2 / 4  (0.05 m) 2 / 4 420 m
3 5 cm
VD (1000 kg/m )( 2.037 m/s)(0.05 m) Pump
Re = = = 77,750
 0.00131 kg/m  s 4 L/s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The friction
factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading
error, we determine it from the Colebrook equation, Well

1  /D 2.51  1  2.51 
= −2.0 log +  → = −2.0 log 0 +
   77,750 f 
f  3.7 Re f  f 
It gives f = 0.01897. The sum of the loss coefficients is given to be 12. Then the total head loss, the useful pump
head, and the required pumping power become
L V2 420 m (2.037 m/s)2
hL =  f +  K L  2 =  (0.01897 ) + 12  = 36.25 m
 D  2g  0.05 m  2(9.81 m/s 2 )
hpump, u = z2 + hL = 78 + 36.25 m = 114.25 m

Vghpump, u (0.004 m 3/s)(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(114 .25 m)  1 kN  1 kW 

W pump = =  
2   = 6.0 kW
 pump 0.75  1000 kg  m/s  1 kN  m/s 
Discussion Pumps have different characteristics, depending on their design, and an ordinary 6 kW pump will
not do the job. Some pumps are designed for low head and high flow rate, and others for high head and low flow
rate. The proper pump model to be purchased must be selected after examining the performance curves supplied
by the manufacturer.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 70F are  = 62.30 lbm/ft3 and  = 2.360 lbm/fth =
6.55610 lbm/fts. The roughness of galvanized iron pipe is  = 0.0005 ft.
-4

Analysis The piping system involves 125 ft of 5-in diameter piping, an entrance with negligible loses, 3
standard flanged 90 smooth elbows (KL = 0.3 each), and a sharp-edged exit (KL = 1.0). We choose points 1 and 2
at the free surfaces of the river and the tank, respectively. We note that the fluid at both points is open to the
atmosphere (and thus P1 = P2 = Patm), and the fluid velocity is 6 ft/s at point 1 and zero at point 2 (V1 = 6 ft/s and
V2 =0). We take the free surface of the river as the reference level (z1 = 0). Then the energy equation for a control
volume between these two points simplifies to
P1 V2 P V2 V2
+  1 1 + z1 + hpump, u = 2 +  2 2 + z 2 + hturbine,e + h L →  1 1 + hpump, u = z 2 + h L
g 2g g 2g 2g
2
 L V
where 1 = 1 and h L = h L,total = h L,major + h L,minor =  f
 D
+ KL  2
 2g
 2
since the diameter of the piping system is constant. The average
velocity in the pipe and the Reynolds number are
5 in
V V 1.5 ft 3 /s Water
V= = = = 11 .0 ft/s 125 ft
Ac D 2 / 4  (5 / 12 ft) 2 / 4 tank
12 ft
3
VD (62.3 lbm/ft )(11.0 ft/s)(5/12 ft)
Re = = = 435 ,500 1 1.5 ft3/s
 6.556  10 − 4 lbm/ft  s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is River
turbulent. The relative roughness of the pipe is
0.0005 ft
/D= = 0.0012
5 / 12 ft
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading error, we determine it from
the Colebrook equation using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  0.0012 2.51 
= −2.0 log + → = −2.0 log + 
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7 435 ,500 f 
   
It gives f = 0.0211. The sum of the loss coefficients is

K L = K L,entrance + 3K L,elbow + K L,exit = 0 + 3  0.3 + 1.0 = 1.9
Then the total head loss becomes
2 2
 L V  125 ft  (11.0 ft/s)
hL =  f
 D
+ KL  =  (0.0211)
 2g  5/12 ft
+ 1.90 
 2(32.2 ft/s 2 )
= 15.5 ft

The useful pump head input and the required power input to the pump are
V2 (6 ft/s)2
hpump, u = z 2 + h L − 1 = 12 + 15.5 − = 26.9 ft
2g 2(32.2 ft/s 2 )
Wpump, u V  ghpump, u
Wpump = =
pump pump

=
(1.5 ft /s )( 62.30 lbm/ft )(32.2 ft/s ) ( 26.9 ft ) 
3 3 2
1 lbf  1 kW 
 2   = 4.87 kW
0.70  32.2 lbm  ft/s  737 lbf  ft/s 
Therefore, 4.87 kW of electric power must be supplied to the pump.
Discussion The friction factor could also be determined easily from the explicit Haaland relation. It would
give f = 0.0211, which is identical to the calculated value. The friction coefficient would drop to 0.0135 if smooth
pipes were used. Note that fL/D = 6.3 in this case, which is about 3 times the total minor loss coefficient of 1.9.
Therefore, the frictional losses in the pipe dominate the minor losses, but the minor losses are still significant.

