PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON

PWP - 22616

UNIT-IV
PYTHON FUNCTIONS, MODULES &
PACKAGES

Mr. Naresh A. Kamble

 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• MODULES
• PYTHON PACKAGES

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• Functions like input(), print() etc. are examples of built-in
functions.

• The code of these functions are already defined.

• These are called as built-in functions.

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• Python defines type conversion functions to directly convert
one data type to another.

• There are two types of Type Conversion in Python:

• Implicit Type Conversion

• Explicit Type Conversion

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION

• In this conversion, the Python interpreter automatically

converts one data type to another without any user
involvement.

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION

• In this conversion, the data type is manually changed by the

user as per their requirement.

• Various forms of explicit type conversion are explained below:

• int(a, base): This function converts any data type to integer.

‘Base’ specifies the base in which string is if the data type is a
string.

• float(): This function is used to convert any data type to a

floating-point number
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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION

• ord() : This function is used to convert a character to integer.

• hex() : This function is to convert integer to hexadecimal

string.

• oct() : This function is to convert integer to octal string

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION

• complex(real,imag) : This function converts real numbers to

complex(real,imag) number.

• chr(number): This function converts number to its

corresponding ASCII character.

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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PYTHON BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• INTRODUCTION
• FUNCTION DEFINING
• FUNCTION CALLING
• FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
• SCOPE OF VARIABLES

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• INTRODUCTION

• When we create our own functions to perform a particular

task are called as user defined functions.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• RULES FOR DEFINING USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS

• Function block or Function header begins with the keyword

def followed by the function name and parentheses (()).

• Any input parameter or arguments should be placed within

these parentheses. We can also define parameters inside
these parameters.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• RULES FOR DEFINING USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS

• The first string after the function header is called the

doctstring and is short for documentation string. It is used to
explain in brief, what a function does.

• The code block within every function starts with a colon (:)
and is intended.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• RULES FOR DEFINING USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS

• The return statement [expression] exits a function, optionally

passing back an expression to the caller.

• A return statement with no arguments is the same as return

none.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• SYNTAX

def functionname ( parameters ):

“function_doctstring”

function_suite

return [expression]

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• After defining a function, we call the function from another
function or directly from the python prompt.

• The order of parameters specified in the function definition

should be preserved in function call also.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE - 1

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE - 2

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• ARGUMENTS

• Information can be passed into functions as arguments.

• Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the

parentheses.

• You can add as many arguments as you want, just separate

them with a comma.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• We can call the function by any 4 arguments.

• Required Arguments

• Keyword Arguments

• Default Arguments

• Variable-Length Arguments

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• REQUIRED ARGUMENTS

• These arguments are passed to a function in correct positional

order.

• Here, the number of arguments in the function call should

match exactly with the functional definition.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• KEYWORD ARGUMENTS

• By using these arguments in a function call, the caller

identifies the arguments by the parameter name.

• This allows us to skip arguments or place them out of order

because the Python interpreter is able to use the keywords
provided to match the values with parameters.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• DEFAULT ARGUMENTS

• A default argument is an argument that assumes a default

value if a value is not provided in function call for that
argument.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• VARIABLE-LENGTH ARGUMENTS

• In some cases we may need to process a function for more

arguments than specified while defining the function.

• These arguments are called as variable-length arguments and

are not named in function definition.

• An asterisk (*) is placed before the variable name that holds

the values of all non-keyword variable arguments.

• This tuple remains empty if no additional arguments are

specified during the function call.
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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE

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USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• SCOPE OF VARIABLES

• In programming languages, variables need to be defined

before using them.

• These variables can only be accessed in the area where they

are defined, this is called scope.

• You can think of this as a block where you can access

variables.
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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• TYPES PYTHON VARIABLES SCOPE

• There are four types of variable scope in Python

• LOCAL SCOPE

• GLOBAL SCOPE

• ENCLOSING SCOPE

• BUILT-IN SCOPE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• LOCAL SCOPE

• Local scope variables can only be accessed within its block.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• LOCAL SCOPE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• GLOBAL SCOPE

• The variables that are declared in the global scope can be

accessed from anywhere in the program.

• Global variables can be used inside any functions.

• We can also change the global variable value.

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• GLOBAL SCOPE

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• GLOBAL SCOPE
• What would happen if you declare a local variable with the same name as
a global variable inside a function?

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• ENCLOSING SCOPE

• A scope that isn’t local or global comes under enclosing scope

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 USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• BUILT-IN SCOPE

• All the reserved names in Python built-in modules have a

built-in scope.

