CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

TOPIC – COLLIGATIVE
PROPERITES
SESSIOn- 2024-25

SubmITTEd TO: SubmITTEd by:

mRS. ShAILzA ShARmA ARyAn KAROThIyA

CLASS :12Th ‘A’

 ACKnOWLEdGEmEnT
I would like to thank everyone who helped me
with my project titled "Colligative
Properties."
First, I am grateful to my teacher, “Mrs.
SHAILZA SHARMA”, for their guidance and
support. Their insights were very helpful.
I appreciate my classmates for their
discussions and collaboration.
Lastly, I want to thank my family for their
encouragement and support throughout this
project.
Thank you all!
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Abhay Raj Rathore
student of class - 12th "Maths" 'A' has
successfully completed their Chemistry
Project on "COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES" under
the guidance of ‘Mrs. Shailza Sharma’.

------------------------------
External examiner

---------------------- --------------------

Internal examiner principal

 IndEx
• Introduction

• Types of Solutions

• Overview of Colligative Properties

• Relative Lowering of Vapor Pressure

• Boiling Point Elevation

• Freezing Point Depression

• Osmotic Pressure

• Applications of Colligative Properties

• Experimental Methods to Measure Colligative Properties

• Conclusion

• Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Colligative properties are essential concepts in

chemistry that describe how the physical properties of
solutions change when solute particles are added. These
properties depend not on the identity of the solute but
on the number of solute particles present in the
solution. Understanding colligative properties is
crucial for various applications, including antifreeze
formulation, food preservation, and biological
processes.
This project aims to explore the four main colligative
properties: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point
elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic
pressure. Each of these properties plays a vital role in
the behavior of solutions and has significant
implications in scientific research, industry, and
everyday life.
 Types Of sOlUTIONs
To understand colligative properties, it is essential to
first comprehend the nature of solutions. A solution
consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the
substance that is dissolved, while the solvent is the
medium in which the solute is dissolved. Solutions can
be categorized based on the physical states of their
components:
1. Liquid-Liquid Solutions: An example is ethanol and
water, where both components are liquids.
2. Solid-Liquid Solutions: Sugar dissolved in water is
a common example.
3. Gas-Liquid Solutions: Carbon dioxide dissolved in
water forms carbonated beverages.

In each case, colligative properties emerge due to the

interaction between solute and solvent particles,
influencing various physical behaviors.
OveRvIew Of COllIgaTIve
pROpeRTIes
Colligative properties arise from the presence of solute particles in
a solvent and are characterized by their dependence on the number of
solute particles rather than their nature. The four primary colligative
properties are:

1. Vapor Pressure Lowering: The vapor pressure of a

solvent decreases when a non-volatile solute is
added. This effect occurs because solute particles
occupy space at the surface of the liquid,
preventing some solvent molecules from escaping
into the vapor phase.

2. Boiling Point Elevation: The addition of solute

raises the boiling point of the solution compared
to the pure solvent. This is due to the lowered
vapor pressure, which requires a higher
temperature to reach boiling.

3. Freezing Point Depression: When a solute is added

to a solvent, the freezing point of the solution
decreases. Solute particles disrupt the orderly
arrangement of solvent molecules, making it harder
for the solution to solidify.

4. Osmotic Pressure: This property refers to the

pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent
into a solution through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure is crucial in biological systems
for maintaining cell integrity.
RelaTIve lOweRINg Of vapOUR
pRessURe

a Vapor pressure is defined as

the pressure exerted by the vapor
of a substance in equilibrium with
its liquid at a given temperature.
In a pure solvent, molecules at the
surface can escape into the vapor
phase, resulting in a specific
vapor pressure. When a non-volatile
solute is added, it disrupts this
equilibrium.
The relationship can be described by Raoult’s Law, which
states: PA=XAPA0 where:
• PA is the vapor pressure of the solvent in the solution.
• XA is the mole fraction of the solvent.

PA0 As the number of solute particles increases, the mole

fraction of the solvent decreases, leading to a lower vapor
pressure.
BOIlINg pOINT elevaTION

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor

pressure equals the atmospheric pressure surrounding it. When a non-
volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent is
lowered. This means that a higher temperature is
required to reach the boiling point, resulting in
an elevation of the boiling point of the solution
compared to that of the pure solvent.

Theory of Boiling Point Elevation

The phenomenon of boiling point elevation is

explained by Raoult’s Law, which states that the
vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is
directly proportional to the mole fraction of the
solvent. As the number of solute particles increases, the mole fraction of
the solvent decreases, leading to a reduction in vapor pressure. Because
the vapor pressure of the solvent must reach the atmospheric pressure to

boil, the addition of solute effectively raises the temperature at which

this occurs.

The relationship for boiling point elevation can be expressed with the
formula: ΔTb=iKbm where:

• ΔTb is the elevation in boiling point.

• iii is the vant Hoff factor, which indicates the number of particles
into which a solute dissociates in solution.

• Kb is the boiling point elevation constant for the solvent.

• m is the molality of the solution (moles of solute per kilogram of

solvent).

This equation highlights that both the number of solute particles and their
ability to dissociate affect how much the boiling point will be elevated.
Practical Applications

Boiling point elevation has several practical applications:

1. Antifreeze Solutions: Ethylene glycol is commonly mixed with water in

car radiators. The boiling point elevation allows the coolant to
function effectively at higher temperatures, preventing the engine
from overheating.

2. Cooking: When salt is added to water for cooking, it raises the

boiling point of the water. This can be advantageous when cooking
foods that require a higher temperature, such as pasta.

3. Food Processing: In food preservation, the boiling point elevation is

exploited in processes like canning, where foods are heated to higher
temperatures to destroy microorganisms, ensuring safety and
longevity.