8-95
Solution Geothermal water is supplied to a city through stainless steel pipes at a specified rate. The electric
power consumption and its daily cost are to be determined, and it is to be assessed if the frictional heating during
flow can make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow
is fully developed. 3 The minor losses are negligible because of the large length-to-diameter ratio and the relatively
small number of components that cause minor losses. 4 The geothermal well and the city are at about the same
elevation. 5 The properties of geothermal water are the same as fresh water. 6 The fluid pressures at the wellhead
and the arrival point in the city are the same.
Properties The properties of water at 110C are  = 950.6 kg/m3,  = 0.25510-3 kg/ms, and Cp = 4.229
kJ/kgC. The roughness of stainless steel pipes is 210-6 m.
Analysis (a) We take point 1 at the well-head of geothermal resource and point 2 at the final point of delivery
at the city, and the entire piping system as the control volume. Both points are at the same elevation (z2 = z2) and
the same velocity (V1 = V2) since the pipe diameter is constant, and the same pressure (P1 = P2). Then the energy
equation for this control volume simplifies to
P1 V2 P V2
+  1 1 + z1 + hpump, u = 2 +  2 2 + z 2 + hturbine,e + h L → hpump, u = h L
g 2g g 2g
That is, the pumping power is to be used to overcome the
head losses due to friction in flow. The average velocity and 1 2
the Reynolds number are Water
D = 60 cm
V V 1.5 m 3 /s
V= = = = 5.305 m/s 1.5 m3/s
Ac D 2 / 4  (0.60 m) 2 / 4
L = 12 km
VD (950 .6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s)(0.60 m)
Re = = = 1.187  10 7
 0.255  10 −3 kg/m  s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The relative
roughness of the pipe is
2 10 −6 m
/D= = 3.33 10 −6
0.60 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading error, we determine it from
the Colebrook equation using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  3.33 10 −6 2.51 
= −2.0 log +  → = −2.0 log + 
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7 1.187 10 7 f 
  
It gives f = 0.00829. Then the pressure drop, the head loss, and the required power input become

L V 2 12,000 m (950 .6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s) 2  1 kN  1 kPa 

P = PL = f = 0.00829   2 
= 2218 kPa
D 2 0.60 m 2  1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m 
PL L V2 12,000 m (5.305 m/s) 2
hL = = f = (0.00829 ) = 238 m
g D 2g 0.60 m 2(9.81 m/s 2 )

W pump, u VP (1.5 m 3 /s)(2218 kPa )  1 kW 

W electric,in = = =   = 4159 kW  4160 kW
 pump-motor  pump-motor 0.80 3
 1 kPa  m /s 
Therefore, the pumps will consume 4160 kW of electric power to overcome friction and maintain flow. The pumps
must raise the pressure of the geothermal water by 2218 kPa. Providing a pressure rise of this magnitude at one
location may create excessive stress in piping at that location. Therefore, it is more desirable to raise the pressure
by smaller amounts at a several locations along the flow. This will keep the maximum pressure in the system and
the stress in piping at a safer level.
(b) The daily cost of electric power consumption is determined by multiplying the amount of power used per day
by the unit cost of electricity

Amount = W elect,in t = (4159 kW)(24 h/day)= 99,816 kWh/day

Cost = Amount  Unit cost = (99,816 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh) = $5989 /day  $5990/day

(c) The energy consumed by the pump (except the heat dissipated by the motor to the air) is eventually dissipated
as heat due to the frictional effects. Therefore, this problem is equivalent to heating the water by a 4159 kW of
resistance heater (again except the heat dissipated by the motor). To be conservative, we consider only the useful
mechanical energy supplied to the water by the pump. The temperature rise of water due to this addition of energy
is

 pump-motorW elect,in 0.80  (4159 kJ/s)

W mech = Vc p T → T = = = 0.55C
Vc p (950 .6 kg/m3 )(1.5 m 3 /s)(4.229 kJ/kg  C)

Therefore, the temperature of water will rise at least 0.55C, which is more than the 0.5C drop in temperature (in
reality, the temperature rise will be more since the energy dissipation due to pump inefficiency will also appear as
temperature rise of water). Thus we conclude that the frictional heating during flow can more than make up for
the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Discussion The pumping power requirement and the associated cost can be reduced by using a larger diameter
pipe. But the cost savings should be compared to the increased cost of larger diameter pipe.