Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC CALCULUS
WEEK 2
LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC AND
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
MELC: The learner computes the limits of exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions using
tables of values and graphs of the function. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1)
sin t 1−cos t et −1
The learner illustrates limits involving the expressions , and and using table
t t t
of values. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-2)

Instructional Objectives: At the end of the lessons, the learner is able to:
a. Computes the limits of exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions using: tables of values and
graphs of the function.
sin t 1−cos t et −1
b. illustrates limits involving the expressions , and using table of values.
t t t
Things to Remember:
 An exponential function is a function in which the exponent of the expression is a variable. It is of
the form f ( x )=bx
Where: b=¿ any real number such that b> 0 and b ≠ 1 ,
x=¿ any real number
 Limits of Exponential Function
1. If b> 1
x x
a. lim b =+∞
x→+∞
b. lim b =0
x→−∞
2. If 0< b<1
a . lim b x =0 b. lim b x =+ ∞
x →+∞ x→−∞

 The exponential function with base e is frequently used in advanced mathematics. The natural
exponential function is a function of the form f ( x )=e x, where e is an irrational number equivalent to
2.718281

 Limits of Natural Exponential Function

x x
a. lim e =+ ∞
x→+∞
b. lim e =0 x→−∞
−x
c . lim b =0 d. lim b−x =+ ∞
x →+∞ x→−∞

 The inverse of y=b x which is x=b y is also a function. The logarithmic function y=log b x is
equivalent to x=b y. Its domain (0 , ∞ ) and its range is (−∞ , ∞ ).

 Limits of Logarithmic Function

Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
depedcavite.gmaths@gmail.com
“GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
lim log b x=+∞ :b>0
a. x→+∞ b. lim ¿
+¿
x→ 0 log b x=−∞ : b> 0¿
c . lim ln ( x )=+ ∞ d. lim ¿
+¿
x →+∞ x→ 0 ln ( x ) =−∞ ¿
 Limits of Trigonometric Function
Limits of sin x and cos x
Because y=sin x∧ y=cos x are continuous functions, which means they are defined for any real
number x, then the limit as x approaches a certain number maybe evaluated using direct substitution.
In symbols, lim
x →c
sin x =sin c lim cos x=cos c
x →c

sin x 1−cos x
The Value of lim and lim
x →0 x x →0 x

sin x 1−cos x
For all x in the domain lim and lim ,
x →0 x x →0 x
sin x 1−cos x
lim =1 lim =0
x →0 x x →0 x

Illustrative Examples:
A. Limits of Exponential Function
1 x
1. Find the lim
x→+∞ 2
() using table of values and graph.
Solution: Let x take on the values −2 ,−1 , 0 , 1, 2 , 35 , 7∧9. Then, for each x, find the
corresponding values of f ( x) .
x -2 -1 0 1 3 5 7 9
f(x) 4 2 1 0.5 0.125 0.0313 0.0078 0.2200

The graph passes through the point (0,1). The is asymptotic

to the x-axis as x approaches positive infinity. It can be seen
in the table as well as in the graph that as x →+ ∞, the
1 x
function f x =
( )
2 ()approaches 0.

1 x
lim ()
x→+∞ 2
=0

x
lim 2 . Use
2. Find the x→−∞

Solution: looking at limits of Exponential Function Use b> 1, and since x →−∞, the function
x
approaches 0. lim 2 =0
x→−∞

B. Limits of Natural Exponential Function

Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
depedcavite.gmaths@gmail.com
“GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
lim e x by using table of values and by sketching the graph of f ( x )=e x.
1. Find x→−∞
Solution: Construct a table of values. Let x take on the values2 ,1 , 0 ,−1,−2 ,−3 ,∧−4. Compute
the corresponding values of f ( x ) .
x 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
f(x) 7.3891 2.7183 1 0.3679 0.1353 0.0498 0.0183

As the value of x decreases, the value of f (x) decreases also

but rapidly. As the value of x approaches negative infinity(
x →−∞ ¿, the function f ( x )=e xapproaches 0.
lim e x =0
x→−∞

lim 5−x . Use

2. Find the x→−∞

Solution: looking at limits of Natural Exponential Function Use d, and since x →−∞, the
−x
function approaches positive infinity. lim 5 =+ ∞
x→−∞

C. Limits of Logarithmic Function

Find the limits of the following:
lim log 3 x=¿
a. x→+∞ b. lim ¿ lim ln 6 x=¿ ¿
c. x→+∞
+¿
x→ 0 log 7 x=¿¿
Solution: Use

a. lim log 3 x=+∞ b. lim ¿ lim ln 6 x=+∞

c. x→+∞
+¿
x→+∞ x→ 0 log 7 x=−∞ ¿

D. LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Find the limits of the following:
sin 2 x e x −1 1−cos 5 x
a. lim b. lim c. lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
SOLUTION:

Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
depedcavite.gmaths@gmail.com
“GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

sin 2 x e x −1 1−cos 5 x
a. lim =2 b. lim =1 c. lim =0
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x

DEVELOPING
Exercises 2.1 Warm Up [10
points]
Evaluate the following limits.
lim 3x
1. x→+∞ lim e 2 x
6. x→+∞

2. lim 3 x 7. lim e 5 x
x→−∞ x →−∞

sin 8 x
3. lim 4 x 8. lim
x→−∞ x →+∞ x

lim (0.2)x 9. lim ¿

4. x→+∞ +¿
x →0 ln3 x¿

lim 5x 10. lim log 7 x

5. x→+∞ x→+ ∞

ENGAGEMENT
Exercises 2.2 Independent Practice [29 points]
1
A. Evaluate the lim using table of values.
x→ ∞ x
x 1 2 4 10 100 1000 10000
1
x

lim
For table B and C, Find lim log 1 x and ¿
x→ ∞
+¿
x→ 0 log 1 x ¿ by setting up the table below.
2 2

B.
x 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1021
log 1 x
2

C.

Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
depedcavite.gmaths@gmail.com
“GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2
log 1 x
2

ASSIMILATION
Assessment 2.0 [5 points]
Match Column A with its limit in Column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
cos 3 x
1. lim a. Does Not Exist
x→−∞ x
lim log 2 x
2. x→+∞ b. 0
e x −2
3. lim c. 1
x →0 x
lim ¿ 1
4. e d.
2
+¿
x→ 0 ¿
x
1
sin x
5. 2 e. ∞
lim
x →0 x

Reflection
3-2-1
Three things I learned today.
1.
2.
3.
Two things I’d like to learn more about.
1.
2.
One question I have.
1.

Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
depedcavite.gmaths@gmail.com
“GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
depedcavite.gmaths@gmail.com
“GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”