Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Department of Civil Engineering
CE 406: Steel Structures (Prepared by Dr. Putul Haldar)

Tension Members
A structural member subjected to two pulling (tensile) forces applied at its ends is
called a tension member. The members and connections are so arranged that
eccentricity in the connection and bending stresses on the member are not
developed. Also, the bending moment/stresses due to self-weight of the member,
being insignificant, are neglected. Tension members are also known as tie members.
Form of tension member is governed by: - (a) Type of the structure of which it is a
part and (6) Method of joining it to the adjacent member of the structure. Built-up
members, made up of two or more plates or shapes and connected to act as single
member, are formed primarily to meet the required area, which cannot be provided
by a single rolled shape. Built-up members are more rigid because for the same area
much greater moment of inertia can be obtained than with single rolled sections.
Another advantage of built-up members is that they can be made sutficiently stiff to
carry compression as well as tension, thus are desirable when stress reversal might
OCcur.

TI Rolled sections etilTntillH

. Man cabos Deck
SUspenders

(0) Susponsion bridge

Slay cavles
Compound sections

I ) Cablo stayed bridgos

Heavy r o l e d and D m p t e e o s

N NX
Tios Hangors
Floor boam-

Threaded round bar Flat bar

(n) Overhead tank (k) Hangers supporting floor beam

Hanger

Round strand rope Locked cod rope

Cross-Section of Tension Members Application of Tension Members

Possible Failure Modes (axiallyloaded column):
Intended to prevent excessive
1. Limit State of Yielding in the Gross Section:-excessive deformation the stress on the
elongation of the member. Thus, to prevent
be less than yield stress fy.
gross section must

2.Limit State of Rupture (also called Fracture) in the Net Section: Where bolts or
the stress on the net section must be less
rivets hole present. To prevent fracture,
are

than the tensile strength.

in bolted shear connections, block shear is now
3.Block Shear: Originally observed
the ends of axially loaded tension members
recognized as a potential failure mode at
member occurs along a path involving
also.In this failure mode, the failure of the

Page 1 of 10
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

tension on one
plane and shear
perpendicular plane along the fasteners. The
on a
block shear
phenomenon becomes a possible mode of failure when the material
bearing strength and bolt shear strength are higher. Block shear failure is a
state that limit
combines tension failure on one
plane and shear failure on a
plane. The
guidelines assume that, when one plane reaches ultimateperpendicular
other plane
develops yield. Therefore, two possibie failure modes can
full
the strength,
First, rupture occurs develop:
along the net tension plane and full yield
grOSs shear plane. Second, failure develops along the
mechanism assumes that rupture occurs along the
net shear plane while full
the gross tension
yield develops along
plane.
Appropriate model of the block shear failure is
L the
rupturing of the net tension plane (BC) and
yielding on the gross shear plane (AB and CD),
as shown in
Fig. (f), which results in
rupturing of the shear plane as the
connection lengths become shorter.
The design approaches are based on a Tens

simple assumption that the block

shear
capacity is the combination of
the
rupture on the tensile plane yielding along shear planes and
Rupture-
Tensile fracture
Yiel ding

12B
Active Fensike Piane

A e Shcar Par

Block Shear Failure of

Tension Member
Design
The
Strength of Tension Member:
design strength of a tension member is the lowest of
i.
Design strength due to yielding of gross section the following:
.
Rupture strength of critical section (Tdn) (Tag)
. Block shear (Tat)
#Design Strength Due to Yielding of Gross
where, Ymo partial safety factor for failure by
Section
(Tag): Tag Ag Ymo
yielding =1.1
AgGross area of cross-section and fy yield stress of
=

material
#Design Rupture Strength of Critical Section (Tan): Tdn
where, ym! Anet
=

partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress ml

Anetnet effective area b nd,
=
(Table 5 of IS:800, 2007)
rods and bolts +2 9iJ t, for plate; 0.78 d2 (ISO
=

(ISO threads) thread), for threaded

Page 2 of 10
 #Design Rupture Prepared by Putul
Strength of Critical Haldar, IIT Ropar
dbA,g *- 409-Am Section (Tan):
mo
Ymt

TdbAtg* Ymoy0.9 Apn f Whichever is minimum

3Yml
where, Avg and
Am min. =

Atg and Atn =min. gross and net area in shear

gross and net area in
tension
Numerical 1: Determine the
Fig Steel is of block shear
grade Fe 410. strength of the welded tension member
100 0 mm For Fe 410
as shown in

thick grade 410steel: fu =

Tension tactor for

material: governed MPa, fy 250 Mpa, Partial safety
=

plane ultimate stress Ymi1.25 by yielding ymo 1.1;

225 The shaded area Governed by
will shear out
Avg2 100) 10 x
x
2000 mm?;
Shear plane Atg 225x 10 2250 Avn (2 x
100) 10 2000 mm2;
x
mm2; Atn = 225 10 2250 mm2
Tdb1 Avg 0.9Anu - 926.63kN
3 Yme
Ym
Tdb2 *+ =
Ata
3 Yun 852. 23kN =
Ymo
Block shear
strength of the plate is minimum of
(926.63kN and 852.23 kN= 852.23 kN
Numerical
holes
2: Determine the design tensile
bolts as shown in strength
for 16 mm diameter of the plate 130 mm x 12 mm with the
Fig. Steel used
grade is of Fe 410
ritica
Yielding of gross section=Tag Ag
Rupture Strength =Tadn Anet *
*= 354.54kN
=
=

mo

=332.98kN
Avg (2 (60+35)) 12 2280 Yml
x
x

S mm (0 nin
12 x2 1632mm2; mm; An (35+60-1.5 x18) x

Atg 60 12 720 mm2; An

x =

(60-18) 12 504 mm?

