JEE Companion

For JEE MAIN

PHYSICS
MODULE-4
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 17. Calorimetry & KTG

THEORY 1-9
EXERCISE 10-32
ANSWER KEY 33

CHAPTER 18. Thermodynamics

THEORY 34-40
EXERCISE 41-72
ANSWER KEY 73

CHAPTER 19. Heat Transfer & Thermal Expansion

THEORY 74-85
EXERCISE 86-112
ANSWER KEY 113
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
CHAPTER

17

CALORIMETRY & KTG

• Calorimetry is that branch of heat which deals (8) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
with its measurement. The useual units of heat are of n moles of gas by dT at constant volume is
calorie or kilocalorie dθ = ncv dT
1. SPECIFIC HEAT (9) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
This is also called ' Heat Inertia' of a substance of 1gm of gas by 10C at constant volume is called
1.1 Specific Heat of solid & Liquid (s): If a solid or gram specific heat at constant volume.
a liquid is heated till the change of the state, there (C v ) molar
is no change in their volume hence the work done (10) (Cv)gram =
M
is zero. Hence there is only one specific heat of or (Cv)molar = M(Cv) gram
solids and liquids which is constant. Where M = molecules wt. of gas
1. Definition : The amount of heat needed for an (11) Amount of heat needed to increases temperature
unit increase in the temperature of unit mass of a of 'm' gm of gas by dT at constant volume is
solid or liquid is called it's specific heat m
Unit : kilocalorie / kg-ºC or calorie/g-ºC dQ = m (Cv) gram dT =
M
(Cv)molar dT
1 Kcal / Kg-ºC = 1 Cal/g-ºC (12) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of
2. If mass of the body is 'm' and specific heat is 's' 1mole of gas by 10C at constant pressure is called
then amount of heat needed to increases it's molar specific heat at constant pressure.
temperature by dT is given by Q = msdT (13) Cp = Cv + R, for one mole.
3. Specific heat of water = 1 kcal / kg-ºC where R = universal gas constant
= 1 Cal/ g-ºC = 4.18 × 103 J/kg-ºC (14) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of
4. Kelvin can also be used instead of ºC is size of n moles of gas by dT is at constant pressure
both units is same. dQ = nCp dT
1.2 Specific heat of gas (c) Note:
(1) There are many processes possible to give heat to If gas is heated at constant pressure, then Cv can
a gas. A specific heat can be associated to each be replaced by Cp in above discussion. Hence
such process which depends on the nature of C
(a) (Cp)gram = P
process. M
(2) The number of possible specific heats for a gas is or Cp = M (Cp) gram
infinite and the value of specific heats can very (15) Specific heat for other processes
from zero (0) to infinity (∞).  Q 
S = 
(3) Generally two types of specific heat are  m∆T 
mentioned for a gas - (a) Adiabatic s = 0, as Q = 0 but ∆T has some
(a) specific heat at constant volume (Cv) value
(b) specific heat at constant pressure (Cp)
(b) Isothermal s = ∞, as ∆T = 0 but Q has some
(4) These specific heats can be molar or gram,
value
depending on the amount of gas considered to
define it (16) Specific heat for any process is given by
(5) The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as pdV pdV
the heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in C = Cv + = Cp – R +
ndT ndT
the temperature (For the n mole of gas)
(6) The molar heat capacity at constant volume, Example:
∆Q 
denoted by Cv is Cv =   (1) If process is isochoric, then dV = 0
 n∆T  ⇒ C = Cv
(7) If, at absolute temperature T , total energy of a (2) If process is isobaric, then pV = nRT
gas E , degree of freedom of gas = f pdV
⇒ = nR
fRT ∆E Rf dT
⇒ E= and Cv = ⇒ CV =
2 ∆T 2 ⇒ C = Cv + R = Cp (for one mole)
aaa
1
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
2. THERMAL CAPACITY (2) The value of water equivalent of a body is same as
it's heat capacity. The difference is only in units.
(1) Amount of heat needed to increase the
e.g If heat capacity of a body is m calorie/0C then
temperature of a substance (any amount) by 1ºC
it's water equivalent will be m gram.
is called thermal capacity of that substance.
(2) Thermal capacity = (mass of body ) x (specific (3) Physical meaning : The same amount of heat has
to be given to a body for increasing it's temperature
heat) ⇒ Hc = ms by dT as needed for quantity of water equal to it's
(3) Unit = calorie /ºC orKcal/ºC water equivalent by same temperature range.
Heat capacity at point 'p' =
1
= cotθ
4. LATENT HEAT
tan θ Latent heat of fusion of a substance is the
(4) Thermal capacity is given by reciprocal of slope quantity of heat (in kilocalories) required to
of heat temperature curve as change its 1 kg mass from solid to liquid state at
its melting point (For ice latent heat of fusion =
Q
Hc = mS = 80 kilocal/kg).
dT Latent heat of vaporization of a substnce is the
(5) Heat capacity in an isothermal process is infinite quantity of heat required to change its 1 kg mass
(∞). e.g. process of melting and vaporisation from liquid to vapour state at its boiling point.
(6) If heat capacity of a body is Hc, then heat needed to For water latent heat of vaporisation = 536 kilocal/kg
rise it's temperature by dθ is, dQ = Hc dθ
5. GASEOUS MIXTURE
Example : 01 (i) Suppose two non - reactive gases are enclosed in a
1 g of steam at 100ºC can melt how much ice at vessel of volume V. In the mixture n1 moles of one
0ºC? Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/g and latent heat of gas are mixed with n2 moles of another gas. If NA
steam = 540 cal/g is Avogadro's number then number of molecules of
Solution : first gas will be N1 = n1 NA and number of
Heat required by ice for melting of m g of ice molecules of second gas will be N2 = n2A2.
= mL = m × 80 cal (ii) Total mole fraction n = (n1 + n2).
Heat available with steam for being condensed and (iii) If M1 is molecular weight of first gas and M2 that
then brought to 0ºC of second gas the molecular weight of the mixture
= 1 × 540 × 100 will be
= 640 cal n 1M1 + n 2 M 2
m × 80 = 60 M=
n1 + n 2
640
or m = = 8 grams (iv) Specific heat of the mixture at constant volume
80
will be
Example : 02 n1C v1 + n 2 c v 2
A tap supplies water at 10ºC and another tap at Cv =
n1 + n 2
100ºC. How much hot water must be taken so that
we get 20 kg of water at 35ºC? (v) Specific heat of the mixture at constant pressure
Solution : will be
Let mass of hot water = m kg n1C p1 + n 2 c p 2
mass of cold water = (20 – m) kg Cp =
n1 + n 2
Heat taken by cold water = (20 – m) × 1 × (35 – 10)
Heat taken by hot water = m × 1 × (100 – 35) (vi) Ratio of specific heats of the mixture will be
Law of mixture gives C n1C p1 + n 2 C p 2
γ= p =
Heat given by hot water = Heat taken by cold water Cv n1C v1 + n 2 C v 2
m × 1 × (100 – 35)
= (20 – m) × (35 – 10) (vii) Pressure exerted by the mixture
65 m = (20 – m) × 25 RT  m1 m 2  RT
65 m = 500 – 25 m or 90 m = 500 P = (n1 + n2) =  + 
500
V  M1 M 2  V
m= = 5.56 kg (Where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two
900
gases respectively)
3. WATER EQUIVALENT OF A BODY
(viii)If n1 moles of first gas at a temperature T1 are mixed
(1) If m gram of a substance is given Q amount of
with n2 moles of the other gas at a temperature T2, the
heat which rises its temperature by ∆T . Now if
temperature of the mixture will be
on giving same amount of heat temperature of w
n1T1 + n 2 T2
gram of water is also increased by ∆T then w is T=
called water equivalent of body of mass m. n1 + n 2

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PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
Example : 03 (b) Molecules move in a straight line with
5 g of ice at 0ºC is dropped in a beaker containing constant speeds during successive collisions.
20g of water at 40ºC. What will be the final (c) The distance covered by the molecules
temperature? between two successive collisions is known
Solution : as free path and mean of all free paths is
Let final temperature be = θ known as mean free path.
(d) The time spent is a collision between two
Heat taken by ice = m1L + m1c1∆θ1
molecules is negligible in comparison to time
= 5 × 80 + 5 × 1(θ – 0)
between two successive collisions.
= 400 + 5θ (e) The number of collisions per unit volume in a
Heat given by water at 40ºC gas remains constant.
= m2c2∆θ2 = 20 × 1 × (40 – θ) = 800 – 20θ
As Heat given = Heat taken (v) Assumptions regarding force :
(a) No attractive or repulsive force acts between
800 – 20θ = 400 + 5θ
gas molecules.
400
20θ = 400 θ = = 16ºC (b) Gravitational attraction among the molecules
25 is ineffective due to extremely small masses
Example : 04 and very high speed of molecules.
5 g ice of 0ºC s mixed with 5 g of steam at 100ºC. (vi) Assumptions regarding pressure :
What is the final temperature ? Molecules constantly collide with the walls of
Solution : container due to which their momentum changes.
Heat required by ice to raise its temperature to 100ºC, This change in momentum is transferred to the
Q1 = m1L1 + m1c1∆θ1 walls of the container. Consequently pressure is
= 5 × 80 + 5 × 1 × 100 exerted by gas molecules on the walls of
= 400 + 500 = 900 cal container.
Heat given by steam when condensed,
(vii)Assumptions regarding density :
Q2 = m2L2
The density of gas is constant at all points of the
= 5 × 536 = 2680 cal
container.
As Q2 > Q1. This means that whole steam is not even
condensed. 7. SOME DEFINITIONS
Hence temperature of mixture will remain at 100º • Definition:
6. ASSUMPTION OF KINETIC THEORY (i) Gram mol. or Kilogram mol. :
(a) The quantity of matter in which the number
(i) Assumptions regarding the molecule : of molecules is equal to the Avogadro's
(a) Every gas consists of extremely small number, is defined as gram mol.
particles known as molecules. The molecules (b) The molecular weight of any substance
of a given gas are all identical but are expressed in kilogram is defined as 1
different than those another gas.
kilogram mol of that substance.
(b) The molecules of a gas are identical, (c) The molecular weight of any substance
spherical, rigid and perfectly elastic point expressed in grams is defined as 1 gram mol
masses.
of that substance.
(c) Their size is negligible in comparison to inter (d) 1 Kg mol of H2 = 2 kg.,
molecular distance (10–9 m) 1 Kg mol of N2 = 28 kg.
(ii) Assumptions regarding volume : 1 Kg mol of O2 = 32 kg.,
The volume of molecules is negligible in 1 Kg mol of CO2 = 44 kg.
comparison to the volume of gas. (The volume of (e) No. of molecules in 1 mol
molecules is only 0.014 % of the volume of gas.)
Total number of molecules
(iii) Assumptions regarding motion : =
Number of mols.
(a) Molecules of a gas keep on moving randomly in
all possible direction with all possible velocities. Mass of gas
(f) Number of moles =
(b) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero Molecular wt. of gas
and infinity (very high speed). m
(c) The number of molecules moving with most or n=
probable speeds is maximum. M
(g) The mass of 1 mol of a gas is equal to its
(iv) Assumptions regarding collision : molecular weight.
(a) The gas molecules keep on colliding among (ii) Avogadro's Number (NA ) :
themselves as well as with the walls of (a) The number of molecules present in 1 mol of
containing vessel. These collision are a gas is defined as Avogadro's number.
perfectly elastic. (i.e. the total energy before (b) NA = 6.01 × 1023 per gm. mol.
collision = total energy after the collisions). = 6.02 × 1026 per Kgm. mol.
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3
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
(iii) Molar volume and Molar mass (Vm ) : (5) Most probable speed (vmp) : This is defined as
(a) Molar volume Vm : The volume of 1 mol of the speed with which maximum number of
gas is known as molar volume (Vm). molecules travel.
V
(b) Vm = 2RT 2kT
n vmp = =
M m
(c) The unit of Vm is m3/mol.
Molecular weight (M) : (6) Mean square velocity ( v 2 ) :
(a) The quantity in 1 mol of matter is its Average of the squares of instantaneous velocities
molecular weight. of all the molecules.
(b) M = mNA (m = mass of a single molecule)
∑ v 2 v12 + v 22 + ...v 2N
< v2 > = v 2 = =
(iv) Meaning of NTP : NTP means normal N N
temperature and pressure. (7) Root mean square speed (RMS speed) (vrms):
(a) Temperature at NTP = 0º C = 273 K
(b) Pressure at NTP = 76 Cm of Hg - column ∑ v2 v12 + v 22 + ...v 2N
= 1.013 × 105 Newton/meter 2 or Pascal vrms = =
N N
= 1 atmosphere.
(c) Volume of 1 mol of gas at NTP = 22.4 litre. 3RT 3kT 3PV 3P
= = = =
(v) Absolute zero temperature (0º K) : M m nM d
(a) The minimum possible temperature at which (8) Velocity of sound in the gas :
all the gas molecules come to rest, is defined
γRT C
as absolute zero temperature (i.e. 0º K). vs = , where γ = P
(b) The temperature at which the kinetic energy M CV
of gas molecules become zero is defined as
absolute zero temperature. 9. MAXWELL'S LAW OF MOLECULAR
(c) At this temperature the volume of the gas VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
becomes zero.
Symbols used in this chapter (a) Molecules can have all possible velocities in the
R = Universal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-K range from 0 to ∞.
= 0.082 Lit-atm/mol-K = 1.986 cal /mol-K (b) the curve between number of molecule per unit
M = Molecular wt in Kg = mass of 6.023 × 1023 velocity range and velocity at different
molecules of the gas
temperature is as shown.
m = Mass of each molecule in Kg = M/N0
N0 = Avogadro's constant = 6.023 × 1023
T = 300 K
k = Boltzman's constant =R/N0 =1.38×10–23J/K
T = 1000 K
P = Pressure of the gas in N/m2 ↑ T = 2000 K
T = Temperature in Kelvin dn
N = Total number of molecules dv
d = Density of gas = nM/v
n = No. of moles vmp vmp vmp
8. DIFFERENT VELOCITIES OF MOLECULES OF v→
A GAS (c) the number of molecules belonging to finite
→ velocity range is constant however the velocity of
(1) Instantaneous velocity ( v ) : Velocity of
molecule at any instant of time. each molecule is changing.
→
(2) Instantaneous speed (| v |): Speed of molecule
• Results :
at any instant of time
(a) Different molecules have different velocities.
(3) Average velocity ( v ):
→ → → → (b) As the temperature increases, the number of
→ ∑v + + ...
< v > = v= = v1 v 2 v N = 0 molecules having higher velocities increases.
N N
Because molecules are in random motion (c) At a given temperature, the velocity which
(4) Average speed (| v |) : maximum number of molecules possess, is called
→ → → → most probable velocity (vmp).
→ ∑ | v | | v 1 | + | v 2 |+ ... | v N | (d) With the increase in the temperature, the most
< | v | > = |v| = =
N N probable velocity increases.
8RT RT kT (e) Area under the curve represent the total number
= =1.59 =1.59 of molecules.
πM M m

4
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
10. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE OF GAS where, m0 = Total mass of the gas = mN
Y V = Volume of the vessel
m = mass of each molecule
1  ∑ v 2  m
⇒ P = d (d = density = 0 )

3  N   V
X
1 ∑ v2
L ⇒ P= d v 2rms  (vrms = )
L
3 N
Z 1 1
1. Consider an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical vessel or PV = m0 v 2rms or PV = Nm v 2rms
3 3
of edge 'L'
10. As we know, energy of each molecule
→
2. Consider a molecule moving with velocity v in 1
any direction = m v 2rms
2
→ ^ ^ ^ 1
v = v x i + v y j+ v z k Total energy = E0 = Nm v 2rms
2
3. This molecule collides with the shaded wall with
velocity vx. ⇒ Nm v rms = 2E0
2

(a) momentum before collision = mvx 2 2

(b) momentum after collision = – mvx ⇒ PV = E0 or P = E
3 3
(assuming elastic collision) where E = Energy per unit volume
⇒ change in momentum of the molecule 11. Dependence of pressure :
= – mvx – mvx = – 2mvx (a) P ∝ n (Total number of moles)
4. By the law of conservation of momentum change (b) P ∝ m ( Total mass of the gas)
in momentum of the wall = equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction to that of molecule ∆P = 2mvx (c) P ∝ v 2rms
5. The distance travelled parallel to the (d) P ∝ 1/V (V = Volume)
x-direction = L. Thus, the time between two (e) P ∝ d (d = Density)
successive collisions with the shaded wall is (f) P ∝ E (E = Energy per unit volume)
2L
∆t = Example : 05
vx
The mass of hydrogen molecules is 3.32 × 10–27kg.
⇒ number of collisions per second (n) is If 1023 hydrogen molecules strike a fixed wall of
n= x
v area 2 cm2 at an angle 45º to the normal and
2L rebound elastically with a speed of 103m/s calculate
6. The momentum imparted per unit time to the wall the pressure exerted on the wall –
by this molecule is (A) 2.347 × 103 N/m2 (B) 23.47 × 104 N/m2
3 2
v mv 2x (C) 234.7 × 10 N/m (D) 23.47 × 103 N/m2
∆F = n∆P = x 2mvx = Solution : [a]
2L L A Wall
7. The total force on the wall

∑
m m
= F = ∑ v 2x = v 2x
L L
8. Assuming average velocity in all direction to be 45º
N O
equal, we have 45º
1
Σ v 2x = Σ v 2y = Σ v 2z = Σ( v 2x + v 2y + v 2z )
3
1 1 m 2 B
= Σv2 ⇒ F = Σv The molecule strikes the wall along AO and rebound
3 3 L
9. If N is the total number of molecules in the along OB such that
1 mN ∑ v 2 ∠AON = ∠NOB = 45º
sample, F =
3 L N The change in component momentum of each H2
Pressure on the wall = Force /Area molecule in a perpendicular direction the wall = ∆P =
F 1 mN ∑ v 2 2 mv cosθ, where mv = momentum of molecule
P= 2 = ∴ ∆P = (3.32 ×10–27) ×103 cos 45º
L 3 L3 N
⇒ ∆P = 4.692 ×10–24 kg m/sec
1 m0 ∑ v 2
P= Force exerted by N molecules on the wall
3 V N
= ∆P × N
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5
 CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
it A is the area of the wall on which the molecule 13. MAXWELL'S LAW OF EQUIPARTITION OF
strike, then pressure ENERGY
N × ∆P 10 23 × 4.692 × 10 24
P = F/A = = 1. According to this law, for a system in thermal
A 2 × 10 − 4 equilibrium all its energy is divided equally
3 2
= 2.347 × 10 N/m
among it's all possible degrees of freedom.
11. CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
2. At temperature T K, each degree of freedom
1. For a given gas, vrms ∝ T contributes on an average 1/2 KT of energy per
1 nM 2 3PV molecule and 1/2 RT of energy per mole.
P= v rms or v2rms =
3 V nM 3. If 'f' is the number of degrees of freedom, mean
(n = no. of moles) energy of a molecule at temperature T is
 PV = nRT fKT fRT
E= and Total energy per mole =
3PV 3PV 2 2
∴ v2rms = or vrms =
M M 4. Total internal energy
2. It is clear that, at T = 0 K, vrms = 0 i.e. the RMS U = Potential energy + Kinetic energy
speed of molecules of a gas is zero at 0 K.A ( For an ideal gas, potential energy = 0)
temperature less than 0 K is not possible because
at this temperature velocity becomes an ⇒ U = Kinetic energy
imaginary quantity. So, the temperature at which fRT
rms speed of gas molecule is zero is called = (per mole)
2
absolute zero or zero Kelvin. 5. For translatory motion of any gas, f = 3
12. DEGREE OF FREEDOM ⇒ Mean translatory KE per molecule = (3/2)
Number of modes in which a gas molecule can KT
store energy is called degrees of freedom. It can ⇒ Mean translatory KE per mole = (3/2) RT
also be referred as the number of modes in which ⇒ Mean translatory KE per gram = (3/2)
motion of gas molecule takes place. (RT/M)
Degree of Freedom 6. As we already have P = (2/3) E
Translational Rotational Vibrational Total ⇒ Where E Energy per unit volume = (3/2) P
⇒ Mean translatory KE in unit volume of a gas
Monatomic 3 0 0 3
is (3/2)P, where 'P' is the pressure of the gas.
Diatomic 3 2 0 5 7. Total energy
E0 = (3/2) PV ......... (for volume V)
Triatomic / 3 2 1 6
Triangular 14. DIFFERENT KINETIC ENERGIES OF A GAS
Triatomic Linear 3 2 2 7 1. Mean molar kinetic energy : (E) : Translatory
kinetic energy of one mole of a gas
Example : 06 (6.023 × 1023 molecules)
E = (1/2) Mv2rms = (3/2) RT
The atomic weight of iodine is 127. A standing
2. Mean translatory KE of one molecule = (3/2) KT
wave in a tube filled with iodine gas at 400 K has
nodes that are 6.77cm apart when the frequency is 3. If 'M' is the molecular wt in kg, i.e. mass of one
1000 vib/sec. iodine is mole of gas, then mean KE of one gram of gas
(A) Monoatomic (B) Diatomic 3 RT 3 KT
(C) Triatomic (D) None of these = =
2 M 2 m
Solution : [b] Where m = mass of each molecule in kg.
∴ λ = 2 × 6.77 cm = 13. 54cm Example : 07
ν = nλ = 1000 × 13.54 = 1.354 × 104cm/sec. Two ideal gases at temperature T1 and T2 are
we know that mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the masses of
VR molecules of the two gases are m1 and m2 and
ν= where molecular weight
T/M number of their molecules are n1 and n2
M = Ax with x = 1 if iodine is monoatomic x = 2 it respectively, the temperature of the mixture will be
diatomic and A is atomic weight T1 + T2 T1 T2
(A) (B) +
Axν 2 n1 + n 2 n1 n 2
∴ γ= = 0.7x
RT n 2 T1 + n1T2 n1T1 + n 2 T2
Where x = 2 as iodine is diatomic (C) (D)
n1 + n 2 n1 + n 2
∴ γ = 1.4 (right value of diatomic gas)

6
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
Solution : [d]
3
Total energy of molecules of first gas = n1 K T1 PV PV
2
3
Total energy of molecules of second gas = n2 LT2 V P
2
Total energy of molecules of mixture 2. Charle's Law : At a given pressure, the volume
3 of a given mass of a gas is proportional to it's
= K (n1T1 + n2T2) absolute temperature.
2
i.e. V ∝ T (P = Constant) Temperature is in
3 3
∴ (n1 + n2) KT = K(n1T1 + n2T2) Kelvin.
2 2 Graphically
n1T1 + n 2 T2
⇒T=
(n1 + n 2 )
15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL GAS & REAL V 1/V V
GAS
T T 1/T
Ideal Gas Real Gas
V
(i) These gases obey the These gases do not obey
ideal gas equation the ideal gas equation
V/T V/T
(ii) These gases obey the These gases do not these
Boyle's, Charle's and laws.
pressure laws in T or 1/T V or 1/V t(ºC)
every state of
pressure and 3. Gay-Lussac's Law : At a given volume, the
temperature pressure of a given mass of a gas is proportional
(iii) For these the For these the equation of to it's absolute temperature.
equation of state is state is i.e P ∝ T(V = Constant)
PV = RT P1 P2
 a  or =
 P + 2  (V – b) = RT T1 T2
 V 
(iv) Their specific heat is Their specific heat is Graphically
independent of directly proportional to P
temperature temperature (Cv ∝ T)
P/T
(v) Their internal energy Their internal energy 1/P
depends upon only depends upon
temperature dU = temperature as well as T T or 1/T t(ºC)
CvdT volume
a
dU = CvdT + 2 dV P
V P/T
P
(vi) At high temperature At low temperature and
and low pressure high pressure these gases T 1/T P or 1/P
these gases behave behave like real gases. 4. Ideal Gas Equation :
like ideal gases Using all the laws above, an equation for n moles of
an ideal gas can be written in the form.
16. GAS LAWS ⇒ PV = nRT also PV = NKT
1. Boyle's Law : At a given temperature, the Where, n = No. of moles
pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely N = No. of molecules = N0n
proportional to it's volume. N0 = Avogadro's constant
1 K = Botzmann's constant = (R/N0)
i.e. P ∝ (T = Constant)
V m
No. of moles =
or PV = Constant. M
Graphically, m = Total mass of the gas
M = Molecular wt.
⇒ PV = m   T = mrT
R
P V PV M
R
1/V 1/P V Where r = specific gas constant =
M

