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MS Practical

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12 views

MS Practical

Uploaded by

sivitech0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Material science practical

Experiment no-1
AIM: -To determine tensile test on a metal.
OBJECT: - To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen on UTM and
determine the following:
(i) Limit of proportionality
(ii) Elastic limit
(iii) Yield strength
(iv) Ultimate strength
(v) Young’s modulus of elasticity
(vi) Percentage elongation
(vii)Percentage reduction in area.
APPARATUS: -
(i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
(ii) Mild steel specimens
(iii) Graph paper
(iv) Scale
(v) Vernier Caliper
THEORY:-
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are
fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied
load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically
deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if the load
is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve
which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve
which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic.
The stress below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield
strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden
drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not
exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening
cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum
and then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”’ which is defined as the ratio of
the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further
loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture.
PROCEDURE:-
1) Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length
of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring
device to it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
* Draw stress- strain diagram for mild steel (on blank page)

PRECAUTION:-
1. If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking
begins.
2. Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully

Experiment no-2

AIM: -
Hardness Test of Mild Steel using rockwell hardness testing machine
OBJECT: -
To conduct hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.
APPARATUS:-
Hardness tester, soft and hard mild steel specimens, brass, aluminum etc.
THEORY: -
The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized pressure or
resistance to abrasion. Hardness tests provide an accurate, rapid and economical way of
determining the resistance of materials to deformation. There are three general types of
hardness measurements depending upon the manner in which the test is conducted: a.
Scratch hardness measurement, b. Rebound hardness measurement c. Indention hardness
measurement. In scratch hardness method the material are rated on their ability to scratch
one another and it is usually used by mineralogists only. In rebound hardness measurement,
a standard body is usually dropped on to the material surface and the hardness is measured
in terms of the height of its rebound .The general means of judging the hardness is
measuring the resistance of a material to indentation. The indenters usually a ball cone or
pyramid of a material much harder than that being used. Hardened steel, sintered tungsten
carbide or diamond indenters are generally used in indentation tests; a load is applied by
Pressing the indenter at right angles to the surface being tested. The hardness of the
material depends on the resistance which it exerts during a small amount of yielding or
plastic. The resistance depends on friction, elasticity, viscosity and the intensity and
distribution of plastic strain produced by a given tool during indentation
PROCEDURE:-
1. Place the specimen securely upon the anvil.
2. Elevate the specimen so that it come into contact with the penetrate and put the specimen
under a preliminary or minor load of 100+2N without shock
3. Apply the major load 900N by loading lever.
4. Watch the pointer until it comes to rest.
5. Remove the major load.
6. Read the Rockwell hardness number or hardness scale.
RESULT: -
The hardness of the metal is found to be
i) Hard steel
ii) Unhardened Steel
PRECAUTION:-
1. Brielle test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt and scale
have been cleaned.
2. The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows through the
metal, nor should impression be made too close to the edge of a specimen
*draw the diagram of rockwell hardness testing machine

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