=
x =

0.9
db1 Ang*
3 Ymo Atn*Ju
Yml 447.95kN -

Tab2=Atg Íy0.9Apn"Ju
3 Ym
=441.78kN
mo

Block shear strength of the plate is minimum of (447.95kN and

441.78kN) =441.78kN
Design tensile strength of the plate is rupture
strength=332.98kN
Numerical 3: A 300mm width IS Flat 8 mm of grade Fe 410 is used as a tension. It is connected
to a 12thickmm
gusset plate by 18 mm Gusset plate Gusset plate
diameter bolts of grade 4.6. Calculate the
3
1

effective net area of the member, if

(a) chain bolting is done as shown in Fig.
O0

(b) zig-zag bolting is done as shown in

3
Fig (a) Chain pattern (6) Zig-zag pattorn
Solution; For Fe 410 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 Mpa, Partial satety factor for

Page 3 of 10
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

material: governed by yielding Yme =1.1; Governed by ultimate stress Yml=1.25

D-18mm>Dh=20mm
(a) In chainbolting Section 1-1 critical; An (300-4 20) 8 1760 mn: = x x =

(6) In
zig-zag bolting the section fail along (1) - (2)
(1)-(2)-(5) -(3) (4), or (1) -(2) may (3)-(4), (1) (2) (5) (6) {/)
-
-
- - -

(5) (8)- (9)- (10) -

-

Effective net area along section: (1) (2)-(3)-(; -

n 2, Net area, An
(B -ndh)t (300 -2 20) 8 2080
=
=
x x
Effective net area along section: mm
(1) -(2)-(5) -(6)-(2
n=
3, nt =1,p 65 mm, g 75 mm, >
=
=

Net area, An |b n dh+ 2 iF

= -

=300 3 20 + 8-2032.66 mm?

Effective net area along section: (1)
An (300 -3 20 +(2 652)/(4 -(2)-(5)-(3)-(4)
x x

Effective net x75)*8 2145.33 mm? =

An (300 -4 20
-
area along section:
x
(1)- (2) -(5) -(8)-(9)-(10);
+(3 652)/(4 *75))x8 2098 x
mm2 =

Numerical 4: Determine design tensile the

16mm bolts of grade 4.6 as shown tension strength of 160x8mn plate with the holes for
For Fe 410
grade sieel. fu 410 MPa, fy 250 =

governed by yielding Ymo1.1, Governed Mpa, Partial safety factor for material:
D=16mn>D,=18mm by ultimate stress Ym! 1.25
In
zig-zag bolting the section may fail
(1)-(1)-(1), (1) - along
(1) (2)- (2)- (1) -(1),
-

40
(1)-(1)-(2)
Anl= 848 mm2
-(3) -(2)-(1)-(1)
An2- 960 nim2
An3= 1072 mm2
Strength= 250.33 kN
Effective Area of Tension Members
Angle Due to Shear Lag:
an
angle section channel section, is connected
or a When a tension member, like
member through to the
welding or bolting such that only few gusset are plate or other structural
connecting legs) and remaining legs are not connected legs connected (called as
certain distance, most of the
force is carried out
(called as
outstanding leg) then for a
taking an average load. This distance is knownbyasthe connected leg instead of whole section
calculations, this formula has shear lag distance. In order
to
suggested that the stress in the simplify
(yield stress) and the connected sections outstanding leg be limited to fy
having holes to be limited to fu (ultimate
stress).
Outstanding Leg

b, w +W, - t b W

I Connecting Leg
Page 4 of 10
 Single Angle: As
govened by rupturetheat effectiveness Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT
Ropar
net of
givenoutstanding
section is leg
eg is
15 less,
by es> the design strength as
where, Anc net area
of TdnA.9*J f* Ago fy
Agogross area ofconnected Yml
leg
outstanding
B=1.4-0.076 - leg 0.7
mo

WOutstanding
ength endleg width; b,
of
shear leg
=
Sy Yml
atong the load connection. width; t thickness of
direction or lengthDistance
=

For between leg

preliminary design, IS:800 of the weld alongthetheoutermost
load bolts in the end joint
(2007) direction. measured
recommends (CL. 6.3.3, Page
where, A=net area Tdn A 33):
of the
a
=0.6 for one or total cross-section;Yml
0.7 for two bolts,
0.8 for three bolts
four or
Numerical mode bolts
5: Determine the
connected as shown in the
effective net area for
punched. The steel is the section shown in
figure.
For Fe 410
grade steei: fu =410
of
grade Fe 410. The boltFig. The angles are
by yielding Ymo= 1.1; MPa, fy 250 =
holes have been
Governed by ultimate Mpa, Partial safety factor
D=16mmm>D,=181mni stress
increased more by 2 mniSince the bolt holes are Ymi 1.25
for material:=

governed
Net area
than the hole punched,
diameter given in Tablethe bolt hole
of connected leg (100 =
od IS 800 diameter has been
20-x
-