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CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
Note: If mass of gas is also changed, then Example : 09
Boyle's, Charle's and Gay-Lussac's laws In a certain process the pressure of one mole ideal gas
cannot be applied. However we can use the varies with volume according to the relation
relation,
a
P1V1 PV
= 2 2   V 2 
n1T1 n 2 T2 P = 1 +    , where a, b are constants, when the
  b  
5. Dalton's Law of partial pressure :
" The pressure exerted by a mixture of several volume of gas V = b, the temperature of the gas
gases equals the sum of pressures exerted by each will be -
gas occupying the same volume as that of the ab
(A) (B) ab/R (C) ab (D) zero
mixture" for n gases 2R
i.e. P = P1 + P2 + P3+ ... Pn. Solution : [a]
Where P = pressure exerted by mixture PV a a
P1, P2, P3, ... Pn = partial pressure of the ∴ T= atV = b, P = =
component gases R (1 + 1) 2
6. Avogadro's Law: ab
At the same temperature and pressure, equal ∴ T=
2R
volumes of all gases contain equal number of
molecules or moles
Example : 10
• Imp. Facts:
(a) At = T = 273 K and P = 1atm, (STP), 22.4 litre of An air bubble of volume V0 is released by a fish at
each gas has N0 = 6.023 × 1023 molecules or in a depth h in a lake. The bubble rises to the surface.
Assume constant temperature and standard
other words. "One mole of gas at STP occupy
atmospheric pressure above the lake. The volume
22.4 liter of volume"
of the bubble just before touching the surface will
(b) This means, that at STP mass of 22.4 litre of a gas
is equal to it's mol. wt. be (density) of water is ρ
(c) This implies that 32 gm oxygen (O2), 28 gm (A) V0 (B) V0(ρgh/P)
ρgh 
(D) V0 1 +
Nitrogen (N2), 2 gm Hydrogen (H2) etc. occupy V0
(C) 
the same volume = 22.4 litres at STP.  ρgh   P 
1 + 
7. Grahm's Law of diffusion :  P 
When two gases at the same pressure and Solution [d]As the bubble rises the pressure gets
temperature are allowed to diffuse into each reduced for constant temperature, if P is the standard
other, the rate of diffusion of each gas is inversely
atmospheric pressure, then
proportional to the square root of the density of
ρgh 
the gas (P + ρgh) V0 = PV or V = V0 1 + 
1  P 
i.e. D ∝ Where, D = Rate of diffusion, d
d
= density of gas. 17. MEAN FREE PATH
D1 d (i) The path traversed in a straight line by a molecule
⇒ = 1
D2 d2 of a gas before it collides with another molecules
is called free path.
(ii) The average distance travelled in between two
Example : 08
successive collisions by a molecule is called
Certain perfect gas is found obey PV3/2 = const. mean free path. It is represented by λ .
during adiabatic process. If such a gas at initial total distance travelled
temperature T is adiabatically compressed to half (iii) Mean free path =
total number of collisions
the initial volume, in final temperature will be –
(A) 2 T (B) 2T (C) 2 2 T (D) 4T
Solution: [a]
nRT
∴ PV3/2 = constant (given) Put P=
V
(iv) If a molecule travels distance λ1, λ2, λ3 ...... λ4 in
 nRT  3/2 N different collision during time t. Mean free path
∴   (V ) = constant
 V  will be -
λ + λ 2 + λ 3 + ... + λ N
When V changes to V/2 the temperature becomes 2 T. λ= 1
N

8
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
(v) If the average velocity of a molecule is v , then (b) Intermolecular force : Attractive force acts
vt between molecules of real gases. Due to this
λ= molecules do not exert that force on the wall
N
which they would have exerted in absence of
(vi) From kinetic theory the mean free path intermolecular force. Therefore the observed
1 pressure P of the gas will be less than the pressure
λ =
2 πσ 2 n in absence of intermolecular force. This decrease
a
where σ is diameter of a molecule and n is the in pressure is assumed to be equal 2 , where 'a'
number of molecules in a unit volume of the gas. V
is a constant.
(vii) If m is the mass of a molecule, then
Therefore pressure of a real gas will be
1 m a
λ= P =
RT
– , where P is observed
2 πσ mn
2
( V − b) V2
But mn = ρ = density of the gas pressure.
1 m (iii) The equation obtained by using above mentioned
∴ λ= modifications in ideal gas equation is called
2 πσ 2 ρ
Vander wall's equation or real gas equation. It is
(viii) Mean free path is related to the temperature and as follows:
the pressure as
 a 
kT  P + 2  (V – b) = RT
λ=  V 
2 πσ 2 P
(iv) Real gases at low pressure and high temperatures
Where T = temperature, k = Boltzman constant, P behave like ideal gases.
= pressure. (v) a and b are constants and value are different for
1
(ix) Therefore λ ∝ i.e. the mean free path is different gases.
ρ (vi) a is a constant for a gas.
inversely proportional to the density of a gas. Unit of a = (pressure × volume2)
(x) For constant volume and hence constant number = (N × m4)
P Dimensions of a = M1 L5 T–2
density n of gas molecules, is constant so that (vii)b is a constant for a gas. The value of b is four
T
times the volume occupied by the molecules.
λ will not depend on P and T. But if volume of
Unit of b is unit of volume = m3
given mass of a gas is allowed to change with P
Dimensions of b = M0 L3 T0
or T then
(viii)Pressure exerted by real gases is less then the
1
i.e. λ ∝ T at constant pressure and λ ∝ at pressure exerted by ideal gases.
P (ix) Specific heat of real gas increases with increases
constant temperature. of temperature.
On increasing the temperature at constant
19. CRITICAL POINT OR CRITICAL CONSTANT
pressure the mean free path increases and on
(i) Critical temperature (TC): Temperature below
increasing the pressure at constant temperature
which a gas can be liquefied only by increase in
the mean free path decreases.
pressure and above which no liquification is
18. REAL GAS - VANDER WALL GAS EQUATION possible whatever the pressure P be:
(i) Real gases do not obey ideal gas equation.
(ii) In order to explain the behaviour of real gases (ii) Critical pressure (PC): The minimum pressure
following two modification are considered in required to liquefy a gas when it is at critical
ideal gas equation : temperature (TC)
(iii) Critical (specific) volume (VC): The volume of
(a) Non- zero size of molecules : A certain portion unit mass of a gas at critical pressure and
of volume of a gas is covered by the molecules temperature.
themselves. Therefore the space available for the
freely motion of molecules of a gas will be (iv) Triple point: The temperature at which all the
slightly less than the volume V of a gas. This three states of matter coexist in equilibrium
decreases in volume of a gas will be (V – b). b is 8a
TC =
about four times the actual volume occupied by 27 Rb
the molecules. 8a 2
PC = b and VC = 3b
27
(Where a and b are constant)

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9
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I

EXERCISE # 1
Based On Thermal capacity and specific heat (A) T2 is the melting point of the solid
(B) BC represents the change of state from
1. When a hot liquid is mixed with a cold liquid, solid to liquid.
the temperature of the mixture – (C) (Q2 – Q1) represent the latent heat of fusion
(A) First decrease then becomes constant. of the substance.
(B) First increases then become constant. (D) (Q3 – Q1) represents the latent heat of
(C) Continuously increases. vaporisation of the liquid.
(D) Is undefined for some time and then
becomes nearly constant. 9. The temperature (θ) versus heat transfer (Q)
2. Utensils used for efficient cooking should have- plot for two substances A and B is
(A) Large heat capacity given in the figure. If some quantity of
(B) Small heat capacity substance A in liquid phase at temperature
(C) Medium heat capacity 30°C is mixed with substance B at 20°C then
(D) Any heat capacity the temperature of the mixture will be. (Given
that boiling point for substance A is more than
3. An electric heater of power 1000W raises the 30°C)
temperature of 5 kg of a liquid from 25ºC to
31ºC in 2 minutes. Heat capacity of the liquid A
is – θ B
60° 30°
(A) 2 × 104 J/ºC (B) 1 × 104 J/ºC
4
(C) 3 × 10 J/ºC (D) 4 × 104 J/ºC
60°
4. The water equivalent of a 400 g copper 30°
calorimeter (specific heat = 0.1 cal/g°C) Q
(A) 40 gm (B) 4000 gm
(A) 22.5°C (B) 27.5°C
(C) 200 gm (D) 4 gm
(C) 25°C (D) 20°C
5. If specific heat of a substance is infinite, it
means– 10. A body of mass 25 kg is dragged on a rough
(A) Heat is given out horizontal floor for one hour with a speed of
(B) Heat is taken in 2 kmh–1. The coefficient of friction for the
(C) No change in temperature takes place surface in contact is 0.5 and half the heat
whether heat is taken in or given out produced is absorbed by the body. If specific
(D) All of the above heat of body is 0.1 cal g–1(0C–1) and g= 9.8 ms2,
6. The ratio of specific heat capacity to molar heat then the rise in temperature of body is
capacity of a body – (A) 39 K (B) 59.5 K
(A) Is a universal constant (C) 84.5 K (D) 11.6 K
(B) Depends on the mass of the body
(C) Depends on the molecular weight of the 11. A refrigerator converts 100 g of water at 25°C
body into ice at – 10°C in one hour and 50 minutes.
(D) Is dimensionless The quantity of heat removed per minute is
7. The specific heat of a substance is given by (specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/g°C, latent heat of
C = a + bT, where a = 1.12 kJ kg–1c–1 and fusion = 80 cal/g)
b = 0.016 kJ – kg c–1k–1. The amount of heat (A) 50 cal (B) 100 cal
required to raise the temperature of 1.2 kg of (C) 200 cal (D) 75 cal
the material from 280 K to 312 K is –
(A) 205 kJ (B) 215 kJ (C) 225 kJ (D) 235 kJ 12. Surface of the lake is at 2°C. The temperature
8. The accompanying graph shows the variation of the bottom of the lake will be
of temperature (T) of one kilogram material (A) 2°C (B) 3°C
with Heat (Q) supplied to it. At O, the (C) 4°C (D) 1°C
substance is in solid state. Which of the
following interpretation from the graph is 13. 0.93 watt–hour of energy is supplied to a block
correct – of ice weighing 10g. It is found that
(J = 4.18 Joule/cal)
(Q3,T2) (A) Half of the block melts
Temperature (T)

C γ (B) The entire block melts and the water attains

(Q1,T1) D
A β (Q ,T ) a temperature of 4°C
4 2
B (Q2,T1) (C) The entire block just melts
α
O Heat added (D) The block remains unchanged

10
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
14. The graph AB shown in figure is a plot of 18. A given mass m of a hypothetical solid is
temperature of a body in supplied with heat continuously at a constant
degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit. Then rate and the graph shown in the adjacent figure
is plotted. If Lf and Lv are latent heats of fusion
100°C B and latent heats of vaporization and Sλ and Ss
are specific heats of liquid and solid
Centigrade

respectively. It can be concluded that

temperature
Boiling
200
32°F 212°F Fahrenheit
A
30 melting
(A) slope of line AB is 9/5
10
(B) slope of line AB is 5/9
10 90 100 120 t(sec)
(C) slope of line AB is 1/9
(D) slope of line AB is 3/9

15. How much heat energy is gained when 5 kg of

(A) Lf > L v ,S = SS
water at 20°C is brought to its boiling point
(B) Lf < L v ,S > SS
(specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ kg–1 c–1)
(A) 1680 kJ (B) 1700 kJ (C) Lf > L v ,S < SS
(C) 1720 kJ (D) 1740 kJ (D)= Lf L v ,S > SS
19. Which of the substances A, B or C has the
16. Three liquids A, B and C are at temperatures of highest specific heat if heat is given to A, B &
60 °C, 55 °C and 50 °C respectively. 4 g of A C at same rate ? The temperature vs time graph
mixed with 3 g of C gives 55 °C and 2 g of A is shown
mixed with 3 g of B gives 57 °C. The
temperature of the mixture when equal masses A
Temperature(t)→

of B and C are mixed is B

(A) 52.1°C (B) 55°C
(C) 52.5°C (D) 53°C C

17. Three different materials of identical masses

are placed, in turn in a special freezer that can
extract energy from a material at a certain
constant rate. During the cooling process, each Time(t)→
material begins in the liquid state and ends in (A) A
the solid state. Figure shows graphs of the (B) B
temperature T versus time t for the three (C) C
materials. (D) All have equal specific heat
T
Based On Latent heat

1 20. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a

furnace to a temperature of 500ºC and then
2 placed on large ice block. The maximum
3 amount of ice that can melt is (Specific heat of
copper = 0.39 Jg–1 º C–1, latent heat of fusion of
t water = 335 Jg–1)
(A) 1.2 kg (B) 1.455 kg
(A) Specific heat of liquid state is highest in
material 2 (C) 1 kg (D) 2.5 kg
(B) Specific heat of solid state is highest in
material 1. 21. When vapour condenses into liquid -
(C) Heat of transformation of state is highest in (A) It absorbs heat
material 1 (B) It liberates heat
(D) Specific heat of solid state is equal for (C) Its temperature increases
material 1 and 2. (D) Its temperature decreases
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11
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
22. Heat required to convert one gram of ice at 0ºC 29. A metal ball of specific gravity 4.5 and specific
into steam at 100ºC is (given Lsteam = 536 cal/gm, heat 0.1 cal/gm°C is placed on a large slab of
Lice = 80 cal/g) - ice at 0°C. Half of the ball sinks in the ice. The
(A) 100 calorie (B) 0.01 kilocalorie initial temperature of the ball is :–
(C) 716 calorie (D) 1 kilocalorie (Latent heat capacity of ice = 80 cal/g, Specific
gravity of ice = 0.9)
23. A calorimeter (of water equivalent 50g) (A) 100°C (B) 90°C
contains 250g of water and 50g of ice at 0ºC. (C) 80°C (D) 70°C
30 g of water at 80ºC is added to it. The final 30. 540 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 540 g of
condition of the system will be – water at 80°C. The final temperature of the
(A) The temperature of the system will be 4.2ºC mixture is
(B) The temperature of the system will still be (Given latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g
0ºC and the entire ice will melt. and specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal/g0C)
(C) The temperature will be 0ºC and half of the (A) 0°C (B) 40°C
ice will melt. (C) 80°C (D) less than 0°C
(D) The temperature will be 0ºC and 30g of ice
will melt 31. In an industrial process 10 kg of water per hour
24. Ten gm of ice at – 20ºC is dropped into a is to be heated from 20°C to 80°C . To do this
calorimeter containing 10 gm of water at 10ºC; steam at 150°C is passed from a boiler into a
the specific heat of water is twice that of ice. copper coil immersed in water. The steam
When equilibrium is reached the calorimeter condenses in the coil and is returned to the
will contain – boiler as water at 90°C. How many kg of steam
(A) 20 gm of water is required per hour.
(B) 20 gm of ice (Specific heat of steam = 1 cal/g°C, Latent heat
(C) 10 gm of ice and 10 gm of water of vaporisation = 540 cal/g)
(D) 5 gm ice and 15 gm water (A) 1g (B) 1 kg
(C) 10 g (D) 10 kg
25. 5 g of steam at 100ºC is passed into 6 g of ice at
32. Work done in converting one gram of ice at -
0ºC. If the latent heats of steam and ice are 540
10°C into steam at 100°C is (1 cal = 4.2 J)
cal/g and 80 cal/g, then the final temperature
(Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/g°C, specific heat
is–
of water = 1 cal/g0C, Latent heat of fusion = 80
(A) 0ºC (B) 50ºC
ca/g; Latent heat of vaporisation = 540 cal/g)
(C) 30ºC (D) 100ºC
(A) 3045 J (B) 6056 J
(C) 721 J (D) 616 J
26. If there are no heat losses, the heat released by
the condensation of x g of steam at 100ºC into 33. If 10 gram of ice at 00C is mixed with 10 gram
water at 100ºC can be used to convert y g of ice of water at 40°C. The final mass of water in
at 0ºC into water at 100ºC. Then the ratio y : x mixture is
(Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm;
is nearly–
specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm °C)
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (A) 10 gram (B) 15 gram
(C) 3 : 1 (D) 2.5 : 1 (C) 18 gram (D) 20 gram
27. 2 kg of ice at –20ºC is mixed with 5 kg of water 34. There are three liquids A, B and C. The mass,
at 20ºC in an insulating vessel having a heat capacity and temperature for liquid A is
negligible heat capacity. Calculate the final (mA, CA & TA), for liquid B is (mB, CB & TB)
mass of water remaining in the container. and for liquid C is (mC, CC & TC) respectively.
It is given that the specific heats of water and If all the three liquids are mixed, then final
ice are 1 kcal/kg/ºC and 0.5 kcal/kg/ºC while temperature would be :-
the latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. C T + CB TB + CC TC
(A) A A
(A) 7 kg (B) 6 kg C A + C B + CC
(C) 4 kg (D) 2 kg m A CA TA + m B CB TB + m C CC TC
(B)
28. Heat is being supplied at a constant rate to a m A C A + m B C B + m C CC
sphere of ice which is melting at the rate of m T + m B TB + m C TC
0.1 gm/sec. It melts completely in 100 sec. The (C) A A
mA + mB + mC
rate of rise of temperature thereafter will be
(Assume no loss of heat) T T T 
(A) 0.8 °C/sec (B) 5.4 °C/sec (D)  A + B + C  ( m A + m B + m C )
(C) 3.6 °C/sec (D) 0.6°C/sec
 mA mB mC 

12
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
35. A well insulated box contains water (specific 39. Cooling water enters the heat exchanger in the
heat = C and very large conductivity) of mass turbine hall of a nuclear power station at 6ºC
m0 and temperature T0 at time t = 0. If heat is and leaves at 14ºC. The specific heat capacity
being added to it uniformly at a constant rate of water is 4200 J kg–1 K–1. If the rate of heat
dQ/dt = R and water is leaking from it at a removal by the water is 6.72 × 109 J per minute,
dm what is the rate of water flow ?
constant rate = λ then the temperature of
dt 6.72 × 10 9
(A) kgs–1
 m  4200 × 8
the water at time t  t < 0  will be:-
 λ  6.72 × 10 9 × 60
(B) kgs–1
4200 × 8
6.72 × 10 9
(C) kgs–1
4200 × 8 × 60
4200 × 8
(D) kgs–1
6.72 × 10 9 × 60
dm
=λ
dt 40. Which of the following would raise the
R  m0  temperature of 20 g of water at 30ºC most,
(A) T = n   + T0 when added to water ? (Specific heat of copper
2λ C  m 0 − λ t  is 0.1 calg–1ºC–1)
R  m0  (A) 20 g of water at 40ºC
(B) T = n   + T0 (B) 10 g of water at 27ºC
λC  m 0 − λt  (C) 1 kg of copper at 25ºC
R ( m0 −λt ) (D) 4 g of water at 80ºC
(C) T = e
Cλ 41. Hailstone at 0ºC falls from a height of 1 km on
R ( m0 −λt ) an insulating surface converting whole of its
(D) T = e kinetic energy into heat. What part of it will
2Cλ
melt ? (Given : g = 10 m/s2, Lf = 3.3 × 105)
Based On Mechanical equivalent of heat 1 1
(A) (B)
36. Work done in converting one gram of ice at 33 8
–10ºC into steam at 100ºC is – 1
(A) 3045 J (B) 6056 J (C) 721 J (D) 616 J (C) ×10–4 (D) All of it will melt
33
37. A bullet moving with a uniform velocity v, 42. The water equivalent of copper calorimeter is
stops suddenly after hitting the target and the 4.5 g. The specific heat of copper is
whole mass melts be m, specific heat S, initial 0.09 cal g–1 ºC–1. Which of the following is
temperature 25ºC, melting point 475ºC and the incorrect ?
latent heat L. Then v is given by – (A) Mass of calorimeter is 0.5 kg
1 mv 2 (B) Thermal capacity of calorimeter is 4.5
(A) mL = mS (475 – 25) + . calºC–1
2 J
(C) Heat required to raise the temperature of the
mv 2 calorimeter by 8ºC will be 36 cal
(B) mS (475 – 25) + mL =
2J (D) Heat required to melt 15 g of ice placed in
mv 2 the calorimeter will be 1200 cal (consider
(C) mS (475 – 25) + mL = only ice)
J
43. The weight of sphere in air is 50g. Its weight
mv 2 40 g in a liquid, at temperature 20°C. When
(D) mS (475 – 25) – mL =
2J temperature increases to 70°C, it weight
becomes 45 g, then the ratio of densities of
38. In a heating experiment, it was noted that the liquid at given two temperature is :-
temperature of liquid in a beaker rose at 4.0 K (A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 1
per minute just before it began to boil, and that
40 minute later, all the liquid had boiled away. Gas laws
Based On
For this liquid, what is the numerical ratio :
specific heat capacity 44. The number of molecules in 1 cm3 of an ideal
specific latent heat of vaporisation gas at 0ºC and at a pressure of 10–5 mm of
1 1 1 1 mercury is–
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 2.7 × 1011 (B) 3.5 × 1011
10 40 160 640 (C) 6.0 × 1023
(D) 6 × 1012
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13
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
45. An ideal gas at 17ºC has a pressure of 760 mm 51. Figure shows graphs of pressure versus density
of Hg. The gas is compressed at constant for an ideal gas at two temperatures T1 and T2.
temperature until its volume becomes halved.
T1
The final pressure of the gas will be –
(A) 2010 mm of Hg (B) 1890 mm of Hg
(C) 1520 mm of Hg (D) 1650 mm of Hg
P T2
46. A perfect gas at 27ºC is heated at constant
pressure so as to double its volume. The
temperature of the gas will be – ρ
(A) 300ºC (B) 327ºC (C) 600ºC (D) 54ºC (A) T1 > T2
(B) T1 = T2
47. If a gas obey Boyle's law, then the shape of
(C) T1 < T2
graph between PV and V will be – (D) None of the above
52. We have a jar A filled with gas characterized
by parameters P, V and T and another jar B
V
(A) PV (B) PV filled with gas with parameters 2P, and 2T,
4
V V where the symbols have their usual meanings.
The ratio of the number of molecules of jar A
to those of jar B is –
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 4 : 1
(C) PV (D) PV 53. The density of an unknown gas at 97ºC and
0.95 atmosphere is 2.5 gm/lit. Assuming the
V V
gas to be an ideal one, the molecular weight of
48. The correct curve between V/T and 1/V for a
this gas should be nearly (in g/mol) –
gas at constant pressure is –
(A) 20 (B) 40 (C) 60 (D) 80
54. Hydrogen gas is filled in a vessel at 20ºC at a
certain pressure. Some gas is allowed to escape
(A) V/T (B) V/T from the vessel and the temperature of the
vessel is then raised to 40ºC to obtain the same
1/V 1/V pressure. Then the fraction of the gas allowed
to escape is–
(A) 0.068 (B) 0.500
(C) 0.193 (D) 0.936
(C) V/T (D) V/T
55. Two containers are of equal volume. One
1/V 1/V contains O2 while the other has H2. Both are
kept at same temperature. The ratio of their
PV pressure will be (rms velocity of these gases
49. The gas equation = constant is true for a have ratio as 1 : 4) for 1 mole of each gas -
T
constant mass of an ideal gas undergoing – (A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 1 : 2
(A) Isothermal change 56. If the molecules in 1 g water are distributed
(B) Adiabatic change uniformly on the earth's surface (R= 6400 km),
(C) Isobaric change how many molecules will be there per cm2
(D) Any type of change area?
(A) 6.6 × 1010 (B) 6 × 1022
50. Two containers of equal volume contain the 7
(C) 6.6 × 10 (D) 6600
same gas at pressures P1 and P2 and absolute
temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. On joining 57. 1 mole of H2 gas is contained in a box of
the vessels, the gas reaches a common pressure volume V = 1.00 m3 at T = 300K. The gas is
P and a common temperature T. Then P/T is heated to a temperature of T = 3000K and the
equal to gas gets converted to a gas of hydrogen atoms.
The final pressure would be (considering all
P P 1 P P 
(A) 1 + 2 (B)  1 + 2  gases to be ideal)
T1 T2 2  T1 T2  (A) same as the pressure initially.
P T + P2 T1 P T − P2 T1 (B) 2 times the pressure initially.
(C) 1 2 (D) 1 2 (C) 10 times the pressure initially.
T1 + T2 T1 − T2
(D) 20 times the pressure initially.

