Calculus and

Analytical
Geometry
Semester-1
Amna Tahir
15-12-2020
Today’s Outline
• Find the derivatives of:
✓Algebraic functions
✓Trigonometric functions
✓Exponential functions
• Implicit differentiation

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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions
Algebraic functions are those functions that can be constructed from
polynomials by applying finitely many algebraic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and root extraction). For example;
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 4
• 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 . 𝑥 2/3
𝑥 3/7 − 7𝑥
•𝑓 𝑥 =
1+𝑥 3

How we can differentiate an algebraic function?

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The derivative formulas for the six trigonometric functions are as;

𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
• Example-1: Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.
Differentiating 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = [𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑥2 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . [𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 [𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [2𝑥]

⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
• Example-2: Find the slope of tangent line of 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝜋.
Differentiating 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(y) = (𝑥 cos3𝑥) = 𝑥 . (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 . (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (3𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 1 = −3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + cos3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
At 𝑥 = 𝜋, ቚ = −3π sin 3𝜋 + cos 3π
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ቚ = −3π 0 + −1 ⟹ ቚ = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝜋 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝜋

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
• Example-3: Differentiate 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) with respect to 𝑥.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
Differentiating with respect to x on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑
(y) = [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Derivatives of Exponential Functions
A function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , (defined for all values of 𝑥 i.e.
−∞, +∞ ) where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1, is called an exponential function
with base a. For example;
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝜋𝑥
1 𝑥
•𝑓 𝑥 = ( )
3
•𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥

Note:
An exponential function has a constant base and variable exponent.

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Exponential Function / Power Function
Exponential Function: Power Function:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎 or 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛
Base ⟶ Constant Base ⟶ Variable
Exponent ⟶ Variable Exponent ⟶ Constant

Examples: Examples:
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 • 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 • 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

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Derivatives of Exponential Functions
In general;
𝑑
[𝑎 𝑥 ] = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ] = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 . 𝑓 ′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

In general;
𝑑
[𝑒 𝑥 ]= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
∵ 𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 1 [𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ] = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 . 𝑓 ′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
[𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ] = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 ′ 𝑥
[𝑒 ] = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Derivatives of Exponential Functions
• Example-4: Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 .
Differentiating 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = [𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛𝜋 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛𝜋 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 . 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝜋)

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Implicit Differentiation

• An equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is said to define 𝑦 explicitly as a

• If the functional relationship between the independent variable 𝑥 and

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Implicit Differentiation

Procedure:
i. When 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related implicitly, we assume that 𝑦 is a
differentiable function of 𝑥.
ii. Differentiate both sides of equation with respect to 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
iii. Solve the resulting equation for .
𝑑𝑥

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Implicit Differentiation
• Example-5:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Find if 5𝑦 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . 5 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Solution:
𝑑𝑦
Taking derivative on both sides, 10𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑥
(5𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) = (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
⟹ =
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑥 10𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
5 (𝑦 ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) = (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
• Example-6: Find if 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 6.
𝑑𝑥
Taking derivative on both sides w.r.t. x,
𝑑 3 3
𝑑
(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) = (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑 3 𝑑
𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + (𝑦 ) = (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦(1) + 3𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 ) = −(3𝑥 2 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦
⟹ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2

✓Practice Questions: (Exercise-2.2)

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