Net area 10 750

of outstanding mm2;
Total net area
Since only one
leg=75-x
=750+ 700 1450 mm2 10
700 mm2
net area will
leg of the
angle is connected, the
be reduced 3. 16 mm
number of bolts used for depending upon the bolts of grade
4.6

Further, since three boltsmaking the

have beenconnection. ,SA 100x 75 x10 mm 00 ISA 100x 75x
10 mm
making the end used for mm

0.7 will be used. connection, a reduction factor

of 10 mm
0 mm
75 mm
Effective net area, An 0.7 = 75 mm
1450 1015 mm2
x

(b) Net area of connected (a)

Net area of leg (100 -10/2)x 10 950 mm2

=
=

outstanding
Total net area leg (75 -10/2)x 10 700 mm2
=

=
950+700 =
1650 mm2
Since only one leg of the angle is connected, the net will be reduced. For
connection, the reduction factor is 0.8.
area
welded
Hence, effective net area, An =0.8 1650
x
=1320 mm2
Design Procedure: The following design procedure may be adopted: -

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 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar
1. Find the
required gross area to
carry the factored load considering
yieldingi.e., Tag =
Ag *-
Ymo A, =
Tas
the strength in

11. Select suitable

shape of the section depending upon the
location of the member
such that gross area is 25 to type of structure and the
40 % more than
111.
Determine the number of bolts or A, calculated.
the welding required and arrange
iv. Find the
strength considering
Strength in yielding of gross area
Strength in rupture of critical section and
Strength in block shear.
V. The
strength obtained should be more than factored tension. If
higher side or less than factored tension it is too much on
=
section should be
vi. Check for slenderness ratio
of tension members
changed and rechecked.
as
per Table 3 (IS 800-2007,
Numerical 6: tension member 0.95 m
A Page 20).
service live load of 60 kN. long is to resist a service dead load
of 20 kN and a
Assume that the member isDesign rectangular bar of standard structural steel of
a

connected by one line of 16 mm diameter bolts of

grade Fe 410.
For Fe 410 grade 4.6.
grade steel: fu 410 =

Partial safety factor for material: MPa, fy 250 Mpa, T

=

Ymo 1.1,Governed by uitimate stress governed by yielding 50

Partial safety factor for dead load ymt 1.25 =

and live
30
D=16mm>D=18mm load:y,= 1.5
Design factored tensile load, T 1.5 20 +1.5 60 =
x
45
x
AS
45 45
120 kN =

Required area on the basis of net section fracture 406.5

net
Required gross area on the basis of yielding 528 mm2 mm2 =

Hence, the required trial area 528 mm2 =

Assuming the thickness of bar to be 10 mm, The width of

Net area
provided, An (B nxDh)t (60 1x 18) 10 bar,
= -
B
=528/10=60mm
=

420 mm2> 406.5 mm2 x

Connection: For 16 mm diameter bolts Anb 157 mm2

Shear capacity of 16 mm bolt=Vnsb
Number of bolts
n,* Anb t n, *
Asb] =29kN
Let us
required=120/29=4.14-5nos.
provide bolts in line at
one
distance of 30 mm.
a
pitch of 45 mm, end distance of 35
mm and at an edge
#Check for Block Shear:
Avg (4x45+35) x 10 2150 mm?; Avn (4 x 45+35-(5-0.5) x18)
=
x 10 1340 mm2;
Aug 30x 10 =
300 mm2; Am (30-0.5x 18) x10 210 mm? =

Tab1 y40An"u
Avg Ym: =
344.1 kN and Tdbz =
Atg *+
ml
296. 53 RN
Block
strength> Applied ultimate load (=120kN) Therefore Safe against block shear failure
#Check Safety Against Yielding of Gross Section:
#Check Safety Against Fracture of Critical Section:
#Checkfor limit stateof serviceability
Page 6 of 10
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

2.88mm; Length ofbar =0.95m

950
Effective slenderness ratio=l =
=
=329.86< 400 Safe
Tension Member Splice
I f a single piece of required length is not available tension members are splicea to

transfer required tension from one piece to another.

Splice connection for tension member is usually the bolted connection.
The splice section as well as the bolts are subjected to the tensile load to be

transmitted by the main tension member

of splice plates and the bolts/weld connecting them should have strength
Strength
at least egual to the design load.
should be designed for a force of at
AS per 1S specifications, the splice connection
least 0.3 times the member design capacity in tension or the design
action, which ever
1S more.

may be used to bring the

members in level when tension members of
Filler plates
different thicknesses are to be connected.
The design shear capacity of bolts carrying shear through a packing plate in excess of
6mm shali be decreased by a factor: ß = 1 - 0.0125 tpk

where tpk = thickness of the thicker packing plate.

The various types of that be provided shown below:

splices can are

(a) (b) (c)

Packing

(d) (e) (
Normally in the design of a tension splice, the effect of eccentricity is neglected but as
far as possible it should be avoided (Fig. a & f.
Such arrangements cause eccentricity and thus moments are created.

T o overcome this, both the legs of the angle should be spliced (Fig. b& c).