14
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
 7 64. A gas molecule of mass m is incident normally on
58. Two moles of O2  γ =  at temperature T0 the wall of the containing vessel with velocity u.
 5
After the collision, magnitude of the change in
and 3 mole of CO2  γ = 4  at temperature 2T0 momentum of the molecule will be –
 3  1
are allowed to mix together in a closed (A) Zero (B) ( )mu (C) 2 mu (D) mu
adiabatic vessel. The resulting mixture finally 2
comes in thermal equilibrium. Then 65. Gas at pressure P0 is contained in a vessel. If
23T0 the masses of all the molecules are halved and
(i) Final temperature of the mixture is their speed doubled, the resulting pressure P
14
will be equal to –
31T0 (A) 4P0 (B) 2P0 (C) P0 (D) P0/2
(ii) Final temperature of the mixture is
19
(iii)Adiabatic exponent of the mixture formed 66. If the total translational kinetic energy of H2
14 molecules is 7.5 × 103 J for the gas filled in a
is container of 10 litre capacity, then the pressure
5 will be in Nm–2 -
(iv) Adiabatic exponent of the mixture formed
(A) 5 × 102 (B) 3 × 102 (C) 2 × 102(D) 5 × 105
19
is 67. The kinetic energy of rotation of diatomic gas
14
at 27º C will be (k = 1.38 × 10–23Joule/k)
(A) i, ii (B) ii, iv (C) ii, iii (D) i, iv
(A) 2.07 × 10–21 Joule/molecule
Based On Kinetic theory of gases (B) 4.14 × 10–21 Joule/molecule
59. The average translational kinetic energy per (C) 6.14 × 10–23 Joule/molecule
molecule of an ideal gas at 0ºC (k =1.38 × 10–23 (D) 3.07 × 10–23 Joule/molecule
J/K) is –
(A) 5.65 × 10–21 J (B) 9.5 × 10–23 J 68. One mole of a diatomic gas undergoes a
–21
(C) 6.5 × 10 J (D) 11.3 × 10–22 J P0
process P = 3
, where P0 , V0 are
60. Which of the statement is correct with V
reference to kinetic theory of gases ? 1+  
(A) There is no loss of total kinetic energy of the  V0 
molecules of the gas due to elastic collision. constants. The translational kinetic energy of
(B) There is no potential energy associated with the gas when V = V0 is given by
any molecule of the gas. 5P V 3P V
(C) The molecules are moving randomly and (A) 0 0 (B) 0 0
4 4
obeys the Newton's laws of motion.
(D) All of the above 3P V 5P0 V0
(C) 0 0 (D)
61. The pressure exerted on the walls of container 2 2
by a gas is due to the fact that gas molecules
69. A container has an ideal gas at pressure P.
are –
(A) Losing their kinetic energy. Assuming the mass of a molecule is m and all
(B) Sticking to the walls. the molecules are moving with same speed v in
(C) Changing their momenta due to collision random directions. The expression for number
with the walls. of collisions per second which the molecules
(D) Getting accelerated towards the wall.
make with unit area of container wall is
62. Which of the following quantities is zero on an
average for the molecules of an ideal gas in P 3P
(A) (B)
equilibrium? mv 2mv
(A) Kinetic energy (B) Momentum 3P 3P
(C) Density (D) Speed (C) (D)
2mv 2mv
63. n molecules of an ideal gas are enclosed in
cubical box at temperature T and pressure P. If
the number of molecules in the box is tripled RMS speed, Average speed and most
Based On
then new temperature and pressure become T´ probable speed
and P´ respectively, but the total energy of gas
system remains unchanged, then - 70. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 3
1 times. The root mean square velocity of the
(A) P = P´ and T = T´ (B)P = 3P´ and T´ = T molecule will become –
3 (A) 3 times (B) 9 times
T
(C) P´ = 3P and T´ = T (D) P´ = P and T´ = 1
3 (C) ( ) times (D) √3 times
3
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15
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
71. The rms speed of oxygen molecule in a gas is 79. In the above question, the root mean square
v. If the absolute temperature is doubled and speed of particle is -
the oxygen molecule dissociate into oxygen (A) 2.8 m/s (B) 3.4 m/s
atoms, the rms speed will become – (C) 4.2 m/s (D) 5.4 m/s
(A) v (B) v √2 (C) 2v (D) 4v 80. Temperature of a diatomic gas is 300 K. If
72. In a cubical box of volume V, there are N moment of inertia of its molecules is
molecules of a gas moving randomly. If m is 8.28 × 10–38 gm-cm2, root mean square angular
mass of each molecule and v2 is the mean velocity is –
square of x component of the velocity of (A) 1012 rad/s. (B) 10 × 108 rad/s.
molecules, then the pressure of the gas is –
1 mNv 2 mNv 2 (C) 1.5 × 1012 rad/s. (D) 15 × 108 rad/s.
(A) P = (B) P = 81. A vessel contains a mixture of different types
3 V V
of gases. Which of the following statement is
1 2
(C) P = mNv (D) P = mNv2 correct –
3 (A) On the average the heavier molecules have
73. The rms velocity of molecules of a gas at higher speed.
temperature T is vrms. Then the root mean (B) The average speed of different molecules is
square of the component of velocity in any one the same.
particular direction will be – (C) The average translation energy of different
(A) vrms/√3 (B) √3 vrms (C) vrms/3 (D) 3vrms types of molecules is the same.
(D) On the average the heavier molecules have
74. At 0ºC temperature root mean square speed of higher translational energy.
which of the following gases will be maximum
(A) H2 (B) N2 (C) O2 (D) SO2 82. The respective speeds of five molecules are
75. Two vessels having equal volume contain 2,1.5,1.6,1.6 and 1.2 km/s. The most probable
molecular hydrogen at one atmosphere and speed in km/s will be–
helium at two atmosphere respectively. If both (A) 2 (B) 1.58
samples are at the same temperature, the mean (C) 1.6 (D) 1.31
speed of hydrogen molecules is –
(A) Equal to that of helium 83. At a pressure of 24 × 105 dyne/cm2, the volume
(B) Twice that of helium of O2 is 10 litre and mass is 20g. The r.m.s
(C) Half that of helium velocity will be–
(D) √2 times that of helium (A) 800 m/s
76. At what temperature, pressure remaining (B) 400 m/s
unchanged will the r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen (C) 600 m/s
molecule be twice its value at S.T.P.? (D) Data is incomplete
(A) 1000K (B) 1050 K 84. Figure shows a parabolic graph between T and
(C) 1092 K (D) 2010K 1
for a mixture of a gas undergoing an
77. The molecules of a given mass of a gas have V
r.m.s. velocity of 200m/sec. at 27ºC and 1 × 105 adiabatic process. What is the ratio of vrms and
N/m2 pressure. When the temperature is 127ºC speed of sound in the mixture ?
and pressure 1.5 x 105 n/m2. The r.m.s. velocity T
2T0
in m/sec is -
(100 2 )
(A) (B) 100 2 T0
3
(C) 400/ 3 (D) None of these (1/V0) (4/V0) (1/V)

78. In the following table the number of molecules 3

(A) (B) 2
Ni moving with definite velocity vi m/s are 2
given – 2
(C) (D) 3
vi 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 3

Ni 2 4 5 8 2
The mean speed of particle is -
(A) 3.2 m/s (B) 4.4 m/s
(C) 5.2 m/s (D) 6.1 m/s

16
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG

EXERCISE # 2
One or More Than One Correct Answer 9. A vessel contains 6 × 1026 molecules m–3.
Question Mass of each molecule is 6 × 10–27 kg. Assume
Type Questions
that, on an average, one-sixth of the molecules
1. The heat capacity of a body depends on– move with a velocity 103 m/s perpendicularly
(A) The heat given towards each wall. If the collisions with the
(B) The temperature raised walls are perfectly elastic, then which of the
(C) The mass of the body following is correct?
(D) The material of the body (A) Change in momentum of each molecule is
2. If heat is supplied to a solid, its temperature– 12 × 10–24 kg m/s in each collision
(A) Must increase (B) May increase (B) The number of molecules hitting normally
(C) May remain constant to1 m2 of the wall per second is 1029
(D) May decrease (C) Total change in momentum of all
molecules per second is 1031 SI units
3. The temperature of a solid object is observed to (D) The number of molecules hitting one
be constant during a period. In this period– square metre of the surface is 6 × 1029
(A) Heat may have been supplied to the body
(B) Heat may have been extracted from the body 10. Which of the following statement(s) is /are
(C) No heat is supplied to the body TRUE for a fixed amount of ideal gas?
(D) No heat is extracted from the body (A) If we double pressure, T may be double
(B) If we double volume, T will be double
4. The temperature of an object is observed to rise (C) If we double volume, T may be halved
in a period. In this period– (D) If the double pressure, T may be halved
(A) Heat is certainly supplied to it
(B) Heat is certainly not supplied to it 11. 2 moles of He are mixed with 2 moles of H2 in
(C) Heat may have been supplied to it a closed adiabatic container. Initially the
(D) Work may have been done on it mixture occupies 3 liters at 27°C. The volume
is suddenly decreased to (3/2) liters. Choose the
5. According to kinetic theory of gases, 0 K is that
correct option(s) (H2 & He can be treated as
temperature at which–
ideal gases):
(A) Pressure of ideal gas is zero
(A) γ for mixture is 3/2
(B) Volume of ideal gas is zero
(C) Internal energy of ideal gas is zero (B) Final temperature = 300 2 K
(D) Ideal gas liquefies (C) CP for mixture is 2R
(D) Work done in compression is totally
6. One gram molecule of nitrogen occupies converted into internal energy
2 × 104 cm3 at a pressure of 106 dyne cm–2. 12. 5g of steam at 100°C is mixed with 10 g of ice
Given: NA = 6 × 1023. Which of the following at 0°C. Choose correct alternative/s
is correct? (Given swater = 1 cal/g°C, LF = 80 cal/g,
1 LV = 540 cal/g)
(A) The value of kT is × 10–13 erg
3 (A) Equilibrium temperature of mixture is
1 160°C
(B) The value of kT is × 10–13 erg (B) Equilibrium temperature of mixture is 100°C
4
(C) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is 1
(C) At equilibrium, mixture contains 13 g of
5 × 10–14 erg 3
(D) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is 9.8 erg water
2
7. The mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a (D) At equilibrium, mixture contains 1 g of
3
1 steam
gas is th of its value at 127ºC. The
4
temperature of the gas is– Question Passage Based Type Questions
(A) 100 K (B) –173ºC (C) 8ºF (D) 9ºR
Passage # 1 (Q.13 to Q.15)
8. Which of the following quantities is the same Long long ago, In the northern part of Russia where
for all ideal gases at the same temperature? water is available in the form of ice. To drink water
people devise some mechanical kind of instrument to
(A) the translational kinetic energy of 1 mole
(B) the translational kinetic energy of 1 g prepare water from ice.
(C) the number of molecules in 1 mole First they put ice into a pocket which is made by skin
(D) the number of molecules in 1 g of animal whose heat capacity is negligible and put

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17
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
the system on the ground. With some mechanical Passage # 3 (Q.19 to Q.21)
arrangement they lift a heavy stone of mass 50 kg In our daily life we generally find mixture of gases
upto a height of 2.1 m and released so that it falls free e.g. air contains N2, O2, H2, etc.
under gravity and strikes to ice which is kept in To find the composition of mixture of two gases, we
animal skin pocket. The loss in potential energy in should know the mass of the gas and effective
this process goes into the ice in the form of heat. This molecular weight of the gas, where effective
process is repeated till the whole ice is melted and molecular weight is defined as
raised to required temperature. Time taken in one n (M ) + n 2 (M 0 ) 2 + n 3 (M 0 ) 3 + ...
(Mo)effective = 1 0 1
complete cycle of lifting the stone for 2.1 m and n1 + n 2 + n 3 + ...
falling it on the ice is termed as time period for the Where n1, n2, n3 are the no. of mole of gas
process. Under the given observation answer the 1, 2, 3, etc. and (Mo)1, (Mo)2, (Mo)3 are the molecular
following questions. weight of gas 1,2 , 3 etc.
(g = 10 m/s2, Lf = 3.36 × 105) We take a sample of gas off course more than one
13. If time period is 2 sec then amount of ice at 0ºC mole of the gas and then by some special instrument
melted in 1 minute is (All loss in energy goes to ice) we measure the mass of the gas, which is indicated by
(A) 90 gm (B) 93.75 gm M. Then we place some gas in a container of volume
(C) 95 gm (D) 98 gm 22.4  and we maintain the pressure at 1 atm and
temperature 0°C, so that container contain exactly one
14. In what time 1 kg of ice at –10ºC will be mole of gas and then by same special instrument we
converted to water at 10ºC If time period is measure the mass of gas which is molecular weight of
2 sec. (Assume 50% loss in energy goes to ice) mixture and is indicated by M0. The division of
(A) 25.33 minute (B) 30.33 minute
M
(C) 33.33 minute (D) 40 minutes quantity gives no. of mole of the gas in the
15. If animal skin pocket is not perfectly non- M0
conducting then the time calculated in Q.14 sample.
will be –
(A) increase 19. If for air (N2 + O2) the mass is 50 gm and the
(B) decrease molecular weight is 30 gm. Then the no. of
(C) does not depend on pocket nature mole of N2 in the sample is
(D) may be increase or decrease it depends on 5 5 1
time period (A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
6 3 2
Passage # 2 (Q.16 to Q.18) 20. If total no. of mole of mixture of H2, O2, CO2 &
All the gas obey's ideal gas law P = nRT. Where n is N2 is 10 and the total mass of the gas is 150 gm
the number of mole per unit volume of the gas. then the molecular weight of mixture is –
An experiment is performed on O2 gas kept in a (A) 15 gm (B) 30 gm
cylinder fitted with piston of cross-section area 10 (C) 10 gm (D) 150 gm
cm2. The gas is allowed to leak to the surrounding if
pressure of the gas increases to 1.5 atm, and air (N2 + 21. If temperature of the gas at the time of finding
O2) comes in the cylinder if pressure decreases to 0.5 molecular weight is not 0°C but it is 300 K. Then
atm. It indicate in any case pressure of gas cannot be (A) Measured M0 is greater than actual M0
more than 1.5 atm and less than 0.5 atm. Initially (B) Measured M0 is less than actual M0
volume of gas is 1m3. (C) Measured M0 is same as actual M0
16. What is the maximum mass that can be put (D) Measured M0 does not depend on pressure
over the piston – and temperature
(A) 10 kg (B) 1kg Passage # 4 (Q.22 to Q.24)
(C) 5kg (D) 1/2kg Two closed identical conducting containers are found
17. How much external force should be applied to in the laboratory of an old scientist. For the
piston to get minimum pressure – verification of the gas some experiments are
(A) 10 N (B) 50 N performed on the two boxes and the results are noted.
(C) 5 N (D) 20 N
18. If the process is repeated very large number of
times and it is found that O2 and N2 both has
equal no. of mole then find the mass of gas if
temperature is 300 K and pressure is 1 atm and
Experiment 1. When the two containers are weighed
volume 10 litre –
WA = 225 g, WB = 160 g and mass of evacuated
(A) 32 gm (B) 60 gm
container WC=100g.
(C) 12 gm (D) 28 gm

18
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
Experiment 2. When the two containers are given 29. Determine composition of mixture after 50
same amount of heat same temperature rise is seconds
recorded. The pressure change found are ∆PA = 2.5 (A) 5 gm ice + 5 gm water
atm. ∆PB = 1.5 atm (B) 3 gm ice + 7 gm water
• Required data for unknown gas: (C) 7 gm ice + 3 gm water
Mono He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rd (D) None of these
(molar mass) 4g 20g 40g 84g 131g 222g Passage # 7 (Q.30 to Q.32)
Dia H2 F2 N2 O2 Cl2 You are program director in ISRO (Indian Space
(molar mass) 2g 19g 28g 32g 71g Research Organisation) to conduct a feasibility study
into the SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative) missile
22. Identify the type of gas filled in container A
and B respectively defence system. You are to consider the viability of a
ground based laser defence against ICBM's, which
(A) Mono, Mono (B) Dia, Dia
will use powerful CO2 lasers to bore holes in the
(C) Mono, Dia (D) Dia, Mono
incoming missiles, thus destroying them. The lasers
23. Identify the gas filled in the container A and B have an output power of 50W in a beam diameter of 1
(A) N2, Ne (B) He, H2 mm. The laser beam is fired at the missile when it is
(C) O2, Ar (D) Ar, O2 10 km away and the beam loses 3% of its intensity for
24. Total number of molecules in 'A' (Here every kilometre travelled. The outer skin of the
NA = Avogadro number) missile is aluminium that is 3 cm thick. When the
125 laser fires the skin temperatures of the missile is
(A) NA (B) 3.125 NA – 50°C and must be heated to its boiling point at
64 2500°C. The density of aluminium is
125 2.4 g/cm3 and heat capacity is 0.9 J/g°C.
(C) NA (D) 31.25 NA
28 30. The amount of heat required to reach the outer
Passage # 5 (Q.25 to Q.26) skin of aluminium to its boiling point is
In the cylinder shown in the figure, air is enclosed (A) 129.7 J (B) 140.7 J
under the piston. Piston mass M = 60kg, cross (C) 196.4 J (D) 554.7 J
sectional area of the cylinder S0 = 20 cm2 atmospheric
pressure P0 = 105 Pa, α = 37°. The air temperature is 31. The power of laser beam when it strikes missile
constant, the friction is negligible. surface is (Take (0.97)10 = 0.738)
S0 (A) 50W (B) 24.8 W
(C) 36.9 W (D) None of these
α
32. How long will it take the laser to burn through
the outer skin of the missile, thus destroying it?
Assume that all of the laser power that reaches
25. What is the pressure of the enclosed gas ?
the missile goes into heating the 1 mm diameter
(A) 3.4 × 105 Pa (B) 4 × 105 Pa
5 spot.
(C) 4.75 × 10 Pa (D) 2.8 × 105 Pa
(A) 3.5 s (B) 3.2 s (C) 2.4 s (D) 7.1 s
26. What is the mass of the goods that must be put
on the piston slowly so that the volume of the Passage # 8 (Q.33 to Q.35)
gas becomes halved ? A substance is in the solid form at 0°C. The amount
(A) 56 kg (B) 80 kg of heat added to this substance and its temperature are
(C) 110 kg (D) 92 kg plotted in the following graph. If the relative specific
Passage # 6 (Q.27 to Q.29) heat capacity of the solid substance is 0.05, find from
There is a isolated container of zero heat capacity and the graph
it contains 10 gms of ice at – 20°C. It is provided with
10 cal/heat per scond. Sice = 0.5 cal/gm°C, Swater = 1
cal/gm°C, latent heat of ice = 80 cal /gm, latent heat
of vaporization = 540 cal/gm.
27. Find the temperature of the mixture after 1
minute
(A) – 10°C (B) 0°C (C) 20°C (D) None
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
28. Find the time after which the temperature of
mixture is 30°C 33. The mass of the substance
(A) 1.5 minute (B) 1 minute (A) 0.002kg (B) 0.02kg
(C) 2 minute (D) None of these (C) 0.2kg (D) 2.0 kg
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19
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
34. The specific latent heat of the melting process Passage # 10 (Q.39 to Q.41)
(A) 40000 calkg–1 (B) 4000 calkg–1 In a container of negligible heat capacity,
–1
(C) 400000 calkg (D) 400 calkg–1 200 gm ice at 0°C and 100 gm steam at 100°C are added
to 200 gm of water that has temperature 55°C. Assume
35. The specific heat of the substance in the liquid no heat is lost to the surroundings and the pressure in the
state container is constant at 1 atm.(Lf = 80 cal/gm, Lv = 540
(A) 750 calkg–1K–1 (B)75 calkg–1K–1 cal/gm, sw = 1 cal/gm °C)
–1 –1
(C) 7.5 calkg K (D) 7500 calkg–1K–1
39. What is the final temperature of the system ?
Passage # 9 (Q.36 to Q.38) (A) 48°C (B) 72°C
A 700 g teapot and an insulated thermos are in a 30°C (C) 94°C (D) 100°C
room. The teapot is filled with 1000 g of the boiling 40. At the final temperature, mass of the total water
tea. The brewed tea is allowed to cool to 80°C, then present in the system, is
360 g of the tea is poured from the teapot into the (A) 472.6 gm (B) 483.3 gm
thermos. The teapot is then kept on an insulated (C) 493.6 gm (D) 500 gm
warmer that transfers 300 cal/min to the tea. Assume
that the specific heat of brewed tea is the same as that 41. Amount of the steam left in the system, is equal to
of pure water. The specific heat of teapot is 0.17 J/g (A) 16.7 gm
K and that of water is 4.18 J/g K. The entire (B) 12.0 gm
procedure is done under atmospheric pressure. There (C) 8.4 gm
are 4.18 J in one calorie. (D) 0gm, as there is no steam left
36. After the tea is added to the thermos, the
temperature of the liquid quickly falls from Passage # 11 (Q.42 to Q.44)
80°C to 75°C as it reaches thermal equilibrium In a thermally insulated tube of cross section area 4
with the thermos flask. What is the heat cm2, a liquid of volumetric thermal expansion
capacity of the thermos? coefficient of 10–3 K–1 is flowing. Its velocity at the
(A) 95 J/K (B) 160 J/K entrance is 0.1 m/s. At the middle of the tube a heater
(C) 167.2 J/K (D) 170.2 J/K of a power of 10 kW is heating the liquid. The
specific heat capacity of the liquid is 1.5 kJ/(kg K),
37. An alternative method for keeping the tea hot and its density is 1500 kg/m3 at the entrance .
would be to place the teapot on a block that has
been heated in an oven to 300°C. Which of the 42. What is the mass flow rate at the entrance of
following substances would be best able to the tube ?
keep the tea hot? (A) 0.06 kg/s (B) 0.6 kg/s
(A) Copper block (specific heat = 0.39 J/g K, (C) 600 kg/s (D) 6 kg/s
mass 10 kg)
(B) Granite (specific heat = 0.79 J/g K, mass 5 kg) 43. Find rise in temperature of the liquid as it pass
(C) Iron (specific heat = 0.45 J/g K, mass 20 kg) through the tube :-
(D) Pewter (specific heat = 0.17 J/ g K, mass 1000 1
(A) °C (B) °C
30 kg) 9 9
500 100
38. If, after some of the tea has been transferred to (C) °C (D) °C
9 9
the thermos (as described in the passage), the
teapot with its contents (at a temperature of
44. What is the density of liquid at the exit ?
80°C) was placed on the insulated warmer for
(A) 1450 kg/m3 (B) 1400 kg/m3
10 minutes, what would be the temperature at 3
(C) 1350 kg/m (D) 1500 kg/m3
the end of this 10 minute period?
(Assume that no significant heat transfer occurs
with the surroundings)
(A) 84.5 °C (B) 87.5°C
(C) 83.2°C (D) 81.07°C

20
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG

EXERCISE # 3
Question Column Match Type Questions 4. For a monoatomic gas at temp T, match the
following.
1. Column-I Column I Column II
(A) Final mixture contain only water
(B) Final mixture contain only ice 2RT
(A) Mean square speed (p)
(C) Final mixture contain only steam M0
(D) Final temperature is 100ºC
8RT
Column-II (B) RMS speed of gas (q)
πM 0
(p) 1 kg of ice at –50ºC is mixed with 1×10–2kg
of water at 0ºC molecule
1 3RT
(q) 1 kg of ice at 0º with kg of steam at (C) Average speed of (r)
3 M0
100ºC gas molecule
1 v12 + v 22 + ...... + v 2N
(r) kg of water at 100ºC with 1.8 kg of (D) Most probable (s)
3 N
steam of 200ºC speed of gas
(s) 1 kg of ice at 0ºC with 1 kg of water at molecule
100ºC 5. Column I (Questions)
2. Three liquids A, B and C are in three separate (A) The temperature of an iron piece is
containers. Temperature at A, B and C are increased from 20° to 70°. What is change in
10ºC, 15ºC and 20ºC. Mass of each liquid is its temperature on the Fahrenheit scale (in °F)?
(B) At what temperature (in °C) do the Celsius
same. Relation among specific heat capacity of
and Fahrenheit readings have the
A, B and C are SA = 2SB = 4SC
same numerical value?
Column-I
(C) 100 g ice at 0°C is converted into steam at
(A) Thermal energy of A changes
100 °C. Find total heat required (in kcal)
(B) Thermal energy of B changes (Lf = 80 cal/g, sw = 1 cal/g°C,Lv = 540
35 cal/g)
(C) Final temperature is ºC
3 (D) A ball is dropped on a floor from a height
90 of 5 m. After the collision it rises upto a height
(D) Final temperature is ºC of 3m. Assume that 50% of the mechanical
7
Column-II energy lost goes as thermal energy into the
(p) When liquid A and B are mixed ball. Calculate the rise in temperature (in
milli centigrade) of the ball in the collision.
(q) When liquid A and C are mixed
(sball = 500 J/K, g = 10 m/s2)
(r) When liquid B and C are mixed
(s) When all three liquids are mixed Column II (Answers)
3. The diagrams below shows different processes (p) 20 (q) 40 (r) – 40 (s) 72
for a given amount of an ideal gas. Match (t) 90
columns I & II – 6. Figure shows the temperature variation when
heat is added continuously to a specimen of ice
V P (10 g) at –40 °C at constant rate. (Specific heat
f f of ice is 0.53 cal/g °C and Lice = 80 cal/g,
(i) (ii) Lwater= 540 cal/g)
i i
P T 100
Temp. (°C)

V P
0
f f
- 40
(iii) (iv) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q(cal)
i i
T V Column–I Column–II
(A) Value of Q1 in cal (p) 800
Column I Column II
(B) Value of Q2 in cal (q) 1000
(A) In fig. (i) (p) Temperature must increase
(B) In fig. (ii) (q) Pressure must increase (C) Value of Q3 in cal (r) 5400
(C) In fig. (iii) (r) Volume must increase (D) Value of Q4 in cal (s) 212
(D) In fig. (iv) (s) Temperature may increase (t) 900

