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control block system

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John Valenzona
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8 views

control block system

Uploaded by

John Valenzona
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Block diagrams consist of a single block or a combination of blocks.

These are
used to represent the control systems in pictorial form.

Basic Elements of Block Diagram

The basic elements of a block diagram are a block, the summing point and the
take-off point. Let us consider the block diagram of a closed loop control system as
shown in the following figure to identify these elements.

Block

The transfer function of a component is represented by a block. Block has single


input and single output.

Summing Point

The summing point is represented with a circle having cross (X) inside it. It has
two or more inputs and single output. It produces the algebraic sum of the inputs. It
also performs the summation or subtraction or combination of summation and
subtraction of the inputs based on the polarity of the inputs. Let us see these three
operations one by one.

Take-off Point

The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed
through more than one branch. That means with the help of take-off point, we can
apply the same input to one or more blocks, summing points.

Block Diagram Representation of Electrical Systems

In this section, let us represent an electrical system with a block diagram. Electrical
systems contain mainly three basic elements — resistor, inductor and capacitor.

Consider a series of RLC circuit as shown in the following figure. Where, Vi(t) and
Vo(t) are the input and output voltages. Let i(t) be the current passing through the
circuit. This circuit is in time domain.

Basic Connections for Blocks

There are three basic types of connections between two blocks.

Series Connection
Series connection is also called cascade connection. In the following figure, two
blocks having transfer functions G1(s)

and G2(s)
are connected in series

Parallel Connection

The blocks which are connected in parallel will have the same input. In the
following figure, two blocks having transfer functions G1(s)

and G2(s)

are connected in parallel. The outputs of these two blocks are connected to the
summing point.

Feedback Connection

As we discussed in previous chapters, there are two types of feedback — positive


feedback and negative feedback. The following figure shows negative feedback
control system. Here, two blocks having transfer functions G(s)

and H(s)

form a closed loop.

Block Diagram Algebra for Summing Points

There are two possibilities of shifting summing points with respect to blocks −

 Shifting summing point after the block


 Shifting summing point before the block

Shifting Summing Point After the Block


 Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure. Here, the
summing point is present before the block.

Block Diagram Reduction Rules

Follow these rules for simplifying (reducing) the block diagram, which is having
many blocks, summing points and take-off points.
 Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
 Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
 Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
 Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it
towards right.
 Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it
towards left.

Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single block
Summer relationships:
In the summer, the output is actually the difference between the input signal and
the sensor output signal.E(s) = U(s) - X(s)
Controller relationships:
In the controller, the output is determined by the transfer function of the
controller and the input to the plant – which is the error.
Plant relationships:
In the plant, the output is determined by the transfer function of the plant and
the input to the plant.
This shows how the output,
is related to the control effort that drives the plant (system beingcontrolled ) with
a transfer function,
Sensor relationships:
In the sensor, the output is determined by the transfer function of the sensor and
the output of the system which is an input to the sensor.
Block DiagramThe block diagram is to represent a control system in diagram
form. In other words practicalrepresentation of a control system is its block
diagram. It is not always convenient to derive theentire transfer function of a
complex control system in a single function. It is easier and better toderive
transfer function of control element connected to the system, separately. The
transferfunction of each element is then represented by a block and they are
then connected togetherwith the path of signal flow.
Parallel Blocks
When same input signal is applied different blocks and the output from each of
them are addedin a summing point for taking final output of the system then over
all transfer function of thesystem will be the algebraic sum of transfer function of
all individual blocks

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