Numerical 7: Design a splice to connect a 300x200 mm plate with a 300x10 mm plate. The
design load is 500 kN. Use 20 mm black bolts, fabricated in the shop. Use double cover butt
joint with 6mm cover plates.

Page 7 of 10
 IIT Ropar
Prepared by Putul Haldar,

Packang plate=1Omm

10 mm pl ate
40 60
1# Calculatestrength of bolts (Bolt Value): Reduction factor for 10mm packing plate=0.875
Strength in double shear=90.4kN; Strength in bearing=99.384kN
Bolt value=?? No. of bolts=500/ bolt value

2 #Check for strength of plate(yielding, rupture and block shear):

Lug Angles:- Length of the end connection of heavily loaded tension member may be
reduced by using lug angles.
a i n meTIber
There will be saving in
Angie gusset piate by using
lug angies, but it is upset by the requirement of
additional fasteners and angles. Hence,
arm memh
nowadays not preferred.
iaonei
IS800-2007 specifications for lug angles are
clause10,12):
i. Effective connection of the
lug angles shall
be terminated at the end of the member.
ii. The connection of iug
arngle to main member shall
preferably start in advance of the
member to the gusset plate.
ii. Min. of two bolts, rivets or
equivalent welds be used for attaching lug angles to the
gusset plate.
iv. If the main member is an
angle:
a) The whole area of the member shall be taken as the effective rather than net effective
section area.
b) Strength of lug angles and fasteners connecting
least 20%
lug angle
to gusset plate should be at
than the force in
more
outstanding leg.
c) Strength of fastener connecting lug angles and main member shall be at
more than the force carried
least 40%
by the outstanding leg
V. If the main member is a channel:
a) As far as possible should by symmetric.
b) The strength of fasteners connecting lug
more than the force in
angle to the gusset should be at least 10%
outstanding leg
)Strength of fastener connecting lug angles and main member shall be at least 20%
more than the force carried
by the outstanding leg.
Numerical 8: A tension member of a roof truss carries a factored axial tension of 430 kN.
Design the section and its connection. Use ISA 100x100 section with 10mm thickness
20mm dia. black bolt (i) Without and
using the lug angle and (ii) Using lug angle

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 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

For Fe 410
grade steel: fu 410 MPa, fy 250
=
Partial
by yielding Vmo= 1.1; Governed ultimate Mpa, =1.25safety factor for material: governea
=

by stress ym
Partial safety factor for dead load and live load:y= 1.5
D=20mmDh=18mm
Design factored tensile load, T =430 kN
Kequired net area
the basis of net section fracture ?? mm? consider
on 0.9 u
from Tdn Anet *m =

Kequired gross area on the basis of yielding = 1903 mm2[Yielding of gross section =T ag Ag *Tn
Ymo
Hence, the required trial area = 1903 mm2
iConnectionwithout lug angle:
Shear capacity of 20mm bolt=Vasb =1.25xv *Anb + n, *
Asbl=45.27kN
Strength in bearing=72.72kN [Let us provide bolts at a pitch of 50 mm, end distance of 30 mm
and at an edge distance of 30 mm] Bolt value= 45.27kN

Number of bolts required=430/45.27-9.5-10 nos.

Check for correction factor for long connection [Lc=9x50=450mm>15x20(=300mm)]
Reduce shear strength of bolts with Bij-1.075-0.005x(450/20)=0.9625
Shear strength of bolts after reduction for long connection=43.57kN

Number of bolts required=430/43.57-9.87-10 nos. Revised number of Bolts=10

#Check for Block Shear
Avg (450+30) 10 4800 mm2; Avn= (450+30-(10-0.5)mm2
x =
x22) 10 2710mm2; x =

x10 490
Atg 70 10 700 mm2; Atn (70-0.5 22)
=
x
= x

= 774. 48 kN and Tdb2 Atg *+ = 605.05 kN =

Tdb1 Avg 3-Ymo + *

Ynl
3 Yml

Therefore Safe against block shear failure

Block strength>Appiied ultimate load (=430kN)

1903x=432.5kN > 430kN

#Checkfor Yielding of grosssection:=Ax=
Ymo

Safe against yielding of gross section

(100-10/2)x10= 950 mm2 Anc (100- (10/2)-22)
#Check for Fracture of critical section:= Ago Le=9x50=450mm
x 10 730 mm2; bs=(100+(100-30)-10)=160mm;
p-1.4-0.076x(100/10)x(250/410)x(160)/ (9x50))=1.24>0.7 andm(=1.4)
fy*Ym
Ane +o=490kN> 430kN
Strength in rupture=Tan
=

Yml Ymo

Safe against rupture of critical section

#Connectionwithlug angle:
Gross area ofconnected leg=gross area of outstanding leg Load shared equally

for 1.2x215-258kN
load on each leg=430/2-215kN and lug angles to be designed
gross area of lug angle=258x1000/(250x1.1)=1135mm2
Provide Lug angle as ISA 100x100 with 6mm thickness. Ag provided (steel table)=1167mm?
410/1.25-297.5kN> 258kN Safe
Strength of lug angle in rupture=0.9xAnetx
Page 9 of 10
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

Ane-((100-10/2)+(100-10/2)-22)x6
#Calculate bolt value and then number of bolts required to conneet lug angle to main angle

******END******
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Department of Civil Engineering
CE 406: Steel Structures (Prepared by Dr. Putul Haldar)

