OFC

UNIT-5

Q1. what is non linear effect on optical network performance ?

Ans: Nonlinear effects can significantly impact the performance of optical
networks, especially at high data rates and long transmission distances.
These effects arise due to the interaction of the optical signal with the
transmission medium and can cause distortion, signal degradation, and
even signal loss.

Some examples of nonlinear effects on optical network performance include:

1. Chromatic dispersion: This is the phenomenon where different wavelengths of

light travel at different speeds through the transmission medium. This can cause
distortion of the optical signal, leading to errors and reduced signal quality.
2. Self-phase modulation (SPM): This is a nonlinear effect where the intensity of the
optical signal causes a change in the refractive index of the transmission medium.
This can cause distortion and phase shifts in the signal, which can lead to signal
degradation and errors.
3. Four-wave mixing (FWM): This is a nonlinear effect where two or more optical
signals mix together to create new frequencies. These new frequencies can
interfere with the original signals, causing signal distortion and degradation.
4. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS): This is a nonlinear effect where the optical
signal interacts with acoustic waves in the transmission medium, causing energy
to be transferred between them. This can cause signal loss and distortion.
Q2. What is the Concept of WDM network?

Ans:- 1. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a technique used in optical fiber

networks to increase the capacity of the network.

2. In WDM, multiple optical signals with different wavelengths are combined and
transmitted over a single fiber, allowing multiple channels of data to be transmitted
simultaneously.

3. The basic concept of a WDM network is to use different wavelengths of light to carry
different channels of data. Each channel of data is modulated onto a different
wavelength of light, and then all of the channels are combined into a single optical
signal and transmitted over the fiber.

4. At the receiving end, the different channels are separated out using a demultiplexer,
which separates the different wavelengths of light, allowing each channel to be
processed independently.

5. WDM networks can be classified into two types:

1.Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) :- In CWDM, the spacing between

the different wavelengths of light is relatively large, typically around 20nm, allowing for
the use of low-cost, uncooled lasers.

2. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM):- In DWDM, the spacing between

the wavelengths is much smaller, typically around 0.8nm, allowing for much higher
capacity and longer distances, but requiring the use of more expensive, temperature-
controlled lasers.

6. WDM networks are widely used in long-haul fiber optic networks, as well as in
metropolitan area networks (MANs) and local area networks (LANs) where high capacity
is requi
7. The use of WDM technology has enabled significant increases in the capacity and
performance of optical fiber networks, and it is expected to continue to play an
important role in the future of telecommunications.

Advantages of WDM networks:

1. Increased capacity
2. Cost-effective
3. Long-distance transmission
4. Flexibility

Disadvantages of WDM networks:

1. Complexity
2. Cost
3. Signal degradation
4. Limited availability

Q3. What is SONET/SDH Ring?

ANS :- SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) and SDH (Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy) rings are two types of network topologies used in optical fiber networks for
high-speed data transmission.

1. Both SONET and SDH are standardized protocols for transmitting digital signals
over fiber optic cables.
2. A SONET/SDH ring is a topology where two fiber rings are connected in opposite
directions, allowing data to be transmitted in either direction.
3. The rings consist of a number of nodes, each of which is connected to the ring
with two fibers
4. In a SONET/SDH ring, the data is transmitted in a circular path around the ring,
with each node acting as a repeater, regenerating the signal and passing it on to
the next node.
5. The primary advantage of a SONET/SDH ring is its high level of reliability. If one
fiber in the ring is cut or damaged, the traffic can be automatically rerouted in
the opposite direction, ensuring that data continues to flow without interruption.
This is known as "self-healing" or "self-repairing" capability.
6. SONET/SDH rings are widely used in telecommunications networks, data centers,
and other applications where high reliability is critical.
7. SONET/SDH rings also have some drawbacks. One of the main disadvantages is
their high cost, as they require redundant fiber optic cables and specialized
equipment.
8. The performance of the ring can be impacted if the traffic load becomes
unbalanced or if there is congestion on the network.
9. SONET/SDH rings remain an important technology for high-speed data
transmission in many applications

Advantages of SONET/SDH ring:-

 High reliability
 Scalability
 Standardization
 Quality of service

Disadvantages of SONET/SDH ring:

 High cost
 Limited capacity
 Complexity
 Vulnerability to congestion
Q. Classify and Explain the optical Layer?

Ans:- The optical layer refers to the physical layer of a telecommunications network that
utilizes optical fiber as the transmission medium.