By understanding and applying the principles of boiling point elevation,

industries can improve product performance and safety across various
applications.
fReezINg pOINT DepRessION

Freezing point depression refers to the decrease in the freezing point of a

solvent when a non-volatile solute is added. When a solute is dissolved in a
solvent, the formation of a solution disrupts the orderly arrangement of solvent
molecules that occurs during the freezing process. As a result, a lower
temperature is required to achieve the same level of order, thus lowering the
freezing point.

Theory of Freezing Point Depression

The theory behind freezing point depression can be explained using

Raoult’s Law, similar to boiling point elevation. When a solute is added
to a solvent, the number of solute particles in the solution affects the
solvent's properties. The presence of solute particles interferes with the
ability of the solvent molecules to come together and form a solid (ice) at
the normal freezing point.

The relationship for freezing point depression can be described using the
formula: ΔTf=iKfm where:

• ΔTf is the depression in freezing point.

• iis the van’t Hoff factor, representing the number of particles into
which the solute dissociates.

• Kf is the freezing point depression constant specific to the solvent.

• m is the molality of the solution.

 This equation illustrates that the extent of freezing point
depression is influenced by both the concentration of solute
particles and their ability to dissociate in solution.

Practical Applications

Freezing point depression has several practical applications,

including:

1. Antifreeze Solutions: In automotive antifreeze products, ethylene

glycol is added to water to lower the freezing point, preventing the
coolant from freezing in cold weather.

2. Food Preservation: Adding salt or sugar to food lowers the freezing

point of the water present, which helps inhibit the growth of

microorganisms and prolongs shelf life.

3. Cryopreservation: In biological research, freezing point depression

is utilized in cryopreservation techniques, where cells and tissues
are stored at very low temperatures to maintain viability.

In summary, freezing point depression is an important concept that

explains how the addition of solute affects the freezing behavior of
solvents. Its understanding is crucial in various scientific and
industrial applications.
 OsmOTIC pRessURe

Osmosis is the process where solvent molecules move through a semipermeable

membrane from an area of low solute concentration to one of high solute
concentration. Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to halt this flow
of solvent.

The formula for osmotic pressure is: Π=iMRT where:

• Π is the osmotic pressure.

• M is the molarity of the solution.

• R is the universal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol)).

• T

is the temperature in Kelvin.

Biological Importance:

Osmotic pressure is crucial for maintaining the integrity of cells. For

example, red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution (higher solute
concentration outside) will lose water and shrink, while those in a
hypotonic solution (lower solute concentration outside) will swell and
potentially burst.
In biological systems, osmotic pressure plays a crucial role in various
processes:

1. Cellular Function: Cells maintain their shape and function through

osmotic balance. The movement of water in and out of cells, driven by
osmotic pressure, is essential for nutrient absorption and waste
removal.

2. Plant Physiology: Osmotic pressure is vital for plant turgor, which

helps plants maintain rigidity and structure. Water enters plant
cells through osmosis, creating internal pressure that supports the
plant.

3. Medical Applications: Understanding osmotic pressure is important in

medical treatments, such as intravenous (IV) fluid therapy, where the
osmotic balance of fluids must be carefully managed to avoid
complications.

4. Overall, osmotic pressure is a fundamental property that affects both living organisms
and various technological processes, highlighting its importance in everyday life.
applICaTIONs Of COllIgaTIve
pROpeRTIes

Colligative properties find applications across various fields,

including:

1. Industrial Applications:

o Antifreeze: As previously mentioned, antifreeze

solutions in vehicles utilize boiling point elevation
to prevent overheating.

o Food Preservation: The addition of salt or sugar

preserves foods by lowering the vapor pressure and
inhibiting microbial growth.

2. Biological Applications:

o Osmotic Regulation: Cells maintain osmotic balance by

regulating the concentration of solutes within and
outside their membranes, crucial for processes like
nutrient absorption and waste removal.

3. Environmental Applications:

o Ocean Salinity: Understanding colligative properties

helps in studying ocean salinity and its effects on
marine ecosystems.

o Desalination: Techniques to remove salt from seawater

utilize osmotic principles to produce fresh water
 expeRImeNTal meThODs
TO measURe COllIgaTIve
pROpeRTIes

Measuring colligative properties in a laboratory setting helps reinforce

theoretical knowledge. Some common experimental methods include:

1. Boiling Point Elevation: An ebulliometer can be used to accurately

measure the boiling point of a solution, allowing for the calculation
of boiling point elevation.

2. Freezing Point Depression: A cryoscopic apparatus can be utilized to

determine the freezing point of a solution. This method typically
involves cooling the solution until solidification occurs.

3. Osmotic Pressure: An osmometer measures the osmotic pressure of

solutions, providing insights into solute concentration and its
impact on solvent movement.

Conducting these experiments enhances understanding and illustrates

the practical significance of colligative properti

ebulliometer osmometer
 CONClUsION

In conclusion, colligative properties play a significant role in

understanding the behaviour of solutions. By examining how the
addition of solute particles affects properties such as vapor
pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure,
we can appreciate the underlying principles that govern various
scientific and industrial processes.

These properties are not only fundamental to chemistry but also

essential in applications ranging from automotive antifreeze to
biological systems. Recognizing the importance of colligative
properties helps bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and
real-world applications, highlighting their relevance in
everyday life and industry.
 BIBlIOgRaphy

➢ Atkins, P. W., & de Paula, J. (2014). Physical Chemistry

(10th ed.). Oxford University Press.
➢ Harris, D. C. (2010). Quantitative Chemical Analysis (8th
ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.
➢ NCERT. (2020). Chemistry: Part I. National Council of
Educational Research and Training.
➢ NCERT. (2020). Chemistry: Part II. National Council of
Educational Research and Training.