Compression Members
Ompression members are those which are subjected to two equal and opposite
COmpressive forces applied at its ends. Compression members differ behaviourally
rom those in tension under load. Whereas tension members remain straight under
all levels of loading until they fail, members in compression tend to fail at levels
1ower than their yield capacity. The inability of compression members to reach yield
is attributed to their slenderness. Under compressive loads, a member deflects in a
the of
direction
perpendicular to that of the load. The deflection occurs along
the two axes of the section. There are several types of compression members:
weaker
column, strut, posi, stanchion, and top chords of trusses. It is well established from
the basic mechanics of materials that only very short members can reach their yield
capacity urnder compressive loading. Usually, buckling due to instability occurs
before the material reaches its full strength. In the middle of the eighteenth century,
the Swiss mathermatician Leonhard Euler derived the formula of the failure load for
a compression menber known as the Euler buckling load : [Euler buckling stress,
Sec z]. Unexpected unavoidable eccentricity may be present in compression

members mainly due to followings:

1. The column may not be perfectly straight as the load is applied to it.
ii. Due to construction details, the load is not perfectly concentric.
ii. End conditions vary from case to case.
iv. Secondary stresses due to bending are developed in the section due to a small
deflection in the column.
V. Twisting may occur during loading.
vi. The stress-strain properties do not remain constant throughout the section.
vii. Residual stresses due to cooling after rolling the steel section and those
imposed by welding during construction exist in the section before loading.
This eccentricity causes lateral bending moment. Lateral deflection increases with
increasing axial compression resulting into additional bending stresses. A stage of
instability reaches at a load much below the crushing strength of compression
members. This phenomenon is called buckling of columns which reduces the load
carrying capacity of columns.

Buckling: Buckling is the sudden change in shape (deformation) of a structural

component under load, such as the bowing of a column under compression or the
wrinkling of a plate under shear.

Bucklingof Columns: is a form of deformation as a result of axial- compression

forces. This leads to bending of the column, due to the instability of the column.
Buckling mode of failure is quick, and hence dangerous. Length, strength and other
factors determine how or if a column will buckle. Long columns compared to their

Page1 of 10
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

similar to bending a spaghetti noodle. This

thickness will experience elastic buckling of the column.
stress
will occur at stress level less than the ultimate

Types of Column Failure

buckling
failure compression shear falture
fallure

Ihe load carrying capacity depends upon the end conditions and also on the
slenderness ratio of the column sections. Actual length of compression inembers is
centre to centre distance of compression member between the restrained ends.
Efective length depends upon the end conditions as shown in the figure beiow. The
form of curve into which a compression member tends to deflect depends upon the

mode of end fixtures. In each case there is a portion of length of compression

member which bends as if this part had been a pin-jointed end. The end points of

this portion of the compression member are the points of contrafler ure. Effective
length of a compression member is the distance between points of conira-ffexure

KL

Partai

rotattoS EO rolaions e and r8srain, FPArbaay tscirsie

unrestrained TUy resrained oher urvegrained

Slenderness Ratio: It is defined as the ration of effective length to corresponding

radius of gyration of the section. Slenderness ratio = £ = * Where, L = actual
r
length of compression member; i,= effective length and r = radius of gyration. The
end conditions are accounted for through the use of effective length factor (K)
which when multiplied by the actual length gives the effective length.

EffectiveLength of Prismatic Compression Members [Table 11; 1S 800:2007, Page45

Boundary Condirions Schemati Efective
Ar Oné mnd
At the Orher End Represeikaton egth fKL
Tramnslat ionRorarion Translation Rotation
Restraincd Restraincd ree Free 01
Free Resuaincd Restraincd Free 2.0L

Resuained ITee Restraincd I.0

Restraincd Restraincd lFree Restrainced .2
Resrained Restuained Restrained TeC
0.8
Restraincd Restrained Restrained Restraincd
0.65
Page 2 of 10
 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar
he smaller the
uanger of lateral effective length of a particular compression member, smaller is the
buckling and greater is its load carrying
In
practice, column never cuprese
exist in isolation. If there is a possibility of
l lateral restraint to strengthen the weaker axis of the compressionproviding
member,
Ctrectve length of the member can be further reduced and consequently the
n g load increased. If a
compression member is supported
Spect to each of its principal axes, the effective length will differently
be different
with
for the two
directions.
c
Pa c

U W2

H
Column
fange U2 Column
web

Wwww.
KL= L2 KL=L
P (a) Minor axis buckling (b) Major axis bucking

Possible Failure Modes (axially loaded column:

, Local buckling: The individual elements of a column i.e. flange or web may
buckle locally forming wrinkies. This type of buckling causing column failure is
called local buckling and can be prevented
by providing
suitable width-to-thickness
ratios of the elements.

2. Squashing:_ When the length is relatively smail (stocky column) and its
component plate elements are prevented from local buckling, then the column will
be able to attain its full
strength or 'squash load' (yield stress x area of cross section).
3. Overall flexural buckling:_In this mode, failure of the member occurs
by
excessive deflection in the plane of the weaker principal axis. This mode of failure
normally controls the design of most compression members. An increase in the
length of the column, results in the column resisting progressively less loads.