1. The optical layer refers to the physical layer of a telecommunications network

that utilizes optical fiber as the transmission medium.
2. The optical layer can be classified into three main categories:

3. Physical layer: The physical layer of the optical layer is responsible for
the transmission of raw data over the fiber optic cables. This includes
the transmission of light pulses and the detection of light signals. The
physical layer is responsible for ensuring that the data is transmitted
accurately and efficiently.
4. Data link layer: The data link layer of the optical layer is responsible for
managing the transmission of data over the physical layer. This
includes the framing of data into packets, error detection and
correction, and flow control. The data link layer is responsible for
ensuring that the data is transmitted reliably and efficiently.
5. Network layer: The network layer of the optical layer is responsible for
managing the routing and switching of data packets over the network.
This includes the implementation of protocols such as MPLS
(Multiprotocol Label Switching) and routing protocols. The network
layer is responsible for ensuring that the data is transmitted to its
destination efficiently and securely.
6. The optical layer is an important component of modern
telecommunications networks, providing high-speed data transmission
over long distances.
7. Optical layer technologies such as DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing) and OTN (Optical Transport Network) have enabled the
transmission of large amounts of data over fiber-optic networks,
making it possible to deliver high-speed internet, video, and other
data-intensive services.
Q. Explain the basic optical fiber network topologies

Ans:-
 Optical fiber network topologies are the physical arrangements of nodes and links that
make up a fiber optic network.
 There are several types of fiber optic network topologies, each with its own advantages
and disadvantages.
 The basic optical fiber network topologies include:

 Point-to-Point Topology: This is the simplest fiber optic network topology, where
two endpoints are connected by a single fiber optic cable. It is used for short-
distance communications and is not suitable for large-scale networks.
 Bus Topology: In this topology, all nodes are connected to a single fiber optic
cable, which acts as the backbone of the network. It is easy to set up and
maintain, but a break in the cable can cause the entire network to fail.
 Star Topology: In this topology, all nodes are connected to a central hub, which
acts as a central point of communication. It is easy to set up and maintain, and a
break in one cable does not affect the rest of the network.
 Ring Topology: In this topology, nodes are connected in a circular manner, with
each node connected to two adjacent nodes. Data travels in one direction around
the ring, and if one node fails, it can cause the entire network to fail.
 Mesh Topology: In this topology, nodes are connected to each other in a
complex web of links, providing multiple paths for data to travel. This topology is
highly resilient, as it can route traffic around any failed nodes or links.

 Each fiber optic network topology has its own set of advantages and
disadvantages, and the choice of topology depends on the specific needs of the
network. Factors such as scalability, reliability, and cost must be considered when
selecting a fiber optic network topology.
 Q. Write a short notes on Stimulated Raman Scattering?

Ans:

 Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is a nonlinear optical process that occurs when a laser
beam interacts with a material and transfers energy to its vibrational modes, resulting in
the generation of a new light wave with a longer or shorter wavelength.
 This process occurs when the frequency of the incident photon is close to the natural
frequency of the molecule.
 In SRS, the energy of the incident photon is transferred to the material's vibrational
modes, causing the material to vibrate at the same frequency as the incident light. As a
result, a new light wave is generated with a different frequency, known as the Raman-
shifted frequency.
 The Raman-shifted frequency is determined by the frequency difference between the
incident light and the vibrational frequency of the molecule.
 SRS is a useful process in a wide range of applications, including laser spectroscopy,
optical fiber communication, and optical amplification.
 For example, in optical fiber communication, SRS can cause power loss and crosstalk
between channels. However, in optical amplifiers, SRS can be harnessed to achieve high
gain at specific wavelengths.
 Advantages:

1. Optical amplification: SRS can be used to amplify optical signals, making it useful in
optical amplifiers.
2. Spectroscopy: SRS can be used in Raman spectroscopy to study the vibrational and
rotational properties of molecules.
3. Wavelength conversion: SRS can be used to convert the wavelength of an optical signal,
making it useful in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication
systems

Disadvantages:

1. Power loss: SRS can cause power loss in optical fiber communication systems, reducing
the signal strength and increasing the noise level.
2. Crosstalk: SRS can also cause crosstalk between different channels in WDM optical
communication systems, leading to interference between channels.
3. Complexity: The implementation of SRS requires complex and expensive equipment,
making it more difficult and costly to use than some other optical processes.
Q. Explain Transmission Formate and speed of sSONET/ SDH ?

Ans:-

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) are two
standardized protocols for transmitting digital signals over fiber optic networks. They define the
transmission format and speed for optical communication systems.

The transmission format for SONET and SDH is a frame-based structure that is synchronized
to a master timing reference. The frame structure consists of a fixed number of bytes, with each
byte carrying a specific function, such as framing, error checking, or data transmission. The
frames are transmitted in a continuous stream over the optical fiber, with each frame carrying a
specific amount of data.

The speed of SONET and SDH is measured in terms of the Optical Carrier (OC) level,
which defines the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over the network. Each
OC level has a specific data rate and frame structure, as shown below:

OC-1: 51.84 Mbps

OC-3: 155.52 Mbps

OC-12: 622.08 Mbps

OC-48: 2.5 Gbps

OC-192: 10 Gbps

OC-768: 40 Gbps

SDH uses a similar hierarchy of transmission rates, known as STM (Synchronous Transport
Module) levels, which are based on a standardized bit rate of 155.52 Mbps.