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97 views

Notes+Key+Topic+2.11+Logarithmic+Functions

Uploaded by

Ciel Phantomhive
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes: (Topic 2.

11) Logarithmic Functions Solutions

Because logarithmic functions and exponential functions are inverse functions, the characteristics of their graphs will have
inverse relationships.

Key Characteristics of Logarithmic Functions


A logarithmic function has the general form
Domain: ( 0, ¥ )
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 log𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑏>0

where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants with 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.


Range: ( -¥, ¥)
Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic Functions

𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 > 1 𝑎 < 0 and 𝑏 > 1

Increasing vs. Decreasing Concave Up vs. Concave Down


Logarithmic functions are always increasing or Logarithmic functions are always concave up or always
always decreasing! They will never switch from one concave down! They will never switch concavity, so they
to the other, so they have no relative (local) extrema have no points of inflection.
(unless on a closed interval).
End Behavior End Behavior Limit Statements
For logarithmic functions in general form, as the input
values (𝑥) increase without bound, the output values lim 𝑎 log & 𝑥 = ±∞ and lim 𝑎 log & 𝑥 = ±∞
#→%! #→"'
(𝑦) will increase/decrease without bound.

Since logarithmic functions have a restricted domain,


they are vertically asymptotic to 𝑥 = 0. As a result,
the left end behavior will occur as 𝑥 → 0" .
Example 1: Write limit statements for the end behavior of the following logarithmic functions.
a) b) c) g ( x ) = 2log3 x
𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 > 1

𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝒉(𝒙)

Left: lim+ f ( x ) = −∞ Left: lim! ℎ(𝑥) = ∞ Left: lim! 𝑔(𝑥) = −∞


x ®0 #→% #→%

Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞ Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞ Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞


#→' #→' #→'

Notes: Logarithmic Functions Topic 2.11 Created by Bryan Passwater


Solutions by Ted Gott tedg20776@gmail.com
Example 2: For each of the following, determine if the logarithmic function is increasing/decreasing and concave
up/down.
a) b) c) h ( x ) = -4log6 x
𝑎 < 0 and 𝑏 > 1

Concave Up or Concave Down Concave Up or Concave Down Concave Up or Concave Down


Increasing or Decreasing Increasing or Decreasing Increasing or Decreasing

Example 3: Selected values of the several logarithmic functions are shown in the tables below. For each table, find
the value of the constant 𝑘.

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑙(𝑥)


1 1 𝑘 0 4 10 𝑒 !" 7
2 2 6 5 5 0 𝑒 14
𝑘 3 18 10 7 −10 𝑘 21
8 4 54 15 𝑘 −20 𝑒# 28
16 5 162 20 19 −30 𝑒 $% 35

𝑥 values are powers of 2 𝑥 values are powers of 3 𝑥 − 3 are powers of 2 The exponents form a linear
1 = 2% 2 = 2) doubled 4 − 3 = 1 = 2% pattern 𝑝 = −2 + 3𝑛
𝑘 = 2* = 4 6 = 3) ∙ 2 18 = 3* ∙ 2 5 − 3 = 2 = 2) for 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4.
𝑓(𝑥) = log * 𝑥 + 1 𝑘 = 3% ∙ 2 = 2 7 − 3 = 4 = 2* 𝑘 = 𝑒 (.*"+∙* ) = 𝑒 ,
𝑥 𝑘 − 3 = 8 = 2+ ⇒ 𝑘 = 11 7
𝑔(𝑥) = 5 log + Q R 𝑙(𝑥) = (5 + ln(𝑥))
2 19 − 3 = 16 = 2, 3
ℎ(𝑥) = −10(log * (𝑥 − 3) − 1)

Example 4: Find the domain and range of the following logarithmic functions.

a) f ( x ) = 2log3 x b) g ( x ) = -5log 2 ( x - 3) c) h ( x ) = 8log ( 2 x + 3)

+
Domain: (0, ∞) Domain: (3, ∞) Domain: Q− * , ∞R

Range: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)

Notes: Logarithmic Functions Topic 2.11 Created by Bryan Passwater


Solutions by Ted Gott tedg20776@gmail.com

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