4.Torsional Buckling: Thin wall members with open cross-sectional shapes are
sometimes weak in torsion and hence
may buckle by twisting rather than bending
when the torsional rigidity of the member is
appreciably smaller than its bending
rigidity. Caused by twisting about the longitudinal axis of member particularly with
doubly symmetrical cross sections with very slender cross-sectional elements.
Standard hot rolled shapes are not
susceptible to torsional buckling.
5. Flexural-Torsional Buckling: This type of failure is caused by a combination of
flexural buckling and torsional
buckling. The member bends and twists
simultaneously. This type of failure can occur only with unsymmetrical cross
sections, both those with one axis of symmetry- such as channels, structural tees,

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 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

and those with no axis of

double-angle shapes, and equal-leg single angles,
symmetry such as unequal-leg single angles.

(b

Localbuckling Squashing8 Overall flexural buckling

LLLLLL

Torsional Buckling Fiexural-Torsional Buckling Comparison of torsional &

Flexural-Torsional Buckling
Buckling Class.of Cross:sectiorn Accountfor initial Imperfections of Geometry IS
800:20071: only short compression members can resist a maximum force Py =fy x A,
and that the stress at failure of a column can never exceed fy. Usually, buckling due
to instability occurs before the material reaches its full strength. The failure of
columns excluding the possibility of torsion is due to bending. The factors that
influence the bending behaviour in real columns are, lateral loads, end eccentricity,
column curvature (initial out-of-straightness) and non-homogeneity of material, etc.
Also, residual stresses, variation in inelastic stress-strain. IS: 800-2007 proposes
multiple column curves a, b, c and d, in non-dimensional form, based on Perry
Robertson approach. These curves are for different cross sections of columns to
account for the initial imperfections of their geometry and method of
manufacture.
Table 7: Imperfection Factor [Page 35, IS
0.9
0.8 800:2007]
0.7
0.6
0.5 Buckling a b C d
0.4 class
0.3
0.2 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
0.1

0.2 0.5 1.0 ,5 2.0 2.5 3.0

=
cd: design compressive stress
foc: Euler buckling stress

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 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

Duckling Class of various Cross-sections [Table 10; IS 800:2007|

Aline llwu Hiur Aliny Cuve Cuss Srctn Hu'klingaou|Burklng Curve
A

Wehled Ien Seeta Generally (scepte beliw Any

bich welds nd

CTumel, Augle, ancd Soliud Sentons Any

Huilt up Membr Any

Design Compressive Stress and Strength:

the design compressive strength of a member Pa = A * fch>Applied compressive force
Where A,= effective sectional area=Gross area if bolt holes are filled with bolts. Deductions for
boft holes may be made only if holes are not fitted with bolts.
he design compressive stress (feda) of axially loaded compression members shall be calculated
using following equation:
Scd = y/Yo Where =0.5 [1 t a( - 0.2) + 2]
+(2-12) Ymo

A = non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio =

cc

fee Euler buckling stress, a imperfection factor; Ymo = 1.1 for Fe 410 steel

#Numerical 1; Calculate the value of least radius of gyration for a compound column
consisting ISHB 250@ 536.6 N/m with cover plate 300mmx20mm on each flange.
From IS Handbook, Iz of ISHB 250 = 7983.9 x 10 mm, A = 6971 mm2, and t = 9.7 mm.

I.forplates = 244, +A, y

300x20 +300 x 20 x(125+ 10r

12
=
21910 x 10' mn
H300mm
20 mm
Total I. =
7983,9 x 10' +21910x 10 =
29,893.9x 10* mm
Arca of the built-up section 6971 +2 300 20 l18,971 N.A.
= x x =
mn
29,893.9x 10*

, of ISHB 250 @ 536.6 N/m =2011.7x 10' mm

-171 = 125.52 mm

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 Prepared by Putul Haldar,
IIT Ropar

20x
2 x=X(S0X)) = 900) x 10* mm
of plates =

12
Total I = 2011.7x 10* + 9000 x 10* = I1.011.7 x 10 mm"

1.011.7x 10
= 76.187 mm

300577 N/m if
#Numerical2: Determine the design Axial load capacity of the column ISHB
the length of column is 3 m and it's both ends pinned. Use steel of grade Fe 410
Solution: For Fe 410 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 Mpa, Partial safety factor for material:
in direction and position; K
=

governed by yielding Ymo= 1.1; The column ends are restrained

0.65.

The properties of ISHB 300@577 N/m from IS Hand book are as follows.
h 300 mm, be = 250 mm, t = 10.6 nmm, A =7484 mmm2, Imin = r y= 54.1 nm
Therefore, h/b= 300/250=1.2 (1) and t= 10.6 mm < 40 mm (2)
Hence, for conditions (1) and (2) from Table 10; IS 800:2007--
The buckling curve to be used along zz-axis will be curve 'b', and that about yy-axis
will be curve 'c.

fcc E(KL 2500.624

. = >
T-2x105 =641.92 Mpa; -- A= P 0.624
(1x300012 641.92
341
d =0.5 [1 + a(1 - 0.2) + } = 0.5x{1+0.34x(0.624-0.2)+0.6242] = 0.767 {a=0.34 for buckling
class 'b']

cd
fy/Ymo y=187.36 MPa
+(2 - 2)0.5Ymo
Strength of column =Pa = A, fcd =7484x187.36 =1402.24 kN

