Year: 2024-2025

Fall Semester

Mathematics (1)
Dr. Amany Magdy
Dr. Mostafa Ramadan
Dr. Talat Eldanaf
2
• Evaluate the following function for the given value 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
1. 𝑓 1
2. 𝑓 0
3. 𝑓 −2
4. 𝑓 −𝑥
5. 𝑓 𝑡
6. 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
7. 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥)

3
4
• The Vertical Line Test: A set of points in the plane represents 𝑦 as a
function of 𝑥 if and only if no two points lie on the same vertical line.

𝑅 does not represent 𝑦 𝑆 does represent 𝑦 as a

as a function of 𝑥. function of 𝑥

5
6
• If ƒ is a function with domain 𝐷, its graph consists of the points in the
Coordinate plane whose coordinates are the input-output pairs for ƒ.

7
• The graph of a function ƒ is a useful picture of its behavior. If (𝑥, 𝑦)
is a point on the graph, then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is the height of the graph
above the point 𝑥. The height may be positive or negative, depending
on the sign of 𝑓(𝑥)

8
• The graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 is the set of points with
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) for which 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2

9
 Sketching a Graph
• Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 over the interval [−2, 2]

1. Make a table of 𝑥𝑦-pairs that 2. Plot the points (𝑥, 𝑦) whose

satisfy the function rule, in this coordinates appear in the table.
case the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . Use fractions when they are
convenient computationally.

10
3. Draw a smooth curve through the plotted points. Label the curve with its equation.

11
• Not every curve you draw is the graph of a function. A function ƒ can
have only one value ƒ(x) for each x in its domain, so no vertical line
can intersect the graph of a function more than once.

12
13
 Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients

• Like numbers, functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided

(except where the denominator is zero) to produce new functions.
• If ƒ and 𝑔 are functions, then for every 𝑥 that belongs to the domains of both ƒ
and g (that is, for 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 ), we define 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 – 𝑔 functions and ƒ𝑔 by
the formulas:
𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
𝑓−𝑔 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)

• Notice that the sign + on the left-hand side of the first equation represents the
operation of addition of functions, whereas the + on the right-hand side of the
equation means addition of the real numbers ƒ(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).
14
• At any point of𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 at which 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, we can also define the function
𝑓 𝑔 by th formula
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 = (where 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0)
𝑔 𝑓(𝑔)
• Functions can also be multiplied by constants: if 𝑐 is a real number, then the
function 𝑐𝑓 is defined for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓 by
(𝑐𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)

• Remark
∗ 𝐷𝑓+𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
∗ 𝐷𝑓−𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
∗ 𝐷𝑓𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
∗ 𝐷𝑓/𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 − 𝑥: 𝑔 𝑥 = 0

15
Example 1: What is the domain of the following functions that defined by
formulas:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥

16
Example 1: What is the domain of the following functions that defined by
formulas:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥

Solution:
• The functions have domains 𝐷𝑓 = 0, ∞ and 𝐷𝑔 = (−∞, 1].
• The points common to these domains are the points 0, ∞ ∩ −∞, 1
= [0,1]

17
The functions defined by the formulas
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥
The following table summarizes the formulas and domains for the various algebraic
combinations of the two functions. We also write 𝑓 ∙ 𝑔 for the product function 𝑓𝑔.

18
• Example 2:
𝑥−3
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
2
Find and simplify expressions for the following functions. In addition,
find the domain of each of these functions.
1. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥
2. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥
3. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥
4. 𝑓/𝑔 𝑥

19
 𝑥−3
Example 2: 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
2
𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, 𝐷𝑔 = 0, ∞ ⇒ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = [0, ∞)

Solution
1. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 3. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
= + 𝑥 = 𝑥
2 2
𝐷𝑓+𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = [0, ∞) 𝐷𝑓𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = [0, ∞)

2. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 4. 𝑓/𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 /𝑔 𝑥
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
= − 𝑥 =
2 2 𝑥
𝐷𝑓−𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = [0, ∞) 𝐷𝑓/𝑔 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 : 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
= (0, ∞)

20
• Example 3:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 7𝑥
Find and simplify expressions for the following functions. In addition,
find the domain of each of these functions.
1. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥
2. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥
3. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥
4. 𝑓/𝑔 𝑥

21
Example 3: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 7𝑥
𝐷𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ, ⇒ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ

Solution
1. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 3. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 + 4 − 7𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 4 − 7𝑥
= 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 13
𝐷𝑓+𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ 𝐷𝑓𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ

2. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 4. 𝑓/𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 /𝑔 𝑥
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 − 4 − 7𝑥 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+9
=
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 4−7𝑥
𝐷𝑓−𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 = ℝ 𝐷𝑓/𝑔 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 : 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
4
=ℝ−
7
22
 1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 −
𝑥
Find and simplify expressions for the following functions. In addition,
find the domain of each of these functions.
1. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥
2. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥
3. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥
4. 𝑓/𝑔 𝑥

23