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21
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
Question Numerical Type Questions 13. A cubical box of side of 1 meter contains
helium gas (atomic weight 4) at a pressure of
7. The ratio of average translational kinetic energy
100 N/m2. During an observation time of 1
to rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic second, an atom traveling with the root-mean-
molecule at temperature T is k/2. Find the value square speed parallel to one of the edges of the
of k. cube, was found to make 500 hits with a
8. A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass particular wall, without any collision with other
32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas atoms. Take R = 25/3 J/mol-K and
k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
is P. An identical vessel containing one mole of
Evaluate the temperature (in … × 40 K) of the gas
He gas (molar mass 4) at a temperature 2T has
a pressure of xP. Find the value of x. 14. In a container of negligible heat capacity,
9. A diatomic gas of molecular weight 200 gm ice at 0°C and 262 gm steam at 100°C
3
30 gm/mole is filled in a container at 300 K. It are added to 200 gm of water that has
is moving at a velocity 100 m/s. If it is temperature 55°C. Assume no heat is lost to the
suddenly stopped, the rise in temperature of gas surroundings and the pressure in the container
is constant 1.0 atm.(Lf = 80 cal/gm, Lv = 540
 10x 
is =   K , where R is universal gas cal/gm, sw = 1 cal/gm °C). Find the amount (in
 R  gm) of the steam left in the system.
constant. Find the value of x in Joule/mole.
15. In an industrial process 10 kg of water per hour
10. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased is to be heated from 20°C to 80°C . To do this
from 120 K to 480 K. If at 120 K, the root steam at 150°C is passed from a boiler into a
mean square velocity of the gas molecules is v1 copper coil immersed in water. The steam
and at 480 K is v2. Find the ratio. condenses in the coil and is returned to the
boiler as water at 90°C. How many kg of steam
11. Three moles of an ideal diatomic gas are in a is required per hour?
closed rigid container at temperature T (in K). (Specific heat of steam = 1 cal/g°C, Latent heat
1 mole of diatomic gas gets dissociated into atoms of vaporisation = 540 cal/g)
without apreciable change in tempertaure.Now
16. Two taps A and B supply water at temperatures
heat is supplied to the gas and temperature 10º and 50° C respectively. Tap A alone fills the
becomes 2T. If the heat supplied to the gas is x tank in 1 hour and tap B alone fills the tank in 3
(RT), find the value of x. hour. If we open both the taps together in the
12. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder fitted empty tank, if the final temperature of the water
with a frictionless piston. The piston is in the completely filled tank is found to be 5α
connected with a light rod to one plate of (in °C). Find the value of α. Neglect loss of heat
to surrounding and heat capacity of the tank.
capacitor whose other plate is fixed as shown.
Initially the volume of the gas inside the 17. A 10 gm ice cube is dropped into 45 gm of
water kept in a glass. If the water was initially
cylinder is V0, pressure is P0, atmospheric
at a temperature of 28°C and the temperature of
pressure is P0, separation between the plates of ice –15°C, find the final temperature (in °C) of
capacitor is L, area of the piston as well as of water. (Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal /gm/°C
the capacitor plates is A and emf of battery is and L = 80 cal/gm)
ε. A heater supplies necessary heat to the gas
such that equilibrium is achieved when pressure 3
18. We want to cool down kg of water from
of the gas is given as 4
80°C to 40°C by putting 0°C ice into it. What
nε0 ε 2
P = P0 – and piston is displaced towards minimum volume (in litre) should the vessel
L2 have to prevent the water from overflow?
L
right by a distance . Find the value on n.
2 19. A 50gm lead bullet (sp. heat 0.020 cal/g) is
initially at 30°C. It is fired vertically upward
v0
P0 with a speed 84 m/s. On returning to the
starting level, it strikes a slab of ice at 0°C.
(A × 100) mg of ice is melted. Find the value of
L ‘A’. [Assume no loss of heat, latent heat of ice
ε 80 cal/gm. and mechanical equivalent of heat =
4.2 J/cal]

22
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
20. A calorimeter of negligible heat capacity contains 24. Consider three metallic spheres P, Q and R
50 ml of water at 40°C. The water cools to 35°C having masses m, m and 2m, specific heat C,
in 50 minutes. The water is now replaced by 2C, and C, with initial temperature 10ºC, 5ºC
another liquid of equal volume at 40°C. The time and 5ºC respectively. Now, the 3 spheres are
taken (in …..× 10 minute) for the temperature to connected by 3 identical highly conducting rods
become 35°C under similar condition is [density having negligible heat capacity as shown. Find
of liquid = 0.8 (density of water), specific heat of the final temperature of sphere P on Celsius
liquid = 0.5 (specific heat of water) Scale. (Neglect any heat loss due to radiation)
21. A calorimeter contains 50 g of water at 50°C.
The temperature falls to 45°C in 10 minutes.
When the calorimeter contain 100 g of water at P
50°C. It takes 15 minute for the temperature to
become 45°C. Find the water equivalent (in …..
× 10 gram) of the calorimeter (Assume
Newton’s law of cooling).

22. A heating curve has been plotted for a solid

object as shown in the figure. If the mass of the Q R
object is 200 g, then latent heat of vaporization
25. A heating coil is heated by burning LPG having
n
for the material of the object, is × 106 J / kg . calorific value of 12000 kcal/kg. Fifty percent
2 of the heat generated by burning LPG is used to
[Power supplied to the object is constant and heat the coil. Water is flowing through the coil
equal to 1kW]. Find the value of n. at a constant rate of 6 lt/min. Heat transfer from
the coil to water has efficiency 80%. If water
Temp. (K) enters the coil at 20°C and exits at 60°C, find
the consumption (in kg) of LPG in an hour.
800 (Assume density of water 1g/ml during given
temperature range)
300
26 In an experiment of measuring specific heat of
500 12001600 2500 a liquid, a stream of a liquid flows at a steady
rate of 5 g/s over an electrical heater dissipating
Heat input in KJ
135 W and a temperature rise of 5K is
23. The specific heat of a metal at low temperatures observed. On increasing the rate of flow to 10
varies according to S = (4/5)T3 where T is the g/s the same temperature rise is produced with
absolute temperature. Find the heat energy (in a dissipation of 235 W. Find the specific heat
SI unit) needed to raise unit mass of the metal (J/g K) of a liquid. Assume heat loss to the
from T = 1 K to T = 2 K. surrounding in both cases is the same.

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23
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I

EXERCISE # 4
Question Previous Year (JEE Mains) 6. Three perfect gases at absolute temperature
T1,T2 and T3 are mixed. The masses of
1. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal
molecules are m1,m2 and m3 and the number of
gases are placed on a table. Box A contains one molecules are n1,n2 and n3 respectively.
mole of nitrogen at temperature To, while box Assuming no loss of energy, the final
B contains one mole of helium at temperature temperature of the mixture is : [AIEEE-2011]
(7/3)To. The boxes are then put into thermal (T + T2 + T3 ) n T + n 2 T2 + n 3 T3
(A) 1 (B) 1 1
contact with each other, and heat flows between 3 n1 + n 2 + n 3
them until the gases reach a common final
n1T12 + n 2 T22 + n 3T32 n 2 T 2 + n 22 T22 + n 32 T32
temperature. (Ignore the heat capacity of (C) (D) 1 1
n1T1 + n 2 T2 + n 3T3 n1T1 + n 2 T2 + n 3T3
boxes). Then, the final temperature of the
gases, Tf in terms of T0 is : [AIEEE-2006]
7. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal
3 7
(A) Tf = T0 (B) Tf = T0 gas of molecular mass M and ratio of specific
7 3 heats γ. It is moving with speed v and is
3 5 suddenly brought to rest. Assuming no heat is
(C) Tf = T0 (D) Tf = T0
2 2 lost to the surroundings, its temperature
increases by : [AIEEE-2011]
2. If Cp and CV denote the specific heats of ( γ − 1) ( γ − 1)
(A) Mv 2 K (B) Mv 2 K
nitrogen per unit mass at constant pressure and 2( γ + 1)R 2 γR
constant volume respectively, then γMv 2 ( γ − 1)
(C) K (D) Mv 2 K
[AIEEE - 2007] 2R 2R
(A) Cp – C v = R/28 (B) Cp – C v = R/14 8. A container with insulating walls is divided
into equal parts by a partition fitted with a
(C) Cp – C v = R (D) Cp – C v = 28R valve. One part is filled with an ideal gas at a
pressure P and temperature T, whereas the
3. An insulated container of gas has two chambers other part is completely evacuated. If the valve
separated by an insulating partition. One of the is suddenly opened, the pressure and
chambers has volume V1 and contains ideal gas temperature of the gas will be : [AIEEE 2011]
at pressure p1 and temperature T1. The other P T T P
(A) , (B) P, T (C) P, (D) , T
chamber has volume V2 and contains ideal gas 2 2 2 2
at pressure p2 and temperature T2. If the 9. Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated
partition is removed without doing any work on closed chamber. As the gas undergoes an
the gas, the final equilibrium temperature of the adiabatic expansion the average time of
gas in the container will be - [AIEEE-2008] collision between molecules increases as Vq,
T T (p V + p 2 V2 ) p V T + p 2 V2 T2 where V is the volume of the gas. The value of
(A) 1 2 1 1 (B) 1 1 1  Cp 
p1V1T2 + p 2 V2 T1 p1V1 + p 2 V2 q is :  γ =  [JEE-Mains 2015]
p1V1T2 + p 2 V2 T1 T1T2 (p1V1 + p 2 V2 )  Cv 
(C) (D) 3γ − 5 γ −1 γ +1 3γ + 5
p1V1 + p 2 V2 p1V1T1 + p 2 V2 T2 (A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 2 6
4. One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of
10. An ideal gas undergoes a quasi static, reversible
8 × 104 N/m2. The density of the gas is 4 kg/m3. process in which its molar heat capacity C
What is the energy of the gas due to its thermal remains constant. If during this process the
motion? [AIEEE-2009] relation of pressure P and volume V is given by
(A) 5 × 104J (B) 6 × 104J PVn = constant, then n is given by (Here CP and
(C) 7 × 104J (D) 3 × 104J Cv are molar specific heat at constant pressure
and constant volume, respectively):
5. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a Carnot engine [JEE-Mains 2016]
as the working substance. If during the C − CP C −C
(A) n = (B) P
adiabatic expansion part of the cycle the (C− CV ) (C− CV )
volume of the gas increases from V to 32 V, the C − CV C
efficiency of the engine is : [AIEEE-2010] (C) (D) n = P
(C− CP ) CV
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.75 (C) 0.99 (D) 0.25

24
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
11. CP and Cv are specific heats at constant 17. A metal ball of mass 0.1 kg is heated upto
pressure and constant volume respectively. It is 500°C and dropped into a vessel of heat
observed that capacity 800 JK–1 and containing 0.5 kg water.
Cp – Cv = a for hydrogen gas
The initial temperature of water and vessel is
Cp– Cv = b for nitrogen gas
30°C. What is the approximate percentage
The correct relation between a and b is:
[JEE-Mains 2017] increment in the temperature of the water ?
1 [Specific Heat Capacities of water and metal are,
(A) a = b (B) a = b respectively, 4200 Jkg–1K–1 and 400 JKg–1K–1]
14
(C) a = 14b (D) a = 28b [JEE Main-2019]
(A) 15% (B) 30% (C) 20% (D) 25%]
12. The temperature of an open room of volume
30 m3 increases from 17ºC to 27ºC due to the 18. When 100 g of a liquid A at 100°C is added to 50
sunshine. The atmospheric pressure in the room g of a liquid B at temperature 75°C, the
remains 1 × 105Pa. If ni and nf are the number temperature of the mixture becomes 90°C. The
of molecules in the room before and after temperature of the mixture, if 100 g of liquid A at
heating, then nf– ni will be : [JEE-Mains 2017] 100°C is added to 50 g of liquid B at 50°C, will
(A) –1.61 × 1023 (B) 1.38 × 1023 be : [JEE Main-2019]
25
(C) 2.5 × 10 (D) –2.5 × 1025 (A) 60°C (B) 70°C (C) 80°C (D) 85°C

13. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a 19. A thermometer graduated according to a linear
temperature T. If is deopped in a copper scale reads a value x0 when in contact with
calorimeter of mass 100 gm, filled with 170 gm boiling water, and x0/3 when in contact with
of water at room temperature. Subsequently, ice. What is the temperature of an object in 0ºC,
the temperature of the system is found to be if this thermometer in the contact with the
75°C. T is given by : [JEE-Mains 2017] object reads x0/2 ? [JEE Main-2019]
(Given : room temperature = 30°C, specific (A) 35 (B) 25 (C) 60 (D) 40
heat of copper = 0.1 cal/gm°C) 20. A thermally insulated vessel contains 150 g
(A) 800°C (B) 885°C water at 0°C. Then the air from the vessel is
(C) 1250°C (D) 825°C pumped out adiabatically. A fraction of water
turns into ice and the rest evaporated at 0°C
14. The mass of a hydrogen molecule is 3.32×10–27 kg. itself. The mass of evaporated water will be
If 1023 hydrogen molecules strike, per second, a closest to:
fixed wall of area 2 cm2 at an angle of 45° to (Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.10 ×
the normal, and rebound elastically with a 106 Jkg–1 and Latent heat of Fusion of water =
speed of 103 m/s, then the pressure on the wall 3.36 × 105 J kg–1) [JEE Main-2019]
is nearly: [JEE Main 2018] (A) 35 g (B) 150 g (C) 130 g (D) 20 g
(A) 2.35 × 102 N /m2 (B) 4.70 × 102 N /m2 21. A massless spring (k = 800 N/m), attached with
(C) 2.35 × 103 N /m2 (D) 4.70 × 103 N /m2 a mass (500 g) is completely immersed in 1 kg
of water. The spring is stretched by 2 cm and
15. An unknown metal of mass 192 g heated to a
released so that it starts vibrating. What would
temperature of 100ºC was immersed into a
be the order of magnitude of the change in the
brass calorimeter of mass 128 g containing
temperature of water when the vibrations stop
240 g of water a temperature of 8.4ºC Calculate
completely ? (Assume that the water container
the specific heat of the unknown metal if water
and spring receive negligible heat and specific
temperature stabilizes at 21.5ºC (Specific heat
heat of mass =400 J/kg K, specific heat of
of brass is 394 J kg–1 K–1) [JEE Main-2019]
water =4184 J/kg K) [JEE Main-2019]
(A) 458 Jkg–1K–1 (B) 916 J kg–1K–1
–1 –1 (A) 10–5 K (B) 10–3 K (C) 10–1 K (D) 10–4 K
(C) 654 J kg K (D) 1232 Jkg–1K–1
22. When M1 gram of ice at –10°C (specific heat =
16. Ice at –20° C is added to 50 g of water at 40°C. 0.5 cal g–1°C–1) is added to M2 gram of water at
When the temperature of the mixture reaches 50°C, finally no ice is left and the water is at
0°C, it is found that 20 g of ice is still 0°C. The value of latent heat of ice, in cal g–1 is
unmelted. The amount of ice added to the water [JEE Main-2019]
was close to (Specific heat of water = 4.2 5M1 50M 2
J/g/°C) Specific heat of Ice = 2.1 J/g/°C. Heat (A) − 50 (B)
M2 M1
of fusion of water at 0°C = 334 J/g)
50M 2 5M 2
[JEE Main-2019] (C) −5 (D) −5
(A) 40 g (B) 50 g (C) 100 g (D) 60 g M1 M1
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25
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
23. One kg of water, at 20°C, is heated in an 29. A gas mixture consists of 3 moles of oxygen
electric kettle whose heating element has a and 5 moles of argon at temperature T.
mean (temperature averaged) resistance of Assuming the gases to be ideal and the oxygen
20 Ω. The rms voltage in the mains is 200 V. bond to be rigid, the total internal energy (in
Ignoring heat loss from the kettle, time taken units of RT) of the mixture is :
for water to evaporate fully, is close to : [September 2020]
[Specific heat of water = 4200 J/(kg °C), Latent (A) 11 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 13
heat of water = 2260 kJ/kg] [JEE Main-2019]
(A) 3 minutes (B) 16 minutes 30. An ideal gas in a closed container is slowly
(C) 10 minutes (D) 22 minutes heated. As its temperature increases, which of
Cp the following statements are true ? [2020]
4
24. Three moles of ideal gas A with = is (A) the mean free path of the molecules
Cv 3 decreases.
mixed with two moles of another ideal gas B (B) the mean collision time between the
Cp molecules decreases.
5
with = . The (Cp/Cv) of mixture is (C) the mean free path remains unchanged.
Cv 3 (D) the mean collision time remains
(Assuming temperature is constant) unchanged.
[January 2020] (A) (C) and (D) (B) (A) and (B)
(A) 1.5 (B) 1.42 (C) 1.7 (D) 1.3 (C) (A) and (D) (D) (B) and (C)
25. Consider a mixture of n moles of helium gas 31. Consider a gas of triatomic molecules. The
and 2n moles of oxygen gas (molecules taken molecules are assumed to the triangular and
to be rigid) as an ideal gas. Its Cp / Cv value made of massless rigid rods whose vertices are
will be : [January 2020] occupied by atoms. The internal energy of a
(A) 67/45 (B) 19/13 mole of the gas at temperature T is:
(C) 23/15 (D) 40/27 [2020]
26. The dimension of stopping potential V0 in
photoelectric effect in units of Planck's constant
'h', speed of light 'c' and Gravitational constant
'G' and ampere A is : [January 2020] (A) (9/2) RT (B) (3/2) RT
(A) h2 G3/2 c1/3 A–1 (B) h–2/3 c–1/3 G4/3 A–1 (C) (5/2) RT (D) 3RT
(C) h1/3 G2/3 c1/3 A–1 (D) h0c5G–1A–1
32. Match the CP/CV ratio for ideal gases with
27. Starling at temperature 300 K, one mole of an different type of molecules : [2020]
ideal diatomic gas (γ = 1.4) is first compressed Molecular type CP/CV
adiabatically from volume V1 to V2 = V1 / 16. It (A) Monoatomic (I) 7/5
is then allowed to expand isobarically to (B) Diatomic rigid molecules (II) 9/7
volume 2V2. If all the processes are the quasi- (C) Diatomic non-rigid (III) 4/3
static then the final temperature of the gas (in molecules
°K) is (to the nearest integer) ________. (D) Triatomic rigid (IV) 5/3
[January 2020] molecules
(A) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III
28. Consider a sphere of radius R which carries a (B) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III
uniform charge density ρ. If a sphere of radius (C) A - III, B - IV,C - II, D - I
R/2 is carved out of it, as shown, the ratio (D) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

EA  33. A closed vessel contains 0.1 mole of a
 of magnitude of electric field E A and monoatomic ideal gas at 200 K. If 0.05 mole of
EB the same gas at 400 K is added to it, the final
 equilibrium temperature (in K) of the gas in the
E B , respectively, at points A and B due to the
vessel will be closed to ______. [2020]
remaining portion is : [January 2020]
34. Three different processes that can occur in an
ideal monoatomic gas are shown in the P vs V
R
2
diagram. The paths are labelled as A → B,
A A→C and A → D. The change in internal
R energies during these process are taken as EAB,
EAC and EAD and the workdone as WAB, WAC
B
(A) 18 / 54 (B) 21 / 34 and WAD. The correct relation between these
(C) 17 / 54 (D) 18 / 34 parameters are : [2020]

26
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
P D 40. A cylindrical container of volume 4.0 × 10–3 m3
C T1 > T2 contains one mole of hydrogen and two moles of
B carbon dioxide. Assume the temperature of the
A T1
mixture is 400 K. The pressure of the mixture of
T2
V
gases is: [JEE MAINS 2021]
(A) EAB = EAC = EAD, W AB > 0, WAC = 0, [Take gas constant as 8.3 J mol–1 K–1]
(A) 24.9 × 103 Pa (B) 24.9 × 105 Pa
WAD > 0
(C) 24.9 Pa (D) 249 × 101 Pa
(B) EAB < EAC < EAD, WAB > 0, WAC >
WAD 41. The rms speeds of the molecules of hydrogen,
(C) EAB = EAC < EAD, W AB > 0, WAC = 0, Oxygen and Carbondioxide at the same
WAD < 0 temperature are VH, VO and VC respectively
(D) EAB > EAC > EAD, W AB < WAC < WAD then: [JEE MAINS 2021]
3 (A) VH = VO > VC (B) VH = VO = VC
35. Number of molecules in a volume of 4 cm of a
perfect monoatomic gas at some temperature T (C) VC > VO > VH (D) VH > VO > VC
and at a pressure of 2 cm of mercury is close 42. A balloon carries a total load of 185 kg at normal
to? (Given, mean kinetic energy of a molecule pressure and temperature of 27°C. What load will
(at T) is 4 × 10–14 erg, g = 980 cm/s2, density of the balloon carry on rising to a height at which
mercury = 13.6 g/cm3) [2020] the barometric pressure is 45cm of Hg and the
temperature is –7°C. Assuming the volume
(A) 5.8 × 1018 (B) 5.8 × 1016
constant? [JEE MAINS 2021]
(C) 4.0 × 1018 (D) 4.0 × 1016 (A) 214.15 kg (B) 181.46 kg
36. Nitrogen gas is at 300°C temperature. The (C) 219.07 kg (D) 123.54 kg
temperature (in K) at which the rms speed of a 43. An ideal gas is expanding such that PT3 =
H2 molecule would be equal to the rms speed of constant. The coefficient of volume expansion of
a nitrogen molecule, is _____. [2020] the gas is: [JEE MAINS 2021]
(A) 4 / T (B) 3 / T (C) 1 / T (D) 2 / T
(Molar mass of N2 gas 28 g)
37. Molecules of an ideal gas are known to have 44. The height of victoria falls is 63 m. What is the
difference in temperature of water at the top and
three translational degrees of freedom and two
at the bottom of fall? [JEE MAINS 2021]
rotational degrees of freedom. The gas is [Given 1 cal = 4.2 J and specific heat of water =
maintained at a temperature of T. The total 1 cal g–1° C–1]
internal energy, U of a mole of this gas, and the (A) 0.147°C (B) 1.476°C
value of γ (= Cp/Cv) given, respectively, by: (C) 14.76°C (D) 0.014°C
[2020] 45. If the rms speed of oxygen molecules at 0°C is
(A) U = (5/2) RT and γ = 6/5 160 m/s, find the rms speed of the hydrogen
(B) U = 5RT and γ = 7/5 molecules at 0°C. [JEE MAINS 2021]
(A) 40 m/s (B) 80 m/s
(C) U = 5RT and γ = 6/5
(C) 640 m/s (D) 332 m/s
(D) U = (5/2) RT and γ = 7/5
46. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen has volume
38. In a dilute gas at pressure P and temperature T, 500 cm3, temperature 300 K, pressure 400 kPa
the mean time between successive collisions of and mass 0.76 g. The ratio of masses of oxygen to
a molecule varies with T as : [2020] hydrogen will be: [JEE MAINS 2021]
(A) 3 : 16 (B) 16 : 3
(A) T (B) 1/T (C) 1/ T (D) T (C) 3 : 8 (D) 8 : 3
47. For an ideal gas the instantaneous change in
39. The temperature of equal masses of three pressure ‘p’ with volume ‘v’ is given by the
different liquids x, y and z are 10°C, 20°C and equation . If p = p0 at v = 0 is the given boundary
30°C respectively. The temperature of mixture condition, then the maximum temperature one
when x is mixed with y is 16°C and that when y mole of gas can attain is: [JEE MAINS 2021]
is mixed with z is 26°C. The temperature of (Here R is the gas constant)
mixture when x and z are mixed will be: 2p0
(A) Infinity (B)
[JEE MAINS 2021] eR
(A) 25.62°C (B) 28.32°C p
(C) 0°C (D) 0
(C) 23.84°C (D) 20.28°C aeR
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27
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
48. The average translational kinetic energy of N2 gas 55. Given below are two statements :
molecules at ___ °C becomes equal to the K.E. of Statement I : The average momentum of a
an electron accelerated from rest through a molecule in a sample of an ideal gas depends on
potential difference of 0.1 volt. (Given kB = 1.38 temperature.
× 10–23 J/K) (Fill the nearest integer). Statement II : The rms speed of oxygen
[JEE MAINS 2021] molecules in a gas is v. If the temperature is
49. A vessel contains 14 g of nitrogen gas at a doubled and the oxygen molecules dissociate into
temperature of 27°C. The amount of heat to be oxygen atoms, the rms speed will become 2v.
transferred to the gas to double the r.m.s speed of In the light of the above statements, choose the
its molecules will be ; correct answer from the options given below:
Take R = 8.32 J mol–1 K–1. [JEE MAINS 2022]
[JEE MAINS 2022]
(A) 2229 J (B) 5616 J (A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(C) 9360 J (D) 13, 104 J (B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
50. At a certain temperature, the degrees of freedom (C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
per molecule for gas is 8. The gas performs 150 J (D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
of work when it expands under constant pressure.
The amount of heat absorbed by the gas will be 56. A vessel contains 16 g of hydrogen and 128 g of
________ J. [JEE MAINS 2022] oxygen at standard temperature and pressure. The
51. Which statements are correct about degrees of volume of the vessel in cm3 is: [JEE MAINS 2022]
freedom? (A) 72 × 105 (B) 32 × 105
(A) A molecule with n degrees of freedom has n2 (C) 27× 10 4
(D) 54 × 104
different ways of storing energy.
1  a 
(B) Each degree of freedom is associated with 57. In van der Wall equation P + 2  [V – b] = RT;
2  V 
RT average energy per mole. P is pressure, V is volume, R is universal gas
(C) A monatomic gas molecule has 1 rotational constant and T is temperature. The ratio of
degree of freedom whereas diatomic molecule has a
2 rotational degrees of freedom. constants is dimensionally equal to –
b
(D) CH4 has a total of 6 degrees of freedom.
[JEE MAINS 2022]
Choose the correct answer from the option given
P V
below: [JEE MAINS 2022] (A) (B) (C) PV (D) PV3
(A) (B) and (C) only (B) (B) and (D) only V P
(C) (A) and (B) only (D) (C) and (D) only
58. The root mean square speed of smoke particles of
52. Same gas is filled in two vessels of the same mass 5 × 10–17 kg in their Brownian motion in air at
volume at the same temperature. If the ratio of the NTP is approximately. [Given k = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1]
number of molecules is 1 : 4, then [JEE MAINS 2022]
A. The r.m.s. velocity of gas molecules in two
vessels will be the same. (A) 60 mm s–1 (B) 12 mm s–1
B. The ratio of pressure in these vessels will be 1 : 4. (C) 15 mm s–1 (D) 36 mm s–1
C. The ratio of pressure will be 1 : 1.
D. The r.m.s. velocity of gas molecules in two 59. In an Isothermal change, the change in pressure
vessels will be in the ratio of 1 : 4. and volume of a gas can be represented for three
Choose the correct answer from the options given different temperature; T3 > T2 > T1 as:
below [JEE MAINS 2022]
[JEE (Main) 2023]
(A) A and C only (B) B and D only
(C) A and B only (D) C and D only
53. What will be the effect on the root mean square
velocity of oxygen molecules if the temperature is (A) (B)
doubled and oxygen molecule dissociates into
atomic oxygen? [JEE MAINS 2022]
(A) The velocity of atomic oxygen remains same
(B) The velocity of atomic oxygen doubles
(C) The velocity of atomic oxygen becomes half
(D) The velocity of atomic oxygen becomes four
times (C) (D)
54. The total internal energy of two mole monoatomic
ideal gas at temperature T = 300 K will be _____ J.
(Given R = 8.31 J/mol.K) [JEE MAINS 2022]