Practice Problem 3; Calculate the design compressive load for a stanchion of 1SHB 350 710.2
N/m, 3.5 m high. The column is restrained in direction and position at both the ends. It is to
be used as an uncased column in a single-storey building. Use steel of grade Fe 410.
Solution: Design strength is minimum of (Pay= 1859.87 kN and Pax 2088.06 kN)
#Numerical 4: Design a column to support a factored load of 1050 kN. The column has an
effective length of 7.0 m with respect to Z-axis and 5.0 m with respect to y-axis. Use steel of
grade Fe 410.
Solution: For Fe 410 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 Mpa, Partial safety factor for material:

in yielding Ymo= 1.1;

#Let us provide an I-section column. From Table 10, the design buckling curve about zz-axis
is a and the about yy-axis is b.
# Let us assume the effective slenderness ratio to be 100. For I-section ry < rz.
For the buckling curve b, the design compressive stress corresponding to effective slenderness
ratio 100 from Table 9(a), is 118 N/mm?. : > Arequired 1050x10= 8898.3 mm2
118

Try properties of ISHB 350 @661.2 N/m from IS Hand book:

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 Prepared by Putul Haldar, IIT Ropar

*, Tz =149.3 mm; ry= 53.4 mn: h/b= 350/250= 1.4 (1) and ts= 11.6 mm <
S
that >The buckling curve to be used along zz-axis will be a, and
that ah
about yy-axis800:2007
curve
b
#
Therefore effective slenderness ratio about zz 7000-46.89<180 (safe as per Table 3
IS800:2007 axis z 149.3

effective slenderness ratio about 5000-93.63 <180 (safeas perTable 3, IS 800:2007)

yy axiS 53.4
tience, for =46.89 and fy=250, from Table 9(a); IS 800:2007-fcd =207.49 Mpa
z
CSgn compressive load, Paz=Ae fed= 8591x207.49 x 10-3 = 1782.54 kN> 1050 kN (safe)
#
Design conmpressive load, Pay=As ea =
8591 128.29x 103 =
1101.3 kN> 1050
kN(safe)
Hence, provide 1SHB 350 @661.2 N/m.
5uill-upCompression Members:
For large loads and for efficient use of material, built-up columns (combined columns or open-

properly
often used. connected
weD coiumns) made-up of two or more individual sections are as a single unit are oftern
aleng their length by lacing or battening so that they act together
used in bridge trusses. lacing bars and batten plates not load carrying elements rather hold
the main component members of the built-up column in their relative position and
points where it is
equalize the stress distribution in them. At the ends and at intermediate
connected with tie
necessary interrupt the lacing (to admit gusset plates), the open sides are
to

plates (also called batten plates or stay plates). Tie plates are also provided
at the top and
bottom of the column

Te stabs

Charred
stten

bCranreb tatsngeatk eu*natlad e Chaet dsta-t-bata

aattera
canertes
de en o an t tas ertyt

Built-up Columns

Design of Laced ColumnClL76,Page 48;IS 800:200

1. Flats, angles (normally adopted in practice), channels, or tubes may be used as
lacings.
2 Lacing bars, whether in double or single shear shall be inclined at an angle of 400 to
700 to the axis of the built-up member.
3. Plates shall be provided at the ends of laced compression members and shall be
designed as battens.

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4. The ettective slendeness ratio (KL./1) of the laced column shall be taken as 105 times
maximum actual slenderness ratio of the column (KL/r,) to account for shear
deformation eftects
5. minimum width of the lacing bar shall not be less than approximately 3 times the
diameter of the connecting bolt/rivet; the thickness shall not be less than 1/40th of
the effective length for
single lacing and 1/60th for double lacing spacing of lacing
bars shall be such that the maximum
slenderness ratio of the components of the main
member between two consecutive
lacing connections is not greater than
times the most un-favorable slenderness ratio of the
50 or 0.7
combined column
6. When welded lacing bars
overlap the main members, the amount of lap should be
not less than four times the thickness of the
bar and the welding is to be
along each side of the bar for the full length of lap. Where provided
lacing bars are fitted
between main members, they should be connected by fillet welds
on each side or by
full penetration butt weld.
Numerical 5; Design a built-up column 10 m long to carry factored axial load of 1080 kN.
The column is restrained in
position but not in direction at both the ends. Provide single
lacing system with bolted connections. Assume steel of grade Fe 410 and bolts of grade 4.6.
G) Design the column with two channels placed back-to-back
(i) Design the column with two channels placed toe-to- toe
ii) Which of the two systems is economical
(v) Design the lacing system with site welded connections tor channels
back to-back.
Solution:
#For Fe 410: fu =410 MPa, fy= 250
Mpa: For bolts grade 4o fus 400 MPa
oft
Partial safety factors for material ym
1, 1Y (tor sile weld)
6)Design the columaLwith two.channels placed.bask-to:back
(A) Design of Column: P 1080 kN1080000 N Fftec tive length i101-10nm
Let the design axial
compressive stress for the column be 150 M'a
Cross-sectional area required-P/allowable compressive
stress 1050* 10'/150 7200mm*
Try properties of ISMC 250 2982 N/m, 2in numbers from IS Hand book:
Although slenderness ratio satisfied, however, Pa < 1080kN ( not safe design)
Try properties of ISMC 300 351.2 N/m, 2in numbers from 1S Hand book;
A 4564 mnm2, r, =118.1 mm; r 26.1 mm; Table 10; 1S S00:2007 >
buckling curvec
# Therefore effective slenderness ratio about axis== min 1000084.67<180
zz
118.1 (safe)
In the design of built-up columns with two sections, the sections are so
spaced that the least radius
of gyration of the built-up section becomes as large a value as possible. Terefore, the radius of
gyration about yy-axis is increased so that it becomes equal to or more than the radius of gyration about
z2-axis. This can be achieved by spacing the sections in such a
way that r. becomes tmin. Therefore, first
check the safety of the section after which its
spacing can be worked out.

