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Logarithmic Function PDF

Logarithms are exponents or powers to which a base must be raised to yield a given number. The logarithm of a with base b, written as logb a, is the exponent that b must be raised to produce a. Logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses of each other. Common logarithms have a base of 10 and natural logarithms have a base of e. Logarithmic equations can be solved using properties of logarithms and by changing them into exponential form. Logarithmic inequalities depend on whether the base is greater than or less than 1. Logarithmic functions have a domain of positive real numbers and are increasing functions.

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MGrace P. Vergara
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247 views

Logarithmic Function PDF

Logarithms are exponents or powers to which a base must be raised to yield a given number. The logarithm of a with base b, written as logb a, is the exponent that b must be raised to produce a. Logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses of each other. Common logarithms have a base of 10 and natural logarithms have a base of e. Logarithmic equations can be solved using properties of logarithms and by changing them into exponential form. Logarithmic inequalities depend on whether the base is greater than or less than 1. Logarithmic functions have a domain of positive real numbers and are increasing functions.

Uploaded by

MGrace P. Vergara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logarithm

➢ from the word “logos” means ratio and


“arithmos” means numbers
➢ a word made up by John Napier

➢ it is an exponent or power to which a


base must be raised to yield a given
number
Definition:
➢ Let a and b be positive numbers such that
b ≠ 𝟏. The logarithm of a with base b,
denoted by 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 , is defined as the
number such that 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒂 = a. That is, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 is
the exponent that b must be raised to
produce a.
Notes: 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎

In both exponential and logarithmic forms, b is the


base. In the exponential form, c is an exponent ,
this implies that the logarithm is actually an
exponent. Hence, the logarithmic and
exponential functions are inverses.

In logarithmic form, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 a cannot be negative.

The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 , can be negative.


𝑐=
Common Logarithms
are logarithms with base of 10, log x is a short
notation for 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥

Natural Logarithms
are logarithms to the base e (approximately 2.17828)
natural logarithm of x denoted by “In x” . In other
words, ln 𝑥 is the other way of writing 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
Write exponential equation in logarithmic form.
𝑐
𝑏 =𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑐
5
2 =𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = 5
Write exponential equation in logarithmic form.

3
5 =125 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = 3
−2
1 1
7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 = −2
49 49
Write exponential equation in logarithmic form.

3 log 1000 = 3
10 = 1000
2 2 4 4
( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 2
3 9 3 9
2
𝑒 =𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 2
3 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑
(−2) = 1000 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚
Write logarithmic equation in exponential form.

log 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑛
10 = 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4 4
3 = 81
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 5 = 2 ( 5) =2
𝑎
ln 8 = a 𝑒 =8
Examples: a. What exponent of 3
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 will give 27?
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 =3
𝑥
3 = 27
𝑥 3
3 =3
𝑥=3
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32
a. What exponent of 2
will give 32?

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 = 5
Examples: a. What exponent of 5
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625 will give 625?
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625 = 4
𝑥
5 = 625
𝑥 4
5 =5
𝑥 =4
Properties of Logarithm
➢ Let b and x be real number such that b>
0 and b ≠ 1.

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 is the exponent of b that


gives 1
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 is the exponent of b
that gives 𝑏 𝑥
c. If x > 0 , 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 x is the exponent of b that
then 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 gives x, so when we get the
exponent of b, we should get x
Properties of Logarithm
➢ Let b and x be real number such that b>
0 and b ≠ 1.

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 is the exponent of b that


gives 1

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
Properties of Logarithm
➢ Let b and x be real number such that b>
0 and b ≠ 1.
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑥
is the exponent of b
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑥 that gives 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥 𝑏

1
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔5
125
=𝑥
1
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 3 = 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 = 𝑥 5
−3
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (5 ) = 𝑥
Properties of Logarithm
➢ Let b and x be real number such that b>
0 and b ≠ 1.
c. If x > 0 , 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 x is the exponent of b that
gives x, so when we get the
then 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 exponent of b, we should get x

5𝑙𝑜𝑔52 = 𝑥 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 = 2
Laws of Logarithm
➢ Let b> 0, b≠ 1 and let n € R. For x >0, y >
0 then:

Logarithm of a Product 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚


𝒙
Logarithm of a Quotient 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
𝒚

Logarithm of a Power 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙


Laws of Logarithm
➢ Let b> 0, b≠ 1 and let n € R. For x >0, y >
0 then:

Logarithm of a Product 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 . 𝟕𝟖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟖

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙


Laws of Logarithm
➢ Let b> 0, b≠ 1 and let n € R. For x >0, y >
0 then:
𝒙
Logarithm of a Quotient 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
𝒚
𝟒𝟗
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟒𝟗 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟕
𝟕
𝟐𝟒
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟏𝟎 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟐𝟒 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟐𝟏𝟎
𝟐
Laws of Logarithm
➢ Let b> 0, b≠ 1 and let n € R. For x >0, y >
0 then:
𝒏
Logarithm of a Power 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟓𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕
𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟔 = 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟔
Solving Logarithmic Equations

One-to-One Property of Logarithm


For any logarithmic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, if
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣, then 𝑢 = 𝑣.

Zero Factor Property


If 𝑎𝑏 = 0 then 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑏 = 0.
Solving Logarithmic Equations
Examples:

𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10
2𝑥 = 10 One to one property

𝑥=5
Solving Logarithmic Equations
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2𝑥 − 1 = 2
2𝑥 − 1 = 32 Change to exponential form

2𝑥 − 1 = 9
2𝑥 = 9 + 1
2𝑥 = 10
𝑥=5
Solving Logarithmic Equations
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 16 = 2
2
𝑥 = 16
2
𝑥 − 16 = 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = −4, 4
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities

Given the logarithmic expression, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥,

If 0 < 𝑏 < 1,then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2.

If 𝑏 > 1,then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2.


Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥≤3 5

𝑥 ≤ 243
0 < 𝑥 ≤ 243
(0, 243]
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 ≥ 6
6
𝑥≥4
𝑥 ≥ 4069
[4096, ∞)
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔6 (𝑥 + 8) ≤ 2
2
(𝑥 + 8) ≤ 6 −8
𝑥 + 8 = 0 (𝑥 + 8) ≤ 36
𝑥 = −8 𝑥 ≤ 28
−8 < 𝑥 ≤ 28
(−8, 28]
Graphing Logarithmic Function
Examples: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥.

𝑦
𝑥 = 2−2
x 𝟏 𝟏 1 2 4 𝑥= 2
𝟒 𝟐 1
𝑥= 2
y -2 -1 0 1 2 2
1
𝑥=
4
Graphing Logarithmic Function
Examples: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥.
Graphing Logarithmic Function
Examples: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥.
𝒙
Graph the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 .
𝒙
Graph the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 .

𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 x= 𝟐𝒚

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