28
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
60. Let γ1 be the ratio of molar specific heat at 66. Given below are two statements :
constant pressure and molar specific heat at [JEE (Main) 2023]
constant volume of a monoatomic gas and γ2 be Statement I : The temperature of a gas is –73°C.
When the gas is heated to 527°C, the root mean
the similar ratio of diatomic gas. Considering the square speed of the molecules is doubled.
diatomic gas molecule as a rigid rotator, the ratio, Statement II : The product of pressure and
γ1 volume of an ideal gas will be equal to
is [JEE (Main) 2023] translational kinetic energy of the molecules.
γ2
In the light of the above statements, choose the
27 35 25 21 correct answer from the options given below:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 27 21 25 (A) Both statement I and statement II are true
(B) Statement I is false but statement Il is true
61. For three low density gases A, B, C pressure (C) Both statement I and statement II are false
versus temperature graphs are plotted while (D) Statement I is true but statement II is false
keeping them at constant volume, as shown in the
67. A hole is drilled in a metal sheet. At 27°C, the
figure. [JEE (Main) 2023]
diameter of hole is 5 cm. When the sheet is heated
to 177°C, the change in the diameter of hole is
d × 10–3 cm. The value of d will be ______ if
coefficient of linear expansion of the metal is
1.6 × 10–5/°C. [JEE (Main) 2023]
The temperature corresponding to the point ‘K’ is
(A) –373°C (B) –273°C (C) –40°C (D)–100°C 68 The average kinetic energy of a molecule of the gas
is [JEE (Main) 2023]
62. A flask contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio (A) dependent on the nature of the gas
(B) proportional to volume
of 2 : 1 by mass at temperature 27°C. The ratio of
(3) proportional to absolute temperature
average kinetic energy per molecule of hydrogen (D) proportional to pressure
and oxygen respectively is: [JEE (Main) 2023]
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4 69. A water heater of power 2000 W is used to heat
water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200
63. A faulty thermometer reads 5°C in melting ice J kg-1 K–1. The efficiency of heater is 70%. Time
and 95°C in steam. The correct temperature on required to heat 2 kg of water from 10°C to 60°C
is_____________ s. (Assume that the specific
absolute scale will be ___________ K when the
heat capacity of water remains constant over the
faulty thermometer reads 41°C. temperature range of the water).
[JEE (Main) 2023] [JEE (Main) 2023]

64. The pressure of a gas changes linearly with Question Previous Year (JEE Advanced)
volume from A to B as shown in figure. If no heat
is supplied to or extracted from the gas then 70. Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same
change in the internal energy of the gas will be temperature and contain gases which obey the
[JEE (Main) 2023] Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Vessel A
contain only O2, B only N2 and C a mixture of
equal quantities of O2 and N2. If the average
speed of O2 molecules in vessel A is v1, that of
the N2 molecules in vessel B is v2, the average
speed of the O2 molecules in vessel C is –
[IIT - 1992]
(A) (v1 + v2)/2 (B) v1
(C) (v1v2)1/2 (D) (3kT / M)
(A) 4.5 J (B) Zero (C) 6 J (D) –4.5 J 71. The average translational energy and the rms
speed of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas
Cp at 300 K are 6.21 × 10–21 J and 484 m/s
65. The correct relation between γ= and
Cv respectively. The corresponding values at 600 K
temperature T is : [JEE (Main) 2023] are nearly (assuming ideal gas behavior) –
1 [IIT – 1997]
(A) γ α T° (B) γ α (A) 12.42 × 10–21J, 968 m/s
T (B) 8.78 × 10–21J, 684 m/s
1 (C) 6.21 × 10–21 J, 968 m/s
(C) γ α (D) γ α T
T (D) 12.42 × 10–21J, 684 m/s
aaa
29
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
72. Two identical containers A and B with
frictionless pistons contain the same ideal gas (A) (B)
at the same temperature and the same volume β β
V. The mass of the gas in A is mA and that in B
is mB. The gas in each cylinder is now allowed P P
to expand isothermally to the same final
volume 2V. The changes in the pressure in A
(C) (D)
and B are found to be ∆P and 1.5 ∆P
respectively. Then– β β
[IIT –1998]
P P
(A) 4mA = 9mB (B)2mA = 3mB
(C)3mA = 2mB (D) 9mA = 4mB 77. An insulated container containing monoatomic
73. Let v , vrms and vp respectively denote the mean gas of molar mass m is moving with a velocity
speed, root mean square speed and most v0. If the container is suddenly stopped, find the
probable speed of the molecules in an ideal change in temperature. [IIT JEE- 2003]
monoatomic gas at absolute temperature T. The 78. The piston cylinder arrangement shown
mass of a molecule is m. Then – [IIT –1998] contains a diatomic gas at temperature 300 K.
(A) No molecule can have a speed greater than The cross-sectional area of the cylinder is1 m2.
2 vrms Initially the height of the piston above the base
(B) No molecule can have speed less than of the cylinder is 1 m. The temperature is now
raised to 400 K at constant pressure. Find the
vp/ 2 new height of the piston above the base of the
(C) vp < v < vrms cylinder. If the piston is now brought back to
(D) The average kinetic energy of a molecule is its original height without any heat loss, find
(3/4) mvp2 the new equilibrium temperature of the gas.
You can leave the answer in fraction.
74. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of [IIT JEE- 2004]
oxygen and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K.
The ratio of the average rotational kinetic
energy per O2 molecule to that per N2 molecule
is – [IIT –1998]
1m
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2
(C) 2 : 1
(D) Depends on the moments of inertia of the
79. An ideal gas is taken in a process at constant
two molecules
temperature 20ºC from initial pressure
75. An ideal gas is initially at temperature T and =1.015×105 Pa to final pressure=1.165×105Pa
volume V. Its volume is increased by ∆V due to in which volume decreases by 10% then Bulk
an increase in temperature ∆T, pressure modulus is - [IIT - 2005]
remaining constant. The quantity (A) 1.5 × 10–5 Pa (B) 1.5 × 106 Pa
δ = ∆V/(V∆T) varies with temperature as – (C) 1.5 × 105 Pa (D) 1.6 × 10–6 Pa
[IIT Sc – 2000] 80. STATEMENT – 1
The total translational kinetic energy of all the
molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is
δ δ 1.5 times the product of its pressure and its
(A) (B) volume. [IIT - 2007]
T T + ∆T T T + ∆T because
Temp (K) Temp (K) STATEMENT – 2
The molecules of a gas collide with each other
and the velocities of then molecules change due
δ δ
to the collision.
(A) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True;
(C) (D)
T T + ∆T T T + ∆T
Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
Temp (K) Temp (K) Statement–1
(B) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True;
76. Which of the following graphs correctly Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation
represents of variation of β = – (dV/dP)/V with for Statement–1
P for an ideal gas at constant temperature – (C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False
[IIT – 2001] (D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True.

30
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
81. Cv and Cp denote the molar specific heat 86. A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic
capacities of a gas at constant volume and mass = 4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic
constant pressure, respectively. Then mass = 40 amu) is kept at 300 K in a container.
[IIT - 2009]  v (helium) 
(A) Cp – Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas The ratio of the r.m.s speeds  rms  is
than for a monoatomic ideal gas  v rms (arg on) 
(B) Cp + Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas [IIT- 2012]
(A) 0.32 (B) 0.45 (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(C) Cp / Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas 87. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber
than for a monoatomic ideal gas balloon at 30° C .The balloon is fully
(D) Cp . Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas expandable and can be assumed to require no
than for a monoatomic ideal gas energy in its expansion. The temperature of the
gas in the balloon is slowly changed to 35°C.The
82. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its – amount of heat required in raising the
[IIT - 2010] temperature is nearly (take R = 8.31 J/mol.K)
(A) pressure and temperature are both high [IIT-JEE-2012]
(B) pressure and temperature are both low (A) 62J (B) 104 J (C) 124 J (D) 208 J
(C) pressure is high and temperature is low 88. Two non-reactive monoatomic ideal gases have
(D) pressure is low and temperature is high their atomic masses in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio
of their partial pressures, when enclosed in a
83. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed
vessel kept at a constant temperature, is 4 : 3.
adiabatically to 1/32 of its initial volume. In the The ratio of their densities is: [JEE-2013]
initial temperature of the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) (A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 6 : 9 (D) 8 : 9
and the final temperature is aTi, the value of a
is Paragraph for Questions 89 & 90
[IIT JEE -2010] In the figure a container is shown to have a movable
84. 5.6 litre of helium gas at STP is adiabatically (without friction) piston on top. The container and the
compressed to 0.7 litre. Taking the initial piston are all made of perfectly insulating material
temperature to be T1, the work done in the allowing no heat transfer between outside and inside
the container. The container is divided into two
process is : [IIT JEE-2011]
compartments by a rigid partition made of a thermally
9 3 15 9 conducting material that allows slow transfer of heat.
(A) RT1 (B) RT1 (C) RT1(D) RT1
8 2 8 2 The lower compartment of the container is filled with
2 moles of an ideal monatomic gas at 700 K and the
85. The figure below shows the variation of
upper compartment is filled with 2 moles of an ideal
specific heat capacity (C) of a solid as a diatomic gas at 400 K. The heat capacities per mole of
function of temperature (T). The temperature is
3 5
increased continuously from 0 to 500 K at a an ideal monatomic gas are C v = R , CP = R , and
constant rate. Ignoring any volume change, the 2 2
following statement(s) is (are) correct to a 5
those for an ideal diatomic gas are CV = R ,
reasonable approximation. [IIT JEE-2013] 2
7
CP = R . [IIT JEE -2014]
2
C

100 200 300 400 500

T(K)
(A) the rate at which heat is absorbed in the
range 0–100 K varies linearly with 89. Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it
temperature T. does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the
(B) heat absorbed in increasing the temperature final temperature of the gases will be
from 0–100 K is less than the heat required (A) 550 K (B) 525 K (C) 513K (D) 490 K
for increasing the temperature from 90. Now consider the partition to be free to move
400–500 K. without friction so that the pressure of gases in
(C) there is no change in the rate of heat both compartments is the same. Then total
absorption in the range 400–500 K. work done by the gases till the time they
(D) the rate of heat absorption increases in the achieve equilibrium will be
range 200–300 K. (A) 250 R (B) 200 R (C) 100 R (D) –100 R
aaa
31
CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I
91. A container of fixed volume has a mixture of 95. List I describes thermodynamic processes in four
one mole of hydrogen and one mole of helium different systems. List II gives the magnitudes
in equilibrium at temperature T. Assuming the (either exactly or as a close approximation) of
gases are ideal, the correct statement(s) is(are) possible changes in the internal energy of the
[IIT JEE -2015] system due to the process. [JEE Adv.-2022]
(A) The average energy per mole of the gas List-I List-II
mixture is 2RT. (I) 10–3 kg of water at 100°C is (P) 2 kJ
(B) The ratio of speed of sound in the gas converted to steam at the
same temperature, at a
mixture to that in helium gas is 6 / 5 . pressure of 105 Pa. The
(C) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms volume of the system
changes from 10–6 m3 to
to that of hydrogen molecules is 1/2.
10–3 m3 in the process.
(D) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms Latent heat of water = 2250
kJ/kg.
to that of hydrogen molecules is 1 / 2 .
(II) 0.2 moles of a rigid (Q) 7 kJ
92. A current carrying wire heats a metal rod. The diatomic ideal gas with
volume V at temperature
wire provides a constant power (P) to the rod. 500 K undergoes an
The metal rod is enclosed in an insulated isobaric expansion to
container. It is observed that the temperature volume 3 V. Assume R =
(T) in the metal rod changes with time (t) as : 8.0 J mol–1 K–1.
(III) One mole of a monatomic (R) 4 kJ
T(t) = T0 (1 + β t1/4) ideal gas is compressed
where β is a constant with appropriate adiabatically from volume
dimension while T0 is a constant with 1
V = m3 and pressure 2
dimension of temperature. The heat capacity of 3
the metal is : [JEE Adv. 2019] V
kPa to volume .
4P (T (t) − T0 )3 4P (T (t) − T0 ) 8
(A) (B) (IV) Three moles of a diatomic (S) 5 kJ
β4 T04 β4 T02
ideal gas whose molecules
4P (T (t) − T0 ) 4 4P (T (t) − T0 ) 2 can vibrate, is given 9 kJ of
(C) (D) heat and undergoes
β4 T05 β4 T03
isobaric expansion.
93. A liquid at 30°C is poured very slowly into a (T) 3 kJ
Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C. Which one of the following options is correct?
The boiling temperature of the liquid is 80°C. It (A) I → T, II → R, III → S, IV → Q
is found that the first 5 gm of the liquid (B) I → S, II → P, III → T, IV → P
completely evaporates. After pouring another (C) I → P, II → R, III → T, IV → Q
80 gm of the liquid the equilibrium temperature (D) I → Q, II → R, III → S, IV → T
is found to be 50°C. The ratio of the Latent heat 96. One mole of an ideal gas undergoes two different
of the liquid to its specific heat will be ______ cyclic processes I and II, as shown in the P-V
°C.[Neglect the heat exchange with diagrams below. In cycle I, processes a, b, c and d
surrounding] are isobaric, isothermal, isobaric and isochoric,
[JEE Adv. 2019] respectively. In cycle II, processes a', b', c' and d'
94. A mixture of ideal gas containing 5 moles of are isothermal, isochoric, isobaric and isochoric,
monatomic gas and 1 mole of rigid diatomic respectively. The total work done during cycle I is
gas is initially at pressure P0, volume V0 and WI and the during cycle II is WII. The ratio
temperature T0. If the gas mixture is WI/WII is _____. [JEE Adv. 2023]
adiabatically compressed to a volume V0/4,
then the correct statement(s) is/are,
(Given 21.2 = 2.3; 23.2 = 9.2; R is gas constant)
[JEE Adv. 2019]
(A) The final pressure of the gas mixture after 97. A closed container contains a homogeneous
compression is in between 9P0 and 10P0. mixture of two moles of an ideal monatomic gas
(B) The average kinetic energy of the gas (γ = 5/3) and one mole of an ideal diatomic gas (γ
mixture after compression is in = 7/5). Here, γ is the ratio of the specific heats at
between 18RT0 and 19RT0. constant pressure and constant volume of an ideal
(C) The work | W | done during the process is gas. The gas mixture does a work of 66 Joule
13 RT0. when heated at constant pressure. The change in
its internal energy is ___ Joule.[JEE Adv. 2023]
(D) Adiabatic constant of the gas mixture is 1.6

32
PHYSICS-X I CALORIMETRY & KTG
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D B A A C C C C A D B C C B A A B C C B
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B C D C D C B A C A B A B A B A B C C D
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. A D A B C B D D D B A D D A A D D D A D
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. C B D C B D B B C D C B A A D C C A B A
Qus. 81 82 83 84
Ans. C C C B

EXERCISE-2

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C,D B,C A,B C,D A,B,C A,C A,B A,C A,B A,C,D A,B,D B,C,D B A A
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B C A A B C D B B B B C A A
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Ans. C A C B B C C A D B A A A C

EXERCISE-3
1. A → (q,s) B → (p) C → (r), D → (q,r) 2. A → (p,q,s) B → (p,r,s) C → (p), D
→ (s)
3. A → (r,s) B → (p,q) C → (p,r), D → (q,r,s) 4. A → (s) B → (r) C → (q), D → (p)
5. A → (t) B → (r) C → (s), D → (p) 6. A → (s) B → (p) C → (q), D → (r)
7. [3] 8. [2] 9. [6] 10. [2] 11. [8] 12. [2] 13. [4]
14. [4] 15. [1] 16. [4] 17. [7] 18. [1] 19. [9] 20. [2]
21. [5] 22. [9] 23. [3] 24. [6] 25. [3] 26. [4]

EXERCISE-4
1. [C] 2. [A] 3. [A] 4. [A] 5. [B] 6. [B] 7. [D]
8. [D] 9. [B] 10. [A] 11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [B] 14. [C]
15. [B] 16. [A] 17. [C] 18. [C] 19. [B] 20. [D] 21. [A]
22. [C] 23. [D] 24. [B] 25. [B] 26. [D] 27. [1818.0] 28. [D]
29. [B] 30. [D] 31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [266.67] 34. [A]
35. [C] 36. [41.00] 37. [D] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [B] 41. [D]
42. [D] 43. [A] 44. [A] 45. [C] 46. [B] 47. [D] 48. [500]
49. [C] 50. [750] 51.[B] 52.[C] 53.[B] 54.[7479.00] 55. [D]
56.[C] 57. [C] 58.[C] 59.[D] 60.[C] 61. [B] 62. [A]
63. [313] 64. [A] 65. [A] 66. [D] 67. [12] 68.[B] 69.[300]
70. [B] 71.[D] 72.[C] 73.[C,D] 74.[A] 75.[C] 76.[A]
0.4
mv 2 4
77. ∆T = 0 78. [A] 4/3 m, [B] T3 = 400   K
3R 3
79. [C] 80.[B] 81.[B,D] 82. (D) 83.[4] 84.[A] 85.[A,B,C,D or B,C,D]
86. [D] 87.[D] 88.[D] 89. [D] 90.[D] 91.[A,B,D] 92.[A] 93.270
94. [A,C,D] 95. [C] 96. [2] 97. [121]

aaa
33
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
CHAPTER

18

THERMODYNAMICS
1. Introduction
(i) The branch of science in which the C
macroscopic properties such as Pressure,
volume temperature lof a system are studied A B
is defined as thermodynamics. Thermal contact
(ii) The branch of science in which the
conversion of heat into mechanical work and Thermal Insulator
vice versa is studied is known as This law indicates that for systems in thermal
thermodynamics. equilibrium there must exist a common property
2. Thermodynamic system which remains the same. This property is the
Piston "temperature". Thus Zeroth law, defines
temperature.
For two bodies or systems in contact, heat flows
from higher temperature to lower temperature.
Temperature gives a measure of the hotness or
coldness of a body.
1mole gas
4. Relation between different temperature
scale
(i) The system which can be represented in of B.P. 100ºC 212ºF 373K Y
pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature
(T), is known as thermodynamic system.
(ii) 1 mol of gas contained in a cylinder with
frictionless piston as shown in fig. is known M.P. 0ºC 32ºF 273K X
as thermodynamic system.
(iii) Thermodynamic systems are of three types Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin or Unknown (P)
on the basis of mass and energy transfer - absolute
(a) Open system (b) Closed system C F  32 K  273 20(P  X)
(c) Isolated system. = = =
(a) Open system - The system in which both 5 9 5 (Y  X)
heat and matter can be exchanged, is defined 5. State of thermal equilibrium
as open system, (i) The state of two bodies or systems, in which
(b) Closed system -The system in which only their temperatures become equal and
heat is exchanged is defined as closed consequently no net heat flows between
system. them, is known as state of thermal
(c) Isolated system -The system in which equilibrium,
neither heat can be exchanged nor work can (ii) In this state all parts of the system are at the
be done, is defined as isolated systems, same temperature.
(i) The change in internal energy in this 6. Work
system is zero i.e. dU = 0 (i) In thermodynamics work is actually done due
(ii) Any thermodynamic process happening in to pressure of the gas.
this system can not change its internal
energy.
3. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
According to it if two systems A and B are,
separately in thermal equilibrium with a third dx
system C, then the systems A and B when
brought into thermal contact will also be in
thermal equilibrium. PA

34
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
(ii) If a gas is allowed to expand from the state A For an ideal gas the intermolecular forces acting
to the state B when pressure and volume are between the molecules is negligible. So internal
P and V. During expansion, piston moves by energy of an ideal gas is wholly kinetic in nature.
small distance dx so that work done is – If f is degrees of freedom of a gas molecule than
dW = PA (dx) = PdV
V2 fKT
Total kinetic energy of each molecule =
W =  PdV 2
V1
fRT
(iii) If V increases then work done by the gas is Total kinetic energy of one mole =
2
positive. If V decreases then work done by
Therefore internal energy of n moles of a gas at
the gas is negative.
nfRT
temperature TK is, U=
2
P
Internal energy depends only on the temperature.
Therefore it is a point property.
If temperature of a gas changes from T1 to T2.
V
Change in its internal energy is
(iv) The shaded area represents work done which
is positive. So we can say that,
Work done = Area bounded by PV curve and 8. Joule's Law
V axis (i) Whenever heat is converted into mechanical
6.1 Calculation of work done by gas work or mechanical work is converted into
(i) Direct method:– Calculate the pressure in terms heat, then the ratio of work done to heat
of volume and use the relation produced always remains constant. i.e. W  Q
V2 W
or = J This is Joule's law
W=  P.dV Q
V1
Here J = Joule's constant
(ii) Indirect Method :– In this case work done by (ii) Mechanical equivalent of heat -
gas and other force acting on the system is equal (a) The amount of work done necessary to
to the change in kinetic energy of the system. produce unit amount of heat is defined as
the mechanical equivalent of heat. i.e, if
P0 Q = 1, then J = W.
x
(b) J is neither a constant nor a physical
Work done by the gas + Work done by the spring quantity, rather it is a conversion factor
+ Work done by atmospheric pressure = 0 which used to convert Joule or erg into
 Work done by the gas = – Work done by calorie or Kilocalorie and vice versa.
atmospheric pressure – Work done by the spring (c) Values of J = 4.2 joule/calorie
= – (–P0Ax) – [– (½ Kx2 – 0)] = P0Ax + ½ Kx2 = 4.2 × 107 erg/calorie
Example : 01 = 4.2 × 103
A body of mass 2kg is dragged on a horizontal Joule/Kilocalorie
surface with a constant speed of 2 m/s. If the (d) The units of J are Joule/calorie or erg
coefficient of friction between the body and the calorie.
surface is 0.2, then the heat generated in 5sec will be-
(a) 7.65 cal (b) 9.33 cal (c) 10.25 cal (d) 12.32 cal Example : 02
Sol.(b) A bullet, moving with velocity v, is stopped by the
The work done against the force of friction target and then completely melts if the mass of
=R × displacement = 0.2 × 2 × 9.8 × 2 (in one second) bullet is m. its specific heat is 's', initially
= (0.2 × 2 × 9.8 × 2) × 5 (in 5 second) = 39. 2J temperature is 25ºC, melting point is 475ºC and
39.2 latent heat is L, then the velocity V is given by the
Heat generated = = 9.33 cal
4.2 relation -
7. Internal energy mv 2
(a) mL = m (475 – 25) +
The energy associated with configuration and 2J
random motion of the atoms and molecules with mv 2
in a body is called internal energy. It is the (b) ms (475 – 25)+ mL =
2J
property of the system which depends on the 2J
equilibrium state of a system. The internal energy (c) ms (475 – 25) + mL =
of gas is defined as the sum of kinetic energy and mv 2
intermolecular potential energy of the molecules 2J
(d) ms (475 – 25) = mL +
of gas. mv 2
aaa
35
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
Sol. (b) (14) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature
 W = JQ of n moles of gas by dT is at constant pressure
dQ = nCp dT
mv 2
and W = and Q = mL + ms (2 – 1) Note: If gas is heated at constant pressure, then Cv can
2 be replaced by Cp in above discussion. Hence
mv 2 C
 = [mL + ms (2 - 1)]  (a) (Cp)gram = P
2 M
mv 2 or Cp = M (Cp) gram
 = mL + ms (475 - 25)
2 (15) Specific heat for other processes
9. Specific heat capacity of gas  Q 
(1) There are many processes possible to give heat to S  
 m T 
a gas. A specific heat can be associated to each
(a) Adiabatic s = 0, as Q = 0 but T has some
such process which depends on the nature of
value
process. (b) Isothermal s =  , as T = 0 but Q has some
(2) The number of possible specific heats for a gas is value
infinite and the value of specific heats can very
Example : 03
from zero (0) to infinity ().
R
(3) Generally two types of specific heat are From the relation Cp-Cv = it is inferred that
mentioned for a gas - J
(a) specific heat at constant volume (Cv) (a) The gas is monatomic
(b) specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) (b) Gas is diatomic
(4) These specific heats can be molar or gram, (c) Gas obeys ideal gas equation irrespective of
depending on the amount of gas considered to whether it is mono or diatomic
define it (d) Gas is monatomic and it can be ideal or real
(5) The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as Solution: (c)
Gas obeys ideal gas equation irrespective of whether
the heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in
it is mono or diatomic
the temperature
(6) The molar heat capacity at constant volume, 10. First Law of Thermodynamics
 Q  1. This law is based on law of conservation of
denoted by Cv is Cv =   energy.
 nT 
2. If Q = Heat supplied to a thermodynamical
(7) If , at absolute temperature T , total energy of a
system
gas E , degree of freedom of gas = f
W = Work done by thermodynamical system
fRT E Rf
  E= and Cv =  CV = dU = Change in internal energy
2 T 2 Then if there is no energy loss, the first law of
(8) Amount of heat needed to increase the
thermodynamics gives.
temperature of n moles of gas by dT at constant
volume is Q = W + dU
dQ = ncv dT. Note :
(9) Amount of heat needed to increase the (i) Q, W and dU must be in the same units.
temperature of 1gm of gas by 1ºC at constant (ii) Sign conventions
volume is called gram specific heat at constant Heat supplied to the system = (+)ve
volume. Heat rejected to the system = (–)ve
(C ) Work done by the system = (+)ve
(10) (Cv)gram = v molar
M Work done on the system = (–)ve
or (Cv) molar = M(Cv)gram If temperature increases dU = (+)ve
Where M = molecules wt . of gas If temperature decreases dU= (–)ve
(11) Amount of heat needed to increases temperature (3) Heat is the energy which is transferred between a
of 'm' gm of gas by dT at constant volume is system and its environment because of the
m temperature difference between them. It is given by,
dQ = m (Cv) gram dT = (Cv)molar dT Q = nCdT
M
(12) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of where C is molar specific heat
1mole of gas by 1ºC at constant pressure is called (4) Work is defined as the energy that is transferred
from one body to the other owing to the force that
molar specific heat at constant pressure. acts between them.
(13) Cp = Cv + R, for one mole. It is given by,
where R = universal gas constant W = PdV

