THE NEW INDIAN SCHOOL W.L.

L
KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN
CLASS X ECONOMICS NOTES
CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT
Chapter1. DEVELOPMENT

1. Define per capita income.

Ans: Per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its total population..

2. Define infant mortality rate.

Ans: Infant mortality rate indicates the number of children who die before the age of 1
year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in a year.

3. Define literacy rate.

Ans: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the age group of 7
and above.

4. Define net attendance ratio.

Ans:It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 yeas attending school as a
percentage of children in the same age group.

5. Define life expectancy rate.

Ans: Life expectancy at birth means average expected length of life of a person.

6. Define gross enrolment ratio.

Ans: It means enrollment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education
beyond secondary school.
7. What is economic development?
Ans: Economic development is a process in which real per capita income is increased in
the long run accompanied by reduction in poverty, unemployment and inequality. Thus
economic development includes both economic growth as well as economic welfare.
8. Define economic growth.
Ans: Economic growth is a process whereby national income and per capita income of a
country increases over a long period of time.
9. What is sustainable development?
Ans: Development without environmental degradation and with conservation of
resources for the future generation.
10. State the two developmental goals common to all.
Ans: Higher level of income and better quality of life are the two goals common to all.

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11. Why do different persons have different as well as conflicting notions of developmental
goals?

Ans: Developmental goals may be common, different or conflicting.

(I) Common goals: there are some needs which are common to all like income,
freedom, equality, security, respect, friendship etc.
(II) Different goals: Development or progress does not mean the same thing for every
individual. Each individual has his own idea of development. For example:
development for a farmer might be irrigation facilities, for an unemployed youth
it may be employment opportunities etc.
(III) Conflicting goals: what may be development for some may become destruction
for some others. Eg: Industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams
would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land.

12. “Developmental goals are different for different people.” Explain the statement with
appropriate examples.
Ans. Development or progress does not mean one and the same thing for every
individual. Each individual has his own notion of development.
 Different persons have different notions of development because life situations
of persons are different.
 People seek things that are more important for them, i.e., things that can fulfill
their aspiration or desires.
 Examples:
 Development for a farmer might be proper irrigational facilities.
 For a girl, it might mean gender equality or more freedom.

13. Give examples to prove that there are other important development goals than income.
Ans: If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting it one would try to consider
many factors, apart from income such as:
(I) Facilities for the family: I would have to check if there is good educational facility
for children, a good house and locality to stay in, good medical facilities also
should be available.
(II) Job security: a job which gives high pay but no job security will reduce one’s
sense of security and freedom.
(III) Opportunity to learn: There should be opportunity for personal carrier growth.
(IV) Working atmosphere needs to be cooperative and healthy: If women are engaged
in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. A safe and
secured environment may allow more women to take up jobs or run a business.
(V) Time for your family: working hours should be fixed and adhered to so that there
is time for spending with family. Leave facility must be there as well.

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14. “For development people look at a mix of goals”. Explain the statement.

• If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases.

• There would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working
outside.

• A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run
a business.

15. How has the world development report classified countries? What are the limitations of this
report?
Ans:
(I) World Bank classifies countries according to per capita income.
(II) Countries with per capita income of US $12,056per annum and above are called
rich countries.
(III) Counties with per capita income less than US $955 or less are called poor
countries.
(IV) Countries with income between US $955 and $12,056 are called middle income
countries.
Limitations
(I) It considers only income and no other aspects like literacy, health etc.
(II) It does not tell how this income is distributed among people.

16. What is the criterion used by the UNDP for classifying countries?
Ans: UNDP has used the criterion of human development index to measure the
development of countries.
HDI is calculated on the basis of
*Per capita income- Per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its
total population
*Education Index – In this it is considered that what are the expected years of schooling
and mean years of schooling.

*Life expectancy at birth-: Life expectancy at birth means average expected length of life
of a person.

17. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana in spite of lower per
capita income?

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Ans: Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana in spite of lower per capita
income because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facility. This results in:

(I) Lower infant mortality rate

(II) Higher literacy rate
(III) Higher net attendance ratio.

18. Why do we use averages to compare the development of countries?

(I) We use averages for a better understanding
(II) For comparison between countries, total income is not very useful.
(III) Different countries have different populations, so total income will not tell us
what an average person is likely to earn.

19. What is body mass index? How is it calculated?

Ans. Body Mass Index is used by nutrition scientist to find out if adults are nourished or not.
It is calculated in following steps.
 Calculation of weight of the person in Kgs.
 Calculation of height of the person in meters.
 Squaring the height measured in meter.
 Dividing the weight by the square of the height.
 Thus BMI = weight in Kg
Height in M2

20. “The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present
generation.” Explain the statement by giving suitable examples.
Ans: It is quite true that the future generation may not have sufficient resources as
compared to the present generation.
(i) The statement explains that the overuse of resources by the present generation
would lead to insufficiency of resources for the future generation.
(ii) Development without adequate resources is impossible.
(iii) Example: (a) nearly 1/3 of the country is over using their ground water resources.
(b) overusing of fossil fuels like petroleum and coal.

21. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain.

Ans: The issue of sustainability important for development because of the following reasons.

(I) Natural resources are not unlimited. They should be used carefully so that cycle of
development may run.
(II) Reserves of mineral oil and ground water are depleting with a rapid pace.

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 (III) Conservation and preservation has become the need of the hour for the coming
generations.
(IV) If natural resources are exploited and depleted by the present generation, the
development will be stagnant after sometime because resources won’t be available for
further process.
(V) Sustainability can be achieved by using the resources judiciously and by maintaining
the ecological balance.

22. Do the terms economic growth and economic development mean the same thing. Discuss.

Ans. Economic growth is a process of consistent rise in national income and per capita income
over a long period of time.

Economic development is a process of persistent rise in national income and per capita income
over a long period of time with social justice. It is concerned not only with increase in income
but also with distribution of income.

Thus economic development is a wider concept than economic growth.