Hence, for =84.67 and fy=250, from Table 9(c); IS 800-2007-Sca 122.65
min
=
Mpa
#Design compressive load, Pa=A« fed= (2x4564) x122.65 x 10-3= 1119.5 kN >1080 KN (safe)
Hence, provide ISMC 300 351.2 N/m, 2 in numbers
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BDesign of Lacing Let us provide the two channels back-to-back and connect them
lacing flats. Spacing of channels is witn
'S
21, 21,+AG+C)}>5=183.10m
Let us
place the two channels at a spacing of 183.5mnm 567
50 ISF 12 mm

LdCng system Let us try single lacing system with the inclination of
lacing bars =45° SMC 300
351.2 Nm
pacing of lacing bars al = 2 x (183.5 + 50 + 50) cot 45° 567 m1
a/ty =567/26.1= 21.724 <50 I00

Aso,a1/ty should be < 0.7 x 88.90(-1.05x(10x1000/118.1)(= 62.23),

which isas per 7.6.5.1, .
page 50 of IS 800:2007
Design force for lacing: **************1

Maximum shear= 2.5%of axial=2.5/100x1080 = 27kN

90 mm
Iransverse shear in each panel= Vi/N=27/2=134.5kN
:
Compressive force in lacing bar=(V:/N) x (1/cos 45°)= 19.09kN
Width of lacing (CL7.6.2, Page 50):= 3x16=48mm-50mm (Assuming
16imm dia bolt to be used)
Thickness of lacing (CL7.6.3, Page 50):= 1/40(183.5+50+50)x (1/cos 45)= 10.02mm =12mm
Provide a flat section 50 ISF 12 mm as lacing member.

D
Check for minimum radius of gyration:=r==3.46;
bt

1/r-283.5/(3.46x cos 45°)=115.72<145 (safe as per 1S 800:2007)

For 1/r=115.72 and c buckling curve fd-88.365MPa (Table 9(¢} of IS 800:2007)
compressive strength oflacing bar= 50x12x88.365-53KN>19.09kN (Safe)
Check for the tensile strength of flat: is minimum of (gross section yielding; rupture of
critical section) and should be greater than applied force 19.09kN
CDesign of Connection Assuming one 16 mm diarneier boit is used to connect both the
lacing flats with the channei at one point as shown in Fig. above.
Further, let the shear plane falls in the threaded shank portion of the bolt. For bolts of grade
4.6, fub = 400 N/mm?. Asb =#[16]=201.06mm2 therefore,

# Strength of bolt in double shear n n * Anb +n, * A _ b l 1251x 0.78 x Asb + 1x

Asbl-66.12x103 N
#Strength of boltin bearing =n +2.5-K,*d*t:=12.5x1x16x12x1574x10* N
1.25
.25
Hence, strength of 16 mm diameter bolt is 66.12x103 N
Force on bolt from lacing flat 2 x=(V:/N) cot 45°= 2 x 13.5 cot 45 27.0 kN
Number of bolts required = 27/66.12=0.4 *1

Provide one 16 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6 for making the end connection as
shown in elevation.

) Design the columnwithtwochannels placed toe-to-toe

Hint: Spacing of channelsis S+21, = 2{, +A-C>S-277.50mm

iv) Designthelacingsystem with site weldedconnectionsfor channels backto-back

From part (1):

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Spacing of the channels = 183.5 mm; Compressive force in the lacing flat = 19.09 kN

Lacing flats Assuming welding to be done as shown in Fig.

Effective length of welded lacing flat = 0.7 x 183.5 x1/sin 45° =
181.65 mm
Minimum thickness of lacing flat =1/40 x 183.5/sin 45°= 6.48
mm 50 ISF 8 mrn

Let us try flat section 50 1SF 8 mm ISMC 300

351.2 N/m
bt3
Check for minimum radius of
gyration:=r= |2-=2.31
bt
1nm 283.5 mm x
231 mrmx 8 mm
Tie piate
1/r=283.5/(2.31 x cos 45°)=78.63<145 (safe as per IS 800:2007)
For 1/r=78.63 and c buckling curve fed-138.2 MPa
IS 800:2007)
(Tabie 9(c) of 83.5
283.5 mm
Design Compressive strength of lacing bar= 50x8x138.2x 10
3=55.27kN
19.09kNN (Safe) 183.5

Design of Connection: Flange thickness of ISMC 300 13.6 min

Minimum size of the weld for 13.6 nm thick member =
5 mm
Strength of weld/unit length 0.7x5x
=
=552 N/mm
V3x1.5
Length of weld required 19.09x103/552= 34.58 mm

******END******