36
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
11. Application of first law of thermodynamics 11.3 Isothermal process
11.1 Isochoric process (i) In this process, temperature remains constant.
(i) Volume of a gas remains constant. (ii) Process equation is,
(ii) It is valid for a given mass of a gas. PV = Constant
P (iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B,
(iii) Process equation is, = Constant such that temperature remains constant i.e. in
T
isothermal surface then,
(iv) If a system undergoes change from A to B
such that volume remains constant i.e. under A  Isotherm
  al B
Pr ocess
the isochoric process then, (P1,V1,T) (P2,V2,T)
A  Isochoric
  B P1V1 = P2V2 = nRT
Pr ocess
(iv) Work done by the gas is given by,
(P1,V,T1) (P2,V,T2) V2
P1 P2 W =

T1
=
T2
 PdV
V1

(v) In an isochoric process, work done by a gas is But, PV = K (constant)

zero K
P=
i.e. W = 0 [V = constant] V
(vi) The change in internal energy is given by, V2
K
dU = nCV.(T2 – T1)  W =  dV
(vii)Heat supplied to a gas by first law of V1
V
thermodynamics becomes, V2 V
dQ = dU = nCV (T2 – T1) = K ln = nRT ln 2
V1 V1
Hence for an isochoric process, heat supplied
to the system is completely utilized to (v) The change in internal energy of a gas is zero i.e.
increase the internal energy. dU = 0
(viii)A graph is plotted between pressure versus (vi) By first law of thermodynamics,
volume and pressure versus temperature Q = W + dU
which is, Q = W
Hence heat supplied in an isothermal process
 
is used to do work against external
P P
surroundings.

(vii) Specific heat of isothermal process is infinity
P V T
(viii) Bulk modulus of isothermal process,
Since PV = K
11.2 Isobaric process On differentiating
(i) Pressure of a gas remains constant.
(ii) Process equation is, PdV + VdP = 0
V PdV = – VdP
= Constant dP
T P=
(iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B dV / V
such that pressure remains constant i.e. under dP
 Bulk modulus B =
the isobaric process then, dV / V
A  Isobaric
  B (ix) Compressibility is given by,
Pr ocess
1 1
(P,V1,T1) (P,V2,T2) = =
B P
V1 V
 = 2 11.4 Adiabatic process
T1 T2 (i) Heat supplied or taken by the system is zero
(iv) In an isobaric process, work done by a gas is, i.e. the system is well insulated so that no
W = P(V2 – V1) = nR (T2 – T1)
heat enters or leaves the system.
(v) The change in internal energy is given by
dU = nCV (T2 – T1) (ii) Process equation is,
(vi) Heat supplied to a gas, PV = Constant
dQ = nCP (T2 – T1) nRT
(vii)From first law of thermodynamics Using PV = nRT and P = we have,
M
Q = W + U
(a) TV –1 = Constant (b)P1–T= Constant
nCP (T2 – T1) = nR (T2 – T1) + nCV (T2 – T1)
CP – CV = R (c) d1–T = Constant (d) Pd– = Constant

aaa
37
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
(iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B in v2
K
an adiabatic process, then  W= V 
dV
Ad iab atic v1
A   
B
P r ocess v2
(P1,V1,T1) (P2,V2,T2)  V1 
=K  
P1V1 P2 V2
= = nR 1    v1
T1 T2 K
= [V21– – V11–]
and P1V1= P2V2 1 
(iv) Heat supplied to a gas is zero i.e. As P1V1= P2V2 = K
Q = 0 P V PV PV P V
(v) The change in internal energy  W= 2 2 1 1 = 1 1 2 2
nR(T2  T1 ) 1   1
dU = nCV(T2 – T1) =
 1
11.5 Cyclic process
(vi) Work done by the gas is (i) In cyclic process,
dW = –dU Final state of gas = Initial state of gas
(from Ist law of thermodynamics) (ii) For one complete cycle in cyclic process.
 nR(T2  T1 )  dU = 0
= –
   1  (iii) Work done by the gas is equal to the area
(vii)Specific heat for an adiabatic process is zero. enclosed by the curve on P–V chart
(viii)Bulk modulus of adiabatic process = P
(ix) The equation of first law of thermodynamics is, P W =(+)ve P W =(–)ve
nCdT = nCVdT + PdV (iv)
for adiabatic process dQ = nCdT = 0
 nCVdT + PdV = 0 ...(1) V V
(v) Here net heat in the process is given by,
Now PV = nRT (gives)
nRT Net heat = Total heat supply + total heat
P= rejected (with sign)
V
Substitute the value of P in eqn. (1) (vi) Efficiency of cyclic process
nRT Total work done in cycle
nCVdT + dV = 0 = × 100%
V Total heat supplied
dT dV
nCV + nR =0
T V Example : 04
R One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is caused to go
But CV =
 1 through the cycle shown in fig. then the change in
the internal energy in expanding the gas from a to
nR dT dV
 .  nR =0 c along path abc is
 1 T V (a) 3P0V0 (b) 6RT0 (c) 4.5 RT0 (d) 10.5 RT0
dT dV Sol.(d)
nR  (   1)nR =0
T V TC
2P0 C
dT dV
Pressure

nR = (1 –)nR
T V T0
P0 a b
On integrating the above expression
dT dV V0 4V0
 nR T = (1 – ) nR V Volume
n T = (1 – ) n V + C = n V1– + C Pv
 = nR = constant
T T
n 1 
=C , n TV–1 = C For any state of an ideal gas. Therefore
V
Pa Va PV P V 2P 4V
V–1T = Constant or PV = Constant = c c or 0 0 = 0 0
v2 Ta Tc T0 Tc
(x) Work done is given by W =  PdV Tc = 8T0
v1 Thus change in internal energy
But, PV= K  U = nCvT
K 3 21
P= = 1 × × R × 7T0 = RT0 = 10.5 RT0
V 2 2

38
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
Example : 05 Hence, by the first law of thermodynamics,
The diagram shows a P-V graph of the the change in the internal energy is
thermodynamic behavior of an ideal gas. Find to  U = (UC – UB) = Q – W = 50J  
this graph (i) work done in processes  = UC = UB + U = 30 + 50 = 80J
A  B, B  C, C  D and D  A
12
A B (ii) For the process A  B, U = UB – UA= 30 Joule
and W = area ABCD = DE × DA = 2 × 30 =
P(105 Newton/m2)

10
8 60J
6  Q = U + W = 30 + 60 = 90J
4
D
`
2 C
Example : 07

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
 V(litre)
In the above question find out heat given to the
(a) 6000 J, 0, 1000J, 0 system or taken out from the system in the process
(b) 5000 J, 0, 0, 1000 J C  A and network done in complete cycle.
(c) 0, 0, 6000J, 1000J (a) – 200J, 50J (b) – 200J, 60J
(d) 6000J, 0, 1000J, 1000J (c) 60J, – 200J (d) +200J , – 69J
Sol.(a) Sol.(b)
The work done in a thermodynamic process is equal For the process C  A, U = UA– UC= 0 – 80
to the area enclosed between the P-V curve and the  U = – 80J
volume axis. and W = area ACED = area ACB + area ABED
Work done by the gas in the process A  B is 1
W1 = area ABB'A' = AB × A' × A  W = ( × AB × BC) + (DE × DA)
2
W1 = (6.0 – 1.0) litre × (12 × 105) Nm2 1
 W = ( × 2 × 60) + ( 2 × 30) = 120 J
W1 = 5.0 × 10-3 m3 × 12 × 105 N/m2 2
 W1 = 6000 N-m = 6000J Since in this process the volume decreases, the work
work done in the process B  C is zero since volume will be negative (W=120Joule). that is, the work will
remains constant be done on the system. Now, by the first law of
work done on the gas in the process C  D is thermodynamics, will have
W2 = area DCB'A' Q = U + W = – 80 – 120 = – 200J
W2 = DC × AD' = (5 × 10–3) × (2 × 105) = 1000J Since it is negative, this heat is given out by the
Work done in the process D  A is also zero system and work done in the whole cycle
Hence the correct answer is (a) 1
= area ABC = × 2 × 60 = 60J
Example: 06 2
The figure shows the change in a thermodynamic Since the cyclic process is traced anticlowise, the net
system is going from an initial state A to the state work will be done on the system
B and C and returning to the state A. if UA = 0,
UB = 30J an the heat given to the system in the Example : 08
process B  C, 50J, then determine: An ideal gas expands from state (P1, V1) to state
(i) Internal energy in the state C (P2, V2) where P2 = 2P1 and V2 = 2V1. The path of
(ii) Heat given to the system in the process the gas is expressed by the following relation P =
AB   V  V 2 
1
P1 1     work done is
Pressure P(N/m2)

90 C
  V1  
60 (a) P1V1 (b) 4/3 P1V1
30 (c) 2P1V1 (d) 4 P1V1
A B
Sol.(b)
 D E
0 1 2 3
2V1 2v1   V  V 2 
1
W =  PdV   P1 1     dV
Volume V(m3)   V 1  
V1 v1
(a) 80J, 90J (b) 120J, 60J 2V1 2 2
(c) 90J, 80J (d) 50J, 60J  V  V1  2VV1 
W = P1  1   dV
Solution: (a) V1 
V12 
(i) Work done in the process B  C, W = 0 2V1
 volume is constant and heat given to the system  V3 2V 2 
 W = P1  2V     W = 4/3 P1V1
Q = 50J (given)  3V12 2V1  V
1

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39
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
12. General Results for different process 13. Heat Engine
(i) For same volume expansion, work done by the It is a device which continuously converts heat
gas is maximum in isobaric process and least in energy into the mechanical energy in a cyclic
adiabatic process i.e. isothermal process is in process.


between both of them,  Efficiency of heat engine:

work output W Q1  Q2 Q
P = =  1 2
Isobaric heat input Q1 Q1 Q1
Isothermal Where Q1 is the heat supplied by the source and
Adiabatic Q2 is the heat rejected to the sink.


V Example : 9
(ii) For same compression in volume, work done by Hydrogen gas is filled in a vessel at 20ºC at a
the gas is maximum in adiabatic certain pressure. some gas is allowed to escape
from the vessel and the temperature of the vessel is
Adiabatic then raised to 40ºC to obtain the same pressure,
P
Isothermal then the fraction of the gas allowed to escape is
(a) 0.064 (b) 0.500 (c) 0.193 (d) 0.936
Isobaric Sol. (a)
Let initial n mole of gas was present in the vessel.
V then
(iii) Two isothermal curve for given mass never PV
n= ....(1)
intersect each other. RT1
Now let a fraction x escapes from the vessel. The
remaining gas is let n' mole, then
T2 T2 > T 1 n  n
P =x .... (2)
T1 n
PV
V and n' = ....(3)
RT2
(iv) For a given mass, isothermal curve and adiabatic
Thus using (1) and (3) in (2)
curve intersect each other. T T  T1 20
n
x=1– =1– 1 x= 2 = 
n T2 T2 (273  40)
P A  x = 0.064
Isothermal
Adiabatic
V
At A, Slope of isothermal curve = (slope of
adiabatic curve)
P
 Slope of isothermal curve = –
V
P
Slope of adiabatic curve = –
V
Note: Adiabatic process is the fastest process

40
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS

EXERCISE # 1
Specific heat of gases 6. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to
Based On
raise the temperature by 10 K when heated at
1. For an ideal gas, the heat capacity at constant constant pressure. If the same gas is heated at
pressure is larger than that at constant volume constant volume to raise the temperature by the
because– same 10 K, then the heat required is–
(A) Work is done during expansion of the gas (A) 198.7 J (B) 215.3 J
by the external pressure (C) 124 J (D) 24 J
(B) Work is done during expansion by the gas
7. Three bodies A, B and C of masses m, m and
against external pressure
(C) Work is done during expansion by the gas 3m respectively are supplied heat at a
against intermolecular forces of attraction constant rate. The change in temperature 
(D) More collisions occur per unit time when versus time t graph for A, B and C are shown
volume is kept constant by I, II and III respectively. If their specific
heat capacities are SA, SB and SC respectively
2. The temperature at the bottom of a high then which of the following relation is correct ?
waterfall is higher than that at the top because (Initial temperature of body is 0°C) :-
(A) by itself heat flows from higher to lower  I
temperature II
(B) the difference in height causes a difference in III
pressure
(C) thermal energy is transformed into mechanical
energy
/6
(D) mechanical energy is transformed into /3 /4
thermal energy t
(A) SA > SB > SC (B) SB = SC < SA
3. A closed container of volume 0.02m3 contains a (C) SA = SB = SC (D) SB = SC > SA
mixture of neon and argon gases, at a
8. Figure shows the adiabatic curve for 2 moles of
temperature of 27ºC and pressure of 1×105Nm–2. an ideal gas. The Bulk modulus
The total mass of the mixture is 28g. If the molar
masses of neon and argon are 20 and 40g per  dP 
 i.e. B   at the point P will be :–
mole, respectively, then the mass of the neon in   dV / V 
V
the container, assuming them to be ideal is –
(A) 4g (B) 14g (C) 24g (D) 7g
(T0,V)
4. An enclosed one mole of a monoatomic gas is P
0

taken through a process A to B as shown in the

figure. The specific heat of the gas for this
process is – 45°
T

2P0 B  T   T 
(A) R  1  0  (B) 2R  1  0 
 V0   V0 
P 2RT0
A (C) (D) None of these
P
V0
V0 V 2V0
9. An ideal CO2 gas obey the law PVx = constant.
(A) R (B) 2R (C) 3R (D) 4R
The value of x for which it has non positive
5. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at molar specific heat at normal temperature, is :–
constant pressure CP undergoes the process (A) –0.5 (B) 1.45 (C) 1.4 (D) –1.4
T = T0 + V where T0 and  are constants and 10. n moles of an ideal triatomic linear gas
the volume increases from V1 to V2, the undergoes a process in which the temperature
amount of heat transferred to the gas is – changes with volume as T = k1V2 where k1 is a
constant. Choose incorrect alternative.
(A) Cp R T0 n (V2/V1) (A) At normal temperature Cv= –R
(B) Cp (V2 – V1) /R T0 n (V2/V1) (B) At any temperature Cp–Cv=R
(C) At normal temperature molar heat capacity
(C) Cp(V2 – V1) + RT0 n (V2/V1) C=3R
(D) At any temperature molar heat capacity
(D) R T0 n (V2/V1) – Cp(V2 – V1)
C=3R
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41
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
11. A certain amount of ideal monoatomic gas Based On Work
undergoes process given by TV1/2 = C where T
is the temperature of the gas. The molar 15. An ideal gas goes from the state i to the state f
specific heat of the gas for the process will be as shown in figure. The work done by the gas
given by. during the process.
(A) R / 2 (B) 3R P
(C) 5R / 2 (D) – R / 2 f
12. The molar heat capacity of a monoatomic ideal
gas undergoing the process PV1/2 = constant is
(A)
15
R (B)
23 7
R (C) R (D) Zero
i
2 2 2
T
(A) Is positive (B) Is negative
13. A sample of gas is heated by three different
(C) Is zero
methods from same initial state as shown. In
(D) Cannot be obtained from this information
each methods heat supplied is the same. In (I)
piston moves up by some amount. In (II) piston
moves down and in (III) piston does not move. 16. In the figure shown here, the work done in the
Specific heat of the gas is calculate in each of process ACBA is –
the methods to be CI , CII and CIII.
m A
3P0

Pressure
m m

P0 B
(I) Gas (II) Gas C
V0 Volume 3V0
Heater Heater (A) 4P0V0 (B) 6P0V0
(C) – 2P0V0 (D) – 4P0V0

fixed 17. Consider the cyclic process ABCA on a sample

of 2.0 mol of an ideal gas as shown in fig. The
temperature of the gas at (A) and (B are 300K
(III) Gas and 500K respectively. A total of 1200 J heat is
with drawn from the sample in the process.
Find the work done by the
Heater gas in part BC. Take P C
R = 8.3 J/mol –K
(A) CI > CII > CIII (B) CII > CI > CIII (A) –3000 J
(C) CIII > CII > CI (D) CI > CIII > CII (B) + 3000 J
A B
14. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken (C) – 4520 J
along the process in which PVx = K. The graph (D) +4500 J V
shown represents the variation of molar heat
capacity of such a gas with respect to x. The 18. A gas expands in a piston-cylinder device from
values of c' and x' respectively are given by :- a
c V1 to V2, the process being described by P =
V
+ b. Where P: Pressure and V: Volume The
c' work done in process is –
(3/2)R V
(A) a n 1 + b ( V2 – V1 )
x' x V2
V
(B) – a n 2 – b ( V2 –V1)
V1
V
5 5 5 5 (C) – a n 1 – b ( V2 – V1 )
(A) R, (B) R, V2
2 2 2 3
7 7 5 7 V
(C) R, (D) R, (D) a n 2 + b ( V2 – V1 )
2 2 2 5 V1

42
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
19. A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is
shown in figure in the V-T diagram. The work
2P0 B
done in AB, BC and CA respectively by gas
are-
P A
C C
V2 P0

V
V0 2V0
V
V1 A B
9 5
T1 T2 (A) RT0 (B) RT0
T 2 2
V  11 15
(C) RT0 (D) RT0
(A) 0, RT2 n  1  , R ( T1 – T2 ) 2 2
 V2 
V  24. Three moles of an ideal monatomic gas
(B) R ( T1 – T2), 0, RT1 n  1  performs a cyclic process as shown in the
 V2  figure. The temperatures in different states are
V  T1 = 400 K, T2 = 800 K, T3 = 2400 K & T4 =
(C) 0 , RT2 n  2  , R ( T1 – T2) 1200 K. Determine the work done by the gas
 V1 
during the cycle. [Given R = 8.31 J-mole–1K–1)
V  P
(D) 0, RT2 n  2  , R ( T2 – T1) 2 3
 V1 
20. Calculate the work done on the gas when one
1
mole of a perfect gas is compressed 4
adiabatically. The initial pressure and volume
of the gas are 105 N/.m2 and 6 litres T
respectively. The final volume of the gas is 2
(A) 19.94 kJ (B) 22.65 kJ
litres. Molar specific heat of the gas at constant (C) 15.81 kJ (D) 10.37 kJ
volume is 3R/2 –
(A) 759 J (B) 974 J 25. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically
(C) 579 J (D) 597 J compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial
temperature to be T1, the work done in the
21. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature process is
of T K does 6R joule of work adiabatically. If the 9 3
(A) RT1 (B) RT1
ratio of specific heats of this gas at constant 8 2
pressure and at constant volume is 5/3, the final 15 9
(C) RT1 (D) RT1
temperature of gas will be– 8 2
(A) (T – 2.4) K (B) (T + 4) K
(C) (T – 4) K (D) (T + 2.4) K 26. Diagram shows T–P curve for three processes.
Work done in process 1, 2 and 3 (if initial and
22. N moles of an ideal diatomic gas are in a final pressure are same for all processes) is W1,
cylinder at temperature T. Suppose on W2 & W3 respectively. Choose the CORRECT
supplying heat to the gas, its temperature order of arrangement:
remain constant but n moles get dissociated 1
2
into atoms. Heat supplied to the gas is –
3
1
(A) Zero (B) nRT
2 T
3 3
(C) nRT (D) (N – n)RT
2 2

23. One mole of a monoatomic gas is taken from a P

point A to B along path ACB. The initial
temperature at A is T0. The heat absorbed by (A) W1 > W2 > W3 (B) W1 < W2 > W3
the gas in the process A  C  B is - (C) W1 < W2 < W3 (D) W1 = W2 = W3
aaa
43
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
First Law of thermodynamics U
Based On a b
27. 110 J of heat are added to a gaseous system by
which internal energy increases by 40 J, the
amount of work done is – d c
(A) 150 J (B) 70 J (C) 110 J (D) 40 J
V0 2Vu V
28. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of (A) 3200 J (B) Zero
50N/m2 from a volume of 10m3 to a volume of (C) 2100 J (D) 2291 J
4 m3. Energy of 100J is then added to the gas
by heating. Its internal energy is – 5
33. CP for an ideal gas is R. 2 moles of this gas
(A) Increased by 400J (B) Increased by 200J 2
(C) Increased by 100J (D) Decreased by 200J is taken in a thermodynamically insulated
system and 300 joules is supplied to the gas.
29. A piston shown in figure can move freely The increase in temperature, is :-
inside a non-conducting cylinder. One mole of 100 50 150 200
an ideal gas ( = 1.5) is in left chamber and (A) K (B) K (C) K (D) K
right chamber is evacuated. Initially the piston R R R R
is held at middle of cylinder and temperature of 34. The internal energy of a gas is given by
gas is 300K. If the piston is released suddenly, U = 5 + 2PV. It expands from V0 to 2V0 against
temperature of gas will become– a constant pressure P0. The heat absorbed by
the gas in the process is-
(A) –3P0V0 (B) 3P0V0
(C) 2P0V0 (D) P0V0
(A) 150K (B) 150 2K 35. Two equal quantities of the same gas at the
(C) 300K (D) 300 2K same temperature are contained within identical
containers A and B. The gas in A expands
30. When a system is taken from state i to state f
isothermally to twice its volume and that in B
along the path i a f, it is found that Q = 50 cal
expands adiabatically to twice its volume.
and W=20cal. Along the path i b f, Q = 36 cal.
Compared to the pressure of the gas in A, the
W along path i b f is –
P pressure of the gas in B is
a (A) greater (B) the same
f
(C) less (D) data insufficient
i b
36. In an H2 gas process, PV2 = constant. The ratio
O V
of work done by gas to change in its internal
(A) 30 cal (B) 16 cal (C) 6 cal (D) 14 cal
energy is
31. A sample of an ideal gas initially having (A) 2/3 (B) 0.4 (C) – 0.4 (D) 1.5
internal energy U1 is allowed to expand 37. Suppose 0.5 mole of an ideal gas undergoes an
adiabatically performing external work W. isothermal expansion as energy is added to it
Heat Q is then supplied to it, keeping the as heat Q. Graph shows the final volume Vf
volume constant at its new value, until the
pressure rises to its original value. The internal versus Q. The temperature of the gas is (use n 9 = 2
energy is then U2. The increase in internal 25
and R= J/mol-K)
energy, U2 – U1 is equal to– 3
pressure

0.3
)
3
V(m

0.2
f

Volume 0.1

(A) zero (B) W

0 500 1000 1500
(C) W – Q (D) Q – W Q(J)
(A) 293 K (B) 360 K (C) 386 K (D) 412 K
32. The figure given below shows the variation in
the internal energy U with volume V of 2.0 38. 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupying
mole of an ideal gas in a cyclic process a b c d volume V is adiabatically expanded from
a. The temperatures of the gas during the temperature 300K to a volume of 2 2 V. Then
processes a b and c d are 500K and 300K the final temperature & change in internal
respectively, the heat absorbed by the gas energy are respectively (R = 8.3)
during the complete process is :- (A) 150 K, – 3735 J (B) 140 K, – 3735 J
(Take R = 8.3 J/mol–K and n 2 = 0.69) (C) 150 K, – 3537 J (D) 140 K, – 3537 J