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 MODULES
• INTRODUCTION

• PYTHON BUILT-IN MODULES

• CREATING MODULES

• IMPORTING OBJECTS FROM MODULES

• CREATING CUSTOM MODULES

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 MODULES
• INTRODUCTION

• A module a file that contains a Python code that we can use in

our program

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 MODULES
• PYTHON BUILT-IN MODULES

• All Built-in modules can be accessed using following command

help(‘modules’)

• All modules are placed in an alphabetic order (a to z)

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 MODULES
• CREATING MODULES

• For creating any module, we choose the module name and

import it using import statement

import module

• For example

import math

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES – CONSTANT VALUES

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES – RENAMING

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES – from…….import statement

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES – from…….import statement

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES – all names *

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 MODULES
• IMPORTING MODULES – dir() function

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 MODULES
• CUSTOM MODULE

• In python we can create custom modules as per our need.

• This helps us to keep our code organized.

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 MODULES
• CUSTOM MODULE - CALCULATOR

• To perform ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS

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 MODULES
• CUSTOM MODULE - CALCULATOR

• To perform ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS

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 MODULES
• CUSTOM MODULE - CALCULATOR

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 PACKAGES
• INTRODUCTION

• CREATING PYTHON PACKAGE

• STANDARD PACKAGES

• USER DEFINED PACKAGES

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 PACKAGES
• INTRODUCTION

• We usually organize our files in different folders and

subfolders based on some criteria, so that they can be
managed easily and efficiently.

• For example, we keep all our games in a Games folder and we

can even subcategorize according to the genre of the game or
something like this.

• The same analogy is followed by the Python package.

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 PACKAGES
• INTRODUCTION

• A Python module may contain several classes, functions,

variables, etc. whereas a Python package can contains several
module.

• In simpler terms a package is folder that contains various

modules as files.

• A package is directory containing modules or subpackages.

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 PACKAGES
• EXAMPLE 1

• Let’s create a package named mypckg that will contain two

modules mod1 and mod2.

• To create this module follow the below steps –

– Create a folder named mypckg.

– Inside this folder create an empty Python file i.e.

__init__.py (for considering as package)

– Then create two modules mod1 and mod2 in this folder.

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• EXAMPLE 2

• Let’s create a package named game that will contain two

subpackages characters and weapons.

• To create this module follow the below steps –

– Create a folder named game.

– Inside this folder create an empty Python file i.e.

__init__.py (for considering as package)

– Then create two subpackages characters and weapons in

this folder.
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– Inside each subpackage create an empty Python file i.e.
__init__.py (for considering as package)

– Create two python files named player.py and boss.py in

characters package.

– Create one python file named category.py in weapons

package.

– Finally create main.py python file outside the game

package to import and call all packages.

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 PACKAGES
• DATE AND TIME MODULES

• The Time Module

• It contains a lot of functions to process time.

• Time intervals are represented as floating point numbers

in seconds.

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EPOCH
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ctime() – Current Time
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 PACKAGES
• DATE AND TIME MODULES

• The datetime Module – TIME CLASS

• It contains functions and classes for doing date and time

parsing, formatting and arithmetic.

• It contains functions and classes for working with dates

and times, separately and together.

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Time class 97
 PACKAGES
• DATE AND TIME MODULES

• The datetime Module – DATE CLASS

• Calendar date values are represented with the date class.

• Instances have attributes for year, month, and day.

• It is easy to create a date representing today’s date using

the today() class method.
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• CALENDAR MODULES

• The datetime Module – DATE CLASS

• It has many built-in functions for printing and formatting

the output.

• By default calendar takes Monday as the first day of the

week and Sunday as the last.

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 PACKAGES
• STANDARD PACKAGE

• Numpy

• NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays.

• It also has functions for working in domain of linear

algebra, fourier transform, and matrices.

• NumPy was created in 2005 by Travis Oliphant. It is an

open source project and you can use it freely.

• NumPy stands for Numerical Python.

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• Why to use Numpy?

• In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of arrays, but

they are slow to process.

• NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster

than traditional Python lists.

• The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it provides a lot of

supporting functions that make working with ndarray very easy.

• Arrays are very frequently used in data science, where speed

and resources are very important.

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py –m pip install numpy

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 PACKAGES
• STANDARD PACKAGE

• Pandas

• Pandas is a Python library.

• Pandas is used to analyze data.

• Pandas is a Python package providing fast, flexible, and

expressive data structures designed to make working with
“relational” or “labeled” data both easy and intuitive.

• It aims to be the fundamental high-level building block for

doing practical, real-world data analysis in Python.
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• Pandas
• Pandas makes it simple to do many of the time consuming, repetitive
tasks associated with working with data, including:
• Data cleansing
• Data fill
• Data normalization
• Merges and joins
• Data visualization
• Statistical analysis
• Data inspection
• Loading and saving data
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py –m pip install pandas

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