44
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
Isochoric, Isobaric, Isothermal, 45. During an adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a
Based On gas, the change in internal energy was found to
Adiabatic process
be equal to –100J. The work done during the
39. According to the first law of thermodynamics process by the gas will be equal to –
Q = dU + W, in an isochoric process – (A) –100 J
(A) Q = dU (B) Q = W (B) 100 J
(C) W = –dU (D) W = U (C) 200 J
40. In an isobaric process, the change in (D) Cannot be determined
temperature for 0.1 mole of N2 is 300K. The
46. A system changes from the state (P1, V1) to
work done by the gas is
(P2, V2) as shown in the figure below. What is
(Given CP – CV = 8.3 J/mole – K)
the work done by the system –
(A) 2490 J (B) 249 J (C) 24.90J (D) 2.490J
6×105
41. The heat energy given to a system in isothermal 5×105 (P2 ,V2)

Pressure in N/m2
process is used in – 4×105
(A) Increasing the internal energy 3×105
2×105
(B) Increasing temperature and doing external
1×105
work (P1 ,V1)
(C) Doing external work only
(D) Increasing internal energy, increasing
1 2 3 4 5
temperature and doing external work
Volume in metre 3
5 4
(A) 7.5 × 10 joule (B) 7.5 × 10 erg
42. For a given mass of a gas, the P-V graph for (C) 12 × 105 joule (D) 6 × 105 joule
isothermal variations at temperatures T1 and T2
(kelvin) are shown in figure. Then,
47. An ideal gas is taken through series of changes
ABCA. The amount of work involved in the
cycle is –
Pressure P

P
A
4P1

T C
T1 2 P1 B

Volume V V1 3V1 V
(A) T2 = T1 (A) 12P1V1 (B) 6P1V1
(B) T1 > T2 (C) 3P1V1 (D) P1V1
(C) T1 < T2
(D) Information is incomplete to decide about 48. In the figure shown here thermodynamic
temperatures system goes from initial state i to three possible
final states, A to B or C. Then the final state
43. During an adiabatic change for monatomic gas achieved by an isochoric process is–
the relation between pressure of a gas and C
 i
temperature T is P  Tx where x is –
3 5 2 5
Pressure

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2 2 5 3  A
B
44. In the figure shown, one of the curves is for Temperature
adiabatic process and one the curves is for
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) None
isothermal process. The most probable curve
49. During isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic
for adiabatic process is given by the curve –
process work done for same change in volume
will be maximum for –

(A) AB (B) CD (A) Isothermal (B) Isobaric

(C) EF (D) All of them (C) Adiabatic (D) None of these
aaa
45
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
50. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas (A) Monoatomic and undergoing an adiabatic
of constant mass ( = 7/5) changes adiabatically change
from (P, ) to (P´, ´if ´/ = 32 then P’/P (B) Monoatomic and undergoing an isothermal
should be change
(A) 1/28 (B) 32 (C) Diatomic and undergoing an adiabatic
(C) 128 (D) None of the above change
(D) Triatomic and undergoing an adiabatic
51. One mole of a perfect gas, initially at a pressure
change
and temperature of 105 N/m2 and 300 K
respectively expands isothermally until its 55. In an isothermal and reversible expansion of
volume is doubled and then adiabatically until 96 g of oxygen at 27ºC temperature, the work
its volume is again doubled. Find the total work done is 900 R log102. The ratio of final to
done during the isothermal and adiabatic processes. initial volume is–
(A) 1.35 (B) 1.25
(Given  = 1.4, n2 = 0.693, 20.4 = 1.319)
(C) 0.74 (D) 0.8
(A) 3332 J (B) 2333 J 56. Figure shows the variation of internal energy U
(C) 3233 J (D) 2233 J with the volume V of 1mole of an ideal gas in a
52. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V cyclic process abcda. The temperature of the
and temperature T is allowed to expand gas at b and c are 400 K and 200 K
adiabatically until its volume becomes 5.66V respectively. Heat absorbed by the gas during
while its temperature fall to T/2. Obtain the work the complete cycle is
done by the gas during the expansion as a
function of the initial pressure P and volume V.
U
(n 5.66 = 1.733) a b
(A) 12.5 PV (B) 1.25 PV
(C) 125 PV (D) 0.125 PV d c
53. A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes the V
change represented by XYZX below (shown 1m 3 2m 3
in figure) which one of the following sets could
describe this of changes?
(A) 200 R ln2
Y
(B) 600 R ln2
Pressure

(C) 400 R ln2

(D) Data is not sufficient.
X Z
O Volume
57. Figure shows the variation of the internal
Which one of the following sets could describe energy U with density  of one mole of an ideal
this set of changes? monatomic gas for thermodynamic cycle
XY YZ ZX ABCA. Here process AB is a part of
(A) Isothermal adiabatic compression at rectangular hyperbola:-
expansion compression const. pressure
(B) Adiabatic isothermal pressure reduction U(J)
at expansion compression constant volume A C
(C) Isothermal adiabatic compression at
compression expansion const. pressure
(D) Adiabatic isothermal compression at B
compression expansion const. pressure  kg3
m
54. Logarithms of readings of pressure and (A)Process AB is isothermal & net work in
volume for an ideal gas were plotted on a graph
as shown in figure. By measuring the gradient, cycle is done by gas.
it can be shown that the gas may be– (B)Process AB is isobaric & net work
log (P)
incycle is done by gas.
2.38 (C) Process AB is isobaric & net work in
2.30
cycle is done on the gas.
2.20
2.10 (D) Process AB is adiabatic & net work in
log(V) cycle is done by gas.
1.10 1.20 1.30

46
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
58. If the pressure P and volume V of a gas are 60. An ideal gas system whose initial pressure is P0
related by the equation PV = constant where  is subjected to changes in volume by

is a positive constant. Then the graph of isothermal, isobaric & adiabatic process
respectively and on reducing its volume to half,
 dP / dV  versus V will be
P the pressure are respectively P1, P2, P3 then :-
y y (A) P1 > P2 > P3
(B) P2 > P3 > P1
(A) x (B) x (C) P3 > P1 > P2
(D) P3 > P2 > P1

y
y

(C) x (D) x

59. One mole of a gas is subjected to two process

AB and BC, one after the other as shown in the
figure. BC is represented by PVn = constant.
We can conclude that (where T= temperature,
W = work done by gas, V = volume and U =
internal energy)
P
A B

V
V0 2V0 3V0

(A) TA = TB = TC
(B) VA < VB, PB < PC
(C) WAB < WBC
(D) UA < UB

aaa
47
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I

EXERCISE # 2
One or More Than One Correct Answer 4. Two moles of helium gas is taken through the
Question cycle ABCDA as shown in the figure. If
Type Questions
TA = 1000 K, 2PA = 3PB = 6PC.
1. A certain amount of perfect gas undergoes P A
changes in pressure and volume as shown in adiabatic
figure. During this change– B
isochoric
P
20 isochoric
D
15
10 adiabatic C
V
5
(A) work done by the gas in the process A to B
V
0 2 4 6 8 10 is 3741 J.
(A) No heat is absorbed by the gas from outside (B) heat lost by the gas in the process B to C is
(B) External work is done by the gas 10600 J.
(C) temperature TD is 2000 K.
(C) The temperature of the gas is constant
(D) none of these
(D) The internal energy of the gas remains
constant 5. One mole of monoatomic gas is taken through
cyclic process shown below. TA = 300 K.
Process AB is defined as PT = constant.
2. Three identical adiabatic containers A, B and C P
contain helium, neon and oxygen respectively
at equal pressure and equal number of moles. B C
3P0
The gases are pushed to half their original
P0 A
volumes.
(A) The final temperatures in the three
containers will be the same T
(B) The final pressures of helium and oxygen
(A) Work done in process AB is –400 R.
will be the same but that of neon will be (B) Change in internal energy in process CA is
different 900 R.
(C) The final pressure of helium and neon will (C) Heat transferred in the process BC is 2000 R.
be the same but that of oxygen will be (D) Change in internal energy in process CA is
different –900 R.
(D) The final temperatures of helium and neon 6. Which of the following processes must violate
will be the same but that of oxygen will be the first law of thermodynamics (Q= W+Eint)?
different (A) W > 0, Q < 0 and Eint > 0
3. A gas undergoes change in its state from state (B) W > 0, Q < 0 and Eint < 0
A to state B, via three different paths as shown (C) W < 0, Q > 0 and Eint < 0
in the figure. Select the correct alternative(s) :– (D) W > 0, Q > 0 and Eint < 0
P 7. Consider a cylinder filled with an ideal gas
closed by a frictionless and massless movable
1 piston. The gas undergoes different
A
2
B processes.fQ represents heat supplied to
system, W work done by gas on surroundings
3
and U is change in internal energy of the gas
V then choose the CORRECT statement(s)
(A) Change in internal energy in all the three (A)For an isothermal expansion and
paths is equal. compression Q is always greater than zero
(B) In all the three paths heat is absorbed by the and U = 0
gas. (B) For an isothermal expansion and
(C) Heat absorbed / released by the gas is compression Q > 0 and Q < 0
maximum in path (1). respectively and U = 0 in both cases
(D) Temperature of the gas first increases and (C) In adiabatic expansion W> 0 and U<0.
then decreases continuously in path (1). (D) In free expansion U = W = Q = 0

48
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
8. A rectangular narrow U-tube has equal arm 11. A gas may expand either adiabatically or
lengths and base length, each equal to . The isothermally. A number of P–V curves are
vertical arms are filled with mercury up to /2 drawn for the two processes over different
ranges of pressure and volume. It will be found
and then one end is sealed. By heating the
enclosed gas all the mercury is expelled. If that:
atmospheric pressure is P0, the density of (A) Two adiabatic curves do not intersect.
mercury is  and cross-sectional area is S, then (B) Two isothermal curves do not intersect.
[Neglect thermal expansion of glass and (C) An adiabatic curve and an isothermal curve
mercury] may intersect.
(D) The magnitude of the slope of an adiabatic
curve is greater than the magnitude of the
 slope of an isothermal curve for the same
/ 2 values of pressure and volume.

12. Suppose that the volume of a certain ideal
(A) Work done by the gas against the gas is to be doubled by one of the following
5
atmospheric pressure is P0S processes:
2
(1) Isothermal expansion
(B) Work done by the gas against the gravity is
(2) Adiabatic expansion
7
Sg2 (3) Free expansion in insulated condition
4
(C) Work done by the gas against the (4) Expansion at constant pressure.
atmospheric pressure is P0S If E1,E2,E3 and E4 respectively are the
changes in average kinetic energy of the
(D) Word done by the gas against the gravity is
molecules for the above four processes, then-
Sg2
(A) E2 = E3 (B) E1 = E3
9. The graph below shows V-P curve for three (C) E1 > E4 (D) E4 > E3
processes.
V 13. An ideal gas expands according to the law
3 2 1 PV3/2 = constant. We than conclude that:-
(A) The ratio of the specific heats,  for the
gas = 1.5
(B) The molar heat capacity is C = Cv – 2R
P
(C) Temperature increases during the process
Choose the correct statement(s)
(D) Temperature decreases during the process
(A) Work done is maximum in process 1.
(B) Temperature must increase in process 2 & 3.
14. One mole of an ideal gas is carried through a
(C) Heat must be supplied in process 1.
(D) If final volume of gas in process 1, 2 and 3 thermodynamic cycle as shown in the figure.
are same then temperature must be same. The cycle consists of an isochoric, an
isothermal and an adiabatic processes. The
10. A fixed quantity of an ideal gas can be
expanded from an initial state to a certain adiabatic exponent of the gas is . Choose the
volume through two different processes: correct option(s).
(i) PV2 = constant and Pressure (P)
(ii) P = KV2 where K is a constant. Then 3P0 C
(A) Final temperature in (i) will be greater than
P0 B
that in (ii)
P0/2 A
(B) Final temperature in (ii) will be greater than
that in (i) Volume(V)
VC V0
(C) Heat is given to the gas in (i) & rejected by
the gas in (ii) ln 6 ln 5
(A)   (B)  
(D) Heat is given to the gas in (ii) & rejected by ln 3 ln 3
the gas in (i) (C) BC is adiabatic (D) AC is adiabatic
aaa
49
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
15. A ideal gas performs a process as shown in V/T Graph (i) does not contain the information
diagram. Choose the correct option(s) regarding process, BC, CD & DA and Graph
V
(ii) does not contain information about process
AB, BC & CD. Graph (iii) contains a process
but does not indicate which process it is from
T AB, BC, CD or DA. Student has gathered the
a b
(A) The process cannot be represented as P V
information that process CD is a isobaric
Tc = constant, where a, b, c are real
numbers. compression.
(B) Specific heat capacity of process depends In light of above discussion answer the
on temperature following question.
(C) Pressure of the gas continuously decreases
(D) Pressure of the gas continuously increases 17. Which process does the graph (iii) represent
(A) AB (B) BC (C) CD (D) DA
16. Choose the CORRECT statement(s):-
(A) Bulk modulus of isothermal process is P 18. What is the net work done in the cyclic
and for isobaric process is zero. process?
(B) Bulk modulus of adiabatic process is P and 5 15
for isochoric process is not define. (A) 5 J (B) 10 J (C) J (D) J
2 2
T2 19. Graph (iii) represents
(C) Bulk modulus process = constant is 2P.
P (A) Heating of gas (B) cooling of gas
(D) Bulk modulus is defined only for ideal
(C) Isobaric process (D) Isothermal process
gases.
Question Passage Based Type Questions 20. What is the change in internal energy of gas in
Passage # 1 (Q.17 to Q.21) BC if gas was one mole He.
A fresher student of Career Point found that his last (A) 5000 J (B) 10000 J (C) 2500 J (D) 4000 J
year Heat & thermodynamic note book is destroyed
by cockroach. He tries to prepare fresh note book for 21. Which graph is correct for process CD.
the same topic while copying the available
information and applying his own logical thinking on
P P
the part which is deformed by cockroach. But he feels (A) (B)
helpless in one part where he is not able to identify
missing information. He copied the information T V
regarding a cyclic process in which incomplete graphs
are shown.
V V
A B (C) (D)
1 atm
T T
(i) P
Passage # 2 (Q.22 to Q.24)
100 cm3
200 cm3 Three processes compose a thermodynamics cycle
V
shown in the PV diagram. Process 12 takes place at
A constant temperature. Process 23 takes place at
(ii) P constant volume, and process 31 is adiabatic.
1 D
2
atm During the complete cycle, the total amount of work
done is 10 J. During process 23, the internal energy
200 K 400 K
T decrease by 20J and during process 31, 20 J of
work is done on the system.

(iii) V

400 K 800 K
T

50
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
22. How much heat is added to the system during P1V 1 1 P2V2
process 12 is P A B
(A) 0 (B) 10 J 2
4
(C) 20 J (D) 30 J
D P4V4 3 C P3V 3
23. Change in temperature in 2 3 if sample
consists of one mole of monoatomic gas is
(A) 10/3R (B) 20/3R
V
(C) 30/3R (D) 40/3R 28. Change in internal energy of gas in process (3)
is:-
24. Average molar specific heat for process 1  2 (A) – 450 R (B) 200 R
 3 is (C) – 200R (D) 750R
(A) R/4 (B) R/2
29. Heat absorbed by the gas in process (1) is :-
(C) 3R/4 (D) R
(A) 450 R (B) 750 R
(C) 200 R (D) zero
Passage # 3 (Q.25 to Q.27)
One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a
30. Efficiency of cycle ABCD is
cyclic process as shown in figure. Temperature at
n2 1  2n2
point 1 = 300 K and process 2-3 is isothermal. (A) (B)
5  2n2 5  4n2
P
3P0
2 2n2 2n2
(C) (D)
5  4n2 4  5n2
P0 3
1
Passage # 5 (Q.31 to Q.33)
v A piston enclose some gas in the cylindrical vessel
V0 3V0
with horizontal longitudinal axis as shown in the
25. Net work done by gas in complete cycle is drawing. The initial pressure of the air is equal to the
(A)  9n3  12  P0 V0 (B)  9n3  4  P0 V0 external atmospheric pressure of 105 Pa. The cross-
(C)  9n3  4  P0 V0 (D)  9 n3  8  P0 V0 sectional area of the piston is 0.03 m2. An originally
unstretched spring with spring constant 2000 N/m is
attached to the piston. The walls of the vessel and the
26. Heat capacity of process 1  2 is
piston are perfectly insulated. The initial volume of
R 3R
(A) (B) the enclosed air is 0.024 m3 and its initial temperature
2 2
is 300 K. The air is heated to 360 K with a heating
5R
(C) (D)2R filament built into the vessel.
2

27. The efficiency of cycle is

 9n3  4   9n3  4 
(A)   (B)   31. Find the displacement of the piston caused by
 9n3  12   9n3  12 
the heating.
 9n3  4   9n3  12 
(C)   (D)   (A) 0.1 m (B) 0.2 m (C) 0.5 m (D) 0.3 m
 9n3  16   9n3  16 

32. Work done by gases is :

Passage # 4 (Q.28 to Q.30)
(A) 310 J (B) 280 J (C) 160 J (D) 240 J
Diagram shows P-V graph for 1 mole of a monatomic
ideal gas consisting of two isobar [1 and 3] and two
33. Find the energy delivered by the heating
isotherms [2 and 4]. The temperature of isotherms are
filament.
300 K and 600 K. The minimum volume of gas is
(A) 1000 J (B) 1200 J
given V1 and maximum volume is 4V1.
(C) 1400 J (D) 1510 J

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51
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
Passage # 6 (Q.34 to Q.36) 38. The work done on the gas in the right chamber
2 moles of an ideal, diatomic gas, initially at pressure is
P0 and volume V0, undergoes an adiabatic 9 9
(A) P0 V0 (B) – P0 V0
V 2 2
compression till its volume becomes 0 . The gas is
4 13 17
(C) P0 V0 (D) P0 V0
then given a heat Q at constant volume. 2 2

39. The change in internal energy of the gas in the

34. Total work done by the gas is :–
left chamber is
5 3
(A) P0 V0 1  41.4 
2 2

(B) P0 V0 1  40.4  (A)
186
RT0 (B)
177
RT0
4 4
5
(C) P0 V0 1  4 0.4  (D) None of these 59 131
2 (C) RT0 (D) RT0
2 4
35. Final pressure of the gas is :–
1.4 1.6Q 1.4 1.6Q 40. The heat absorbed by the left chamber is
(A) P0  4   (B) P0  4  
V0 V0 9 177
(A) RT0 (B) RT0
1.6Q 4 4
1.4
(C) P0  4   (D) None of these 186 168
5V0 (C) RT0 (D) RT0
4 4
36. The total change in internal energy of the gas
is:– Passage # 8 (Q.41 to Q.43)
5 An ideal gas with the ratio of its specific heats = ,
(A) P0 V0  42 /5  1  Q
2 undergoes a process in which its internal energy U is
5
(B) P0 V0  42 /5  1  Q given by U = aV where a and  are constants.
2
3 41. If the internal energy of the gas is to increases
(C) P0 V0  42 /5  1  Q
2 by U, find the amount of heat Q, needed to
(D) None of these be given:-
(A) Q = U
Passage # 7 (Q.37 to Q.40)
 U
One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas occupies two (B)  Q 

chambers of a cylinder partitioned by means of a
movable piston. The walls of the cylinder as well as  
(C) Q = = U 1  
the piston are thermal insulators. Initially equal  
amounts of gas fill both the chambers at (P0, V0, T0).    1
(D) Q = U 1 
A coil is burnt in the left chamber which absorbs heat   
and expands, pushing the partition to the right. The 42. The work W performed by the gas when its
gas on the right chamber is compressed until to internal energy increases by U :-
pressure becomes 32 P0. U
(A) W = U (B) W 

(   1) U
P0,V,T P0,V,T (C) W  (D) W = 0
0 0 0 0


43. The molar specific heat C of the gas during the

process :-
37. The final volume of left chamber is
R R
V 15 (A) C  (B) C 
(A) 0 (B) V0  1 
8 8
C v R R
7 9 (C) C  (D) C  
(C) V0 (D) V0   1 
8 8

52
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
Passage # 9 (Q.44 to Q.46) 45. The total amount of heat absorbed by the
Figure shows the variation of the internal energy U system for cyclic process is :-
with the density  of one mole of ideal monoatomic  10   10 
gas for a thermodynamics cycle ABCA. Here process (A)  ln 2.5  2  U 0 (B)  ln 0.4  2  U 0
 3   5 
AB is a part of rectangular hyperbola.
(C) 50U0 (D) None of these

U 46. The work done in process AB is :-

5U0 A C
(A) –U0 (B) –2U0
(C) –5U0 (D) None of these
2U0 B

20 50 

44. The P-V diagram of above process :-

B
C P C
P
(A) (B)
A A
B
V V
C
P

(C) (D) None of these

A B
V

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53
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I

EXERCISE # 3
Question Column Match Type Questions 5. Match the graph for an ideal monoatomic gas in
1. W-represents work done by the system and different process for constant mass of gas ( =
Q represents heat absorbed by the system density of gas)
(TA < TD) Column I Column II
P P
A D B
B

P C
B (A) A (p) C
V C A
V T
Column I Column II 
P
(A) AB (p) W > 0 A
B
(B) BC (q) W < 0
(C) CD (r) Q > 0 (B) A (q) B
C C
(D) DA (s) Q < 0
T T
V 
2. For various thermodynamic processes, match
B A
the following - B
Column I Column II
(C) A (r)
(A) Isochoric Heating (p)  Q > O C C

(B) Isobaric Expansion (q) W > O T T

 
(C) Isothermal Expansion (r)  U > O
B C
(D) Adiabatic Expansion (s)  W < O A

(D) A (s)
3. Column I C B
(A) Temperature T T
(B) Equipartition law translational K.E.
(C) Translational K.E. for all one mole ideal gas 6. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken
(D) Internal energy of an ideal gas round the cyclic process ABCA as shown in
Column II figure.
f P
(p) nRT 3P0 B
2
(q) Measure of average per molecule
(r) same for all degrees of freedom P0 C
A
3 V
(s) RT V0 2V0
2
4. A sample of gas undergoes a transition from an Column - I
initial state ‘a’ to a final state ‘b’ by three (A) The work done by the gas during complete
different paths (processes), as shown in the p-V cycle
diagram in Figure. Based on diagram match the (B) Heat absorbed by the gas in the path AB
following- (C) The minimum temperature attained by the
3pi/2 c gas during the cycle.
Pressure

pi a (D) The maximum temperature attained by the

b
pi/2
d gas during the cycle.
v1 5v1 Column - II
Volume 25P0 V0
Column I Column II (p)
8R
(A) Varying Pressure (p) in process ‘ac’ PV
(B) Varying Volume (q) in process ‘cb’ (q) 0 0
R
(C) Varying Temp. (r) in process ‘ab’
(r) P0V0
(D) Decrease in (s) in process ‘db’
(s) 3P0V0
internal Energy
(t) 2P0V0

54
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
7. Column I Column II
(Pressure volume graph) (W is work done by
gas, (B)
Q heat supply to gas)
P

A block is released from rest from massless

(A) (p) W > 0 elastic string at natural length. After a few
oscillations, block comes to rest. The string
V is the system. Assume the whole set-up is in
P
vacuum. All joints insulated.

steam
(B) (q) W < 0
(C)
1/ V
P

Water is boiled in a closed container with a

(C) (r) Q > 0 movable light piston. The container with its
contents is the system.
V (D) A monatomic ideal gas undergoes a process
P PT3 = constant. Gas is the system. Pressure
increases during the process.
(D) (s) Q < 0
10. Column I shows certain thermodynamic
V2
systems and column II represents
8. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals to thermodynamic properties.
7 Column I
  is expanded according to the law P=2V.
5 (A) An ideal gas is filled in a thermally
The initial volume of the gas is equal to V0= 1 insulated cylindrical vessel of height h
unit. As a result of expansion the volume which is enclosed by a massless thermally
25 insulating piston. Mercury is filled above
increases 4 times. (Take R = units) the piston as shown. Now gas is slowly
3
Column - I supplied heat. Mercury does not spill.
(A) Work done by the gas
(B) Increment in internal energy of the gas
(C) Heat supplied to the gas
(D) Molar heat capacity of the gas in the process
Column - II
(p) 25 units
(q) 45 units
(r) 75 units
(s) 15 units (B) A thermally insulated cylindrical vessel is
9. In column I, statement about heat given to the enclosed by a light piston. The piston is
system, work and internal energy are given. connected to ceiling by an ideal spring as
Symbols have their usual meaning use first law shown in figure. Spring is initially relaxed
of the thermodynamics in form Q = U + and then heat is supplied slowly to the ideal
W. Match the situations in column II with gas in the vessel. The system is kept in
statements in column I. open atmosphere.
Column I

v0
(A)
m Rough ground
gas

Block is the system. Assume no heat is lost

to surrounding till the block comes to rest.

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55
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
(C) A thermally insulated cylindrical vessel is Column-I Column-II
enclosed by a light thermally insulated (A) Q > 0 (p) In figure (i)
piston. Some sand is kept on top of piston (B) W < 0 (q) In figure (ii)
as shown in figure. The system is kept in (C) Q < 0 (r) In figure (iii)
open atmosphere. Now sand grains are (D) W > 0 (s) In figure (iv)
removed slowly one by one. (t) In figure (v)
12. The straight lines in the figure depict the
variations in temperature T as a function of
the amount of heat supplied Q in different
process involving the change of state of a
gas
monoatomic and a diatomic ideal gas. The
initial states (P,V,T) of the two gases are the
same. Match the processes as described, with
(D) A good conducting cylindrical vessel is the straight lines in the graph as numbered.
enclosed by a light thermally insulated T
1
piston. Some sand is kept on top of piston 2
as shown in figure. The system is kept in
3
open atmosphere. Now sand grains are
added slowly one by one.
O Q
Column-I
(A) Iosbaric process of monoatomic gas.
(B) Isobaric process of diatomic gas
gas (C) Isochoric process of monoatomic gas
(D) Isochoric process of diatomic gas
Column-II
Column II (p) 1
(p) Internal energy of the gas is increasing. (q) 2
(q) Pressure of the gas is increasing. (r) 3
(r) Temperature of the gas is decreasing. (s) x-axis (i.e. 'Q' axis)
(s) Work done by gas is positive. 13. Volume versus pressure curves for one mole of
(t) The process is neither isobaric, isochoric, an ideal gas are given for four processes as
isothermic or adiabatic. shown in figure.
(B  Adiabatic process, C Isothermal
11. The figure given below show different process process)
for a given amount for an ideal gas. W is V
work done by the system and Q is heat
absorbed by the system. V2
P P D
C
B

(i) (ii) adiabatic

V1
A
1/V V

P P P
P2 P1
Column–I
(iii) (iv) (A) For process A
(B) For process B
V V (C) For process C
(D) For process D
P
Column–II
(p) Work done by the gas is positive.
(v) (q) Temperature will increase.
(r) Heat supplied is positive.
V (s) Change in internal energy is negative.

56
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
14. An ideal gas is taken along the reversible 17. An ideal monoatomic gas is enclosed in a
processes as represented by the adjoining vertical cylinder of cross section area A and
diagram. length , under frictionless piston connected to
p(N/m2)
spring of spring constant K. Atmosphere
B C pressure is such that in absence of gas under the
15
piston, equilibrium of piston is achieved when
10 piston just touches the bottom of the cylinder
and spring is in stretched configuration. Q
5 amount of heat is supplied to gas slowly to
A
V(m )
3 move piston to the upper edge. Initially volume
2 6 1
Column-I Column-II occupied by gas is rd of the volume of
3
(A) For process B  C (p) Q > 0
K 2
(B) For process A  B (q) W > 0 cylinder. If Q = 2 , find , (through the
9
(C) For cycle A  B  C  A (r) U > 0
motion of the piston spring is in stretched
(D) For process C  A (s) W = 0 configuration)
(t) Q < 0

15. Respective graphs for adiabatic process for

ideal gas taking first term on the ordinate and
second term on the abscise.
Column I
(A) Pressure-Temperature
18. Heat leads into a vessel containing 1 mole of an
(B) Volume-Temperature
ideal monoatomic gas at a constant rate of
(C) Pressure-Volume
R –1
(D) Pressure-Internal Energy Js where R is the universal gas constant. It
4
Column II is observed that the gas expands at a constant
dV V0
rate  where V0 is the initial
(p) (q) dt 400 second
volume. The initial temperature is given T0 = 40 K.
The rate of change in temperature of the gas at

(r) (s) t = 0 is K/s, then find the value of .
20
19. In a massive metal cylinder of height h = 1 m,
closed on top by a moving piston is an ideal
(t) gas. On top of the piston we gently put weight.
The piston immediately dropped by x = 2.5 cm,
over a long time it was seen that the piston
Question Numerical Type Questions comes down another x’ = 1 cm. Determine the
degree of freedom for the molecules of the gas.
Room temperature is constant, gas does not
16. When a system is taken from state a to state b
leak out. Use binomial approximation.
along the path a-c-b (see figure), 60 J of heat
flows into the system and 30 J of work is done 20. One mole of a gas is taken from state A to state
by the system. Along the path a-d-b, if the work B as shown in figure.
done by the system is 10 J, heat flows into the
Work done by the gas is  × 10 J. Find the
system is 10x J. Find x.
p 25
value of . (Given : T1=320 K, R= )
b 3
c
P
2P0 B

T1
P0 A
a d
2V0 V
V V0

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57
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
21. A container having base area A0. Contains
mercury upto a height 0. At its bottom a thin 4p0 C

tube of length 40 and cross-section area A

(A<<A0) having lower end closed is attached. p0 A B
Initially the length of mercury in tube is 30. In
V
remaining part 2 mole of a gas at temperature T V0 3V0 4V0
is closed as shown in figure. Determine the 25. A cylinder of cross-section area A has two
work done (in joule) by gas if all mercury is pistons of negligible mass separated by
displaced from tube by heating slowly the gas
distances  loaded with spring of negligible
in the rear end of the tube by means of a heater.
(Given : density of mercury = , atmospheric mass. An ideal gas at temperature T1 is in the
cylinder where the springs are relaxed. When
pressure P0 = 20g, CV of gas = 3/2 R,
the gas is heated by some means its temperature
A= (3/)m2, 0 = (1/9) m, all units in S.I.) becomes T2 and the springs get compressed by
container 
P0
each. If P0 is atmospheric pressure and
A0 2
Hg 2P0 A
spring constant k = , then find the ratio of

A T2 & T1.

\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\
gas

22. 0.01 moles of an ideal diatomic gas is enclosed

in an adiabatic cylinder of cross-sectional area 26. Between two isotherms we have a cycle as
A = 10–4m2. In the arrangement shown, a block shown. The work done by the gas during the
of mass M = 0.8 kg is placed on a horizontal cycle is N × 15 J. Find N?
support and piston of mass m = 1 kg is [Take T1 = 127°C, T2 = 16°C, n = 1 mole]
suspended from a spring of stiffness constant k
= 16 N/m. Initially, the spring is relaxed and
the volume of the gas is V = 1.4 × 10–4 m3. T4
P T1
M

k
T3
T2
m

V
27. How far can I move (in …. × 15 cm) the piston
When the gas in the cylinder is heated up the of cross-section A1, in the device shown in
piston starts moving up and the spring gets figure, so that 40% of the air enclosed remains.
compressed so that the block M is just lifted up. (The atmospheric pressure p0 = 10 N/cm2,
The heat supplied (in Joule) is 25 x. Find density of liquid = 5 g/cm3,  = 20cm, A1 =
the value of x. Take atmospheric pressure
4cm2, A2 = 1 cm2. The temperature is constant.
P0 = 105 Nm–2, g = 10 m/s2
The piston is massless and the initial height of
23. The relation between internal energy U, gas in cylinder is 110 cm.
pressure P and volume V of a gas in an
adiabatic process is: U=a+bPV where a = b = 3.
Calculate the greatest integer of the ratio of A1
specific heats []. A2
24. A certain quantity of ideal gas takes up 56 J of 
heat in the process AB and 360 J in the process
AC. What is the number of degrees of freedom
of the gas.

58
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
28. Consider the adjacent figure, an adiabatic 30. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken
partition divides a cylindrical container into from state A to state B through the process P =
two parts. The left part contains 1 mole of 3 1/2
T . It is found that its temperature increases
helium gas and the right part contains two 2
moles of oxygen gas. The initial temperatures by 115.2 K in this process. Now it is taken from
state B to C through a process for which
and pressures of the gases in the left chamber
1
T internal energy is related to volume as U =
are T0 & P0 and the right chamber are 0 & P0 2
2 V1/2. The volume at B is100 m3 and at C it is
respectively, as shown in the figure. The piston 1600 m3, then the total work performed by the
as well as the walls of the container are gas is
adiabatic. After removal of the piston, gases  × 102 J. Fill  ?
mix homogeneously and the final pressure 25
(Use R = J/mol-K)
4n 3
becomes P = P0 . Find the value of n.
13
Adiabatic
partition wall

1 mole He 2 mole O2
P0, T0 P0, T0/2

29. A certain amount of a mono-atomic ideal gas

undergoes a process u = C, where  is the
density of the gas and u is the internal energy of
W
the gas. It was found that the ratio r = for
Q
the process was r = 2/3. What is the value of ?

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59
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I

EXERCISE # 4
Question Previous Year (JEE Mains) 8. A Carnot engine operating
between
1
1. The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to temperatures T1 and T2 has effeiciency .
compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically 6
and in this process the temperature of the gas When T2 is lowered by 62 K, its efficiency
increases by 7oC. The gas is [AIEEE–2006] increases to
1
. Then T1 and T2 are,
(R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1) 3
(A) Diatomic respectively : [AIEEE-2011]
(B) Triatomic (A) 372 K and 310 K
(C) Mixture of monoatomic and diatomic (B) 372 K and 330 K
(D) Monoatomic (C) 330 K and 268 K
(D) 310 K and 248 K
2. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of  =
1/10 as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If 9. Helium gas goes through a cycle ABCDA
the work done on the system is 10 J, the (consisting of two isochoric and isobaric lines)
amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir as shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is
at lower temperature is [AIEEE - 2007] nearly: (Assume the gas to be close to ideal
(A) 99 J (B) 90 J (C) 1 J (D) 100 J gas) [AIEEE 2012]
3. When a system is taken from state i to state f
along the path iaf, it is found that Q = 50 cal
and W = 20 cal. Along the path ibf Q = 36 cal.
W along the path ibf is : [AIEEE - 2007]

(A) 15.4% (B) 9.1%

(C) 10.5% (D) 12.5%
10. The below p-v diagram represents the
(A) 6 cal (B) 16 cal
(C) 66 cal (D) 14 cal
thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating
with an ideal monoatomic gas. The amount of
Directions : Question number 4, 5 and 6 are heat, extracted from the source in a single cycle
based on the following paragraph. is : [JEE-Mains 2013]
Two moles of helium gas are taken over the
cycle ABCDA, as shown in the P-T diagram.
[AIEEE-2009]

 13 
(A) p0v0 (B)   p 0 v0
4. Assume the gas to be ideal the work done on 2
the gas in taking it from A to B is :  11 
(A) 200 R (B) 300 R (C) 400 R (D) 500 R (C)   p 0 v0 (D) 4p0v0
2
5. The work done on the gas in taking it from D to
A is 11. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a
(A) –414 R (B) + 414 R cyclic process ABC as shown in figure. The
(C) – 690 R (D) + 690 R process BC is adiabatic. The temperatures at A,
B and C are 400K, 800K and 600 K
6. The net work done on the gas in the cycle respectively. Choose the correct statement :
ABCDA is: [JEE-Mains 2014]
(A) Zero (B) 276 R
(C) 1076 R (D) 1904 R
7. 100g of water is heated from 30ºC to 50ºC
ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the
change in its internal energy is (specific heat of
water is 4184 J/Kg/K) : [AIEEE-2011]
(A) 4.2 kJ (B) 8.4 kJ (C) 84 kJ (D) 2.1 kJ

60
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
(A) The change in internal energy in whole 16. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas
cyclic process is 250 R. occupies a volume V at 27°C. The gas expands
(B) The change in internal energy in the process
adiabatically to a volume 2V. Calculate (i) the
CA is 700 R
(C) The change in internal energy in the process final temperature of the gas and (ii) change in
AB is – 350 R its internal energy. [JEE Main 2018]
(D) The change in internal energy in the process (A) (i) 189 K (ii) – 2.7 kJ
BC is – 500 R (B) (i) 195 K (ii) 2.7 kJ
12. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in (C) (i) 189 K (ii) 2.7 kJ
such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above (D) (i) 195 K (ii) –2.7 kJ
the mercury level. The open end of the tube is
17. A gas can be taken from A to B via two
then closed and sealed and the tube is raised
vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will be different processes ACB and ADB.
P
length of the air column above mercury in the C B
tube now ?
(Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg)
A D
[JEE-Mains 2014] V
(A) 16 cm (B) 22 cm When path ACB is used 60 J of heat flows into
(C) 38 cm (D) 6 cm the system and 30 J of work is done by the
13. Consider a spherical shell of radius R at system. If path ADB is used work done by the
temperature T. The black body radiation inside it system is 10J. The heat flow into the system in
can be considered as an ideal gas of photons with path ADB is : [JEE Main Online-2019]
U (A) 80 J (B) 20 J (C) 100 J (D) 40 J
internal energy per unit volume u =  T4 and
V
pressure
18. Two Carrnot engines A and B are operated in
1 U 
p =   . If the shell now undergoes an series. The first one, A, receives heat at T1 (=
3 V  600 K) and rejects to a reservoir at temperature
adiabatic expansion the relation between T and R is T2. The second engine B receives heat rejected
: [JEE-Mains 2015] by the first engine and, in turn, rejects to a heat
–3R 1 reservoir at T3 (= 400 K). Calculate the
(A) T  e (B) T 
R temperature T2 if the work outputs of the two
1
(C) T = 3 (D) T  e–R engines are equal : [JEE Main Online-2019]
R (A) 400 K (B) 600 K (C) 500 K (D) 300 K
14. 'n' moles of an ideal gas undergoes a process A  19. Three Carnot engines operate in series between
B as shown in the figure. The maximum
a heat source at a temperature T1 and a heat
temperature of the gas during the process will
be : [JEE-Mains 2016] sink at temperature T4 (see figure). There are
two other reservoirs at temperature T2, and T3,
as shown, with T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 . The three
engines are equally efficient if:
[JEE Main Online-2019]
T1
1
T2
3P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2nR 2nR nR 4nR T3
3
15. The temperature of an open room of volume 30
m3 increases from 17ºC to 27ºC due to the T4
sunshine. The atmospheric pressure in the room
remains 1 × 105Pa. If ni and nf are the number (A) T2 = (T12T4)1/3 ; T3 = (T1T42)1/3
of molecules in the room before and after (B) T = (T T 2)1/3 ; T = (T 2T )1/3
2 1 4 3 1 4
heating, then nf– ni will be : [JEE-Mains 2017]
(C) T2 = (T13T4)1/4 ; T3 = (T1T43)1/4
(A) –1.61 × 1023 (B) 1.38 × 1023
(C) 2.5 × 10 25
(D) –2.5 × 1025 (D) T2 = (T1T4)1/2 ; T3 = (T12T4)1/3
aaa
61
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
20. A rigid diatomic ideal gas undergoes an 25. One mole of an ideal gas passes through a
adiabatic process at room temperature. The process where pressure and volume obey the
relation between temperature and volume of  1  V 2 
this process is TVx = constant, then x is : relation P  P0 1   0  
 2  V  
[JEE Main Online-2019]
(A) 5/3 (B) 2/5 (C) 2/3 (D) 3/5 . Here P0 and V0 are constants. Calculate the
21. For the given cyclic process CAB as shown for change in the temperature of the gas if its
a gas, the work done is: volume changes from V0 to 2V0.
[JEE Main Online-2019] [JEE Mains April-2019]
6.0 C A 1 P0 V0 3 P0 V0 5 P0 V0 1 P0 V0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 2 R 4 R 4 R 4 R
p(Pa)

4
3 26. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the
2 cyclic process abca as shown in the figure. The
1 B change in the internal energy of the gas along
1 2 3 4 5 3 the path ca is –180J. The gas absorbs 250 J of
V(m )
heat along the path ab and 60 J along the path
(A) 1 J (B) 5 J (C) 10 J (D) 30 J bc. The work done by the gas along the path
abc is : [JEE Mains April-2019]
22. The given diagram shows four processes i.e., c
isochoric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic.
The correct assignment of the processes, in the P
same order is given by : a b
[JEE Mains April-2019]
a V
P
(A) 100 J (B) 120 J (C) 140 J (D) 130 J
b
c 27. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When
d
the temperature of the sink is reduced by 62ºC,
V
its efficiency is doubled. The temperatures of
the source and the sink are, respectively
(A) d a c b (B) a d c b (C) a d b c (D) d a b c
[JEE Mains April-2019]
23. Following figure shows two processes A and B (A) 124ºC, 62ºC (B) 37ºC, 99ºC
for a gas. If QA and QB are the amount of (C) 62ºC, 124ºC (D) 99ºC, 37ºC
heat absorbed by the system in two cases, and
28. An engine takes in 5 moles of air at 20°C and 1
UA and UB are changes in internal energies,
respectively, then : [JEE Mains April-2019] atm, and compresses it adiabaticaly to l/l0th of
the original volume. Assuming air to be a
f
diatomic ideal gas made up of rigid molecules,
P A the change in its internal energy during this
B process comes out to be X kJ. The value of X to
the nearest integer is _____. [JEE Main 2020]
V
29. A heat engine is involved with exchange of heat of
(A) QA = QB ; UA = UB 1915 J, –40 J, +125 J and QJ, during one cycle
(B) QA > QB ; UA = UB achieving an efficiency of 50.0%. The value of Q is:
(C) QA > QB ;UA > UB [JEE Main 2020]
(D) QA < QB ; UA < UB (A) 640 J (B) 400 J
24. n moles of an ideal gas with constant volume (C) 980 J (D) 40 J
heat capcity Cv undergo an isobaric expansion 30. A balloon filled with helium (32°C and 1.7
by certain volume. The ratio of the work done atm.) bursts. Immediately afterwards the
in the process, to the heat supplied is : expansion of helium can be considered as:
[JEE Mains April-2019] [JEE Main 2020]
4nR nR (A) Irreversible isothermal
(A) (B)
C V  nR C V  nR (B) Irreversible adiabatic
nR 4nR (C) Reversible adiabatic
(C) (D) (D) Reversible isothermal
C V  nR C V  nR

62
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
31. If minimum possible work is done by a 37. 1 litre of a gas at STP is expanded adiabatically
refrigerator in converting 100 grams of water at to 3 litre. Find work done by the gas.
0°C to ice, how much heat (in calories) is Given  = 1.40 and 31.4 = 4.65
released to the surrounding at temperature 27°C [Take air to be an ideal gas] [JEE Main 2020]
(Latent heat of ice = 80 Cal/gram) to the (A) 100.8 J (B) 90.5 J
nearest integer? [JEE Main 2020] (C) 45 J (D) 18 J
32. Match the thermodynamic processes taking 38. A Carnot's engine operates between two
place in a system with the correct conditions. In reservoirs of temperature 900K and 300K. The
the table : Q is the heat supplied, W is the engine performs 1200 J of work per cycle. The
work done and U is change in internal energy heat energy delivered by the engine to the low
of the system : [JEE Main 2020] temperature reservoir in a cycle is:
Process Condition [JEE Main 2020]
(I) Adiabatic (A) W = 0 39. A refrigerator consumes an average 35 W
(II) Isothermal (B) Q = 0 power to operate between temperature –10°C
(III) Isochoric (C) U  0, W  0, Q  0 to 25°C. If there is no loss of energy then how
(IV) Isobaric (D) U = 0 much average heat per second does it transfer?
(A) I-B, II-D, III-A, IV-C [JEE Main 2021]
(B) I-B, II-A, III-D, IV-C (A) 263 J/s (B) 350 J/s
(C) I-A, II-A, III-B, IV-C (C) 298 J/s (D) 35 J/s
(D) I-A, II-B, III-D, IV-D
40. An electric appliance supplies 600 J/min heat
33. The change in the magnitude of the volume of to the system. If the system delivers a power of
an ideal gas when a small additional pressure 90 W. How long it would take to increase the
P is applied at a constant temperature, is the
internal energy by 2.5 × 103 J?
same as the change when the temperature is
[JEE Main 2021]
reduced by a small quantity T at constant
pressure. The initial temperature and pressure (A) 2.5 × 102 s (B) 2.4 × 103 s
of the gas were 300 K and 2 atm respectively. (C) 4.1 × 101 s (D) 2.5 × 101 s
If |T | = C |P| then value of C in (K/atm) is
41. A heat engine operates between a cold reservoir
______: [JEE Main 2020]
at temperature T2 = 400 K and a hot reservoir at
34. In an adiabatic process, the density of a temperature T1. It takes 300 J of heat from the hot
diatomic gas becomes 32 times its initial value. reservoir and delivers 240 J of heat to the cold
The final pressure of the gas is found to be n reservoir in a cycle. The minimum temperature of
times the initial pressure. The value of n is: the hot reservoir has to be _______ K.
[JEE Main 2020] [JEE Main 2021]
(A) 326 (B) 1/32 (C) 32 (D) 128 42. A sample of gas with  = 1.5 is taken through an
35. An engine operates by taking a monatomic adiabatic process in which the volume is
ideal gas through the cycle shown in the figure. compressed from 1200 cm3 to 300 cm3. If the
The percentage efficiency of the engine is close initial pressure is 200 kPa. The absolute value of
to __. [JEE Main 2020] the workdone by the gas in the process = ____ J.
[JEE Main 2021]
3P0 B C
43. An reversible engine has an efficiency of 1/4. If
2P0
the temperature of the sink is reduced by 58°C, its
P0 A D efficiency becomes double. Calculate the
temperature of the sink: [JEE Main 2021]
V0 2V0 (A) 382 K (B) 280 K
(C) 174 K (D) 180.4 K
36. Under an adiabatic process, the volume of an
ideal gas gets doubled. Consequently the mean 44. The temperature of 3.00 mol of an ideal diatomic
collision time between the gas molecule gas is increased by 40.0°C without changing the
Cp pressure of the gas. The molecules in the gas
changes from 1 to 2 . If   for this gas rotate but do not oscillate. If the ratio of change in
Cv
internal energy of the gas to the amount of
then a good estimate for 2 / 1 is given by : workdone by the gas is x/10. Then the value of x
[JEE Main 2020] (round off to the nearest integer) is _____.

1 1 [JEE Main 2021]
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C)   (D)  2  2
(Given R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1)
2
aaa
63
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
45. In 1st case, Carnot engine operates between 48. A Carnot engine has efficiency of 50%. If the
temperatures 300 K and 100 K. In 2nd case, as temperature of sink is reduced by 40°C, its
shown in the figure, a combination of two engines efficiency increases by 30%. The temperature of
is used. The efficiency of this combination (in 2nd the source will be: [JEE Main 2022]
case) will be: [JEE Main 2022] (A) 166.7 K (B) 255.1 K
(C) 266.7 K (D) 367.7 K
300 K
49. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal
gas expands from volume V1 to V2 in three
E1
different ways. The work done by the gas is W1 if
the process is purely isothermal, W2, if the
200 K process is purely adiabatic and W3 if the process
is purely isobaric. Then, choose the correct
option.
E1 [JEE Main 2022]
(A) W1 < W2 < W3 (B) W2 < W3 < W1
(C) W3 < W1 < W2 (D) W2 < W1 < W3
100 K 2nd Case
50. 300 cal. of heat is given to a heat engine and it
(A) Same as the 1st case rejects 225 cal. of heat. If source temperature is
(B) Always greater than the 1st case 227°C, then the temperature of sink will be
(C) Always less than the 1st case _______°C. [JEE Main 2022]
(D) May increase or decrease with respect to the
1st case 51. A cylinder of fixed capacity of 44.8 litres
46. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the contains helium gas at standard temperature and
cyclic process ABCA as shown in figure. It pressure. The amount of heat needed to raise the
absorbs, 40 J of heat during the part AB, no heat temperature of gas in the cylinder by 20.0°C will
during BC and rejects 60 J of heat during CA. A be - (Given gas constant R = 8.3 JK–1-mol–1)
work of 50 J is done on the as during the part BC. [JEE Main 2022]
The internal energy of the gas at A is 1560 J. The (A) 249 J (B) 415 J
work done by the gas during the part CA is: (C) 498 J (D) 830 J
[JEE Main 2022] 52. A thermodynamic system is taken from an
original state D to an intermediate state E by the
linear process shown in the figure. Its volume is
then reduced to the original volume from E to F
by an isobaric process. The total work done by
the gas from D to E to F will be
D
600
Pressure-P (N/m2)

(A) 20 J (B) 30 J
(C) –30 J (D) –60 J
47. Given below are two statements 300 E
F
Statement-I: When  amount of an ideal gas
undergoes adiabatic change from state (P1, V1, T1)
to state (P2, V2, T2), then work done is W = 0 2.0 5.0
R (T2  T1 ) C 3
Volume V,(m )
, where  = p and R universal
1  Cv (A) –450 J (B) 450 J
gas constant. [JEE Main 2022] (C) 900 J (D) 1350 J
Statement-II: In the above case, when work is 53. The pressure P1 and density d1 of diatomic gas
done on the gas, the temperature of the gas would  7
rise. Choose the correct answer from the options     changes suddenly to P2 (> P1) and d2
 5
given below
respectively during an adiabatic process. The
(A) Both statement-I and statement-II are true
temperature of the gas increases and becomes
(B) Both statement-I and statement-II are false
_________times of its initial temperature. (given
(C) Statement-I is true but statement-II is false
d2
(D) Statement-I is false but statement-II is true = 32) [JEE Main 2022]
d1

64
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
54. One mole of a monoatomic gas is mixed with   
three moles of a diatomic gas. The molecular 60.  P  2  ( V  b)  RT represents the equation
specific heat of mixture at constant volume is  V 
of state of some gases. Where P is the pressure, V
2
R J/mol K; then the value of  will be is the volume. T is the temperature and a, b R are
4 the constant. The physical quantity, which has
________ (Assume that the given diatomic gas
has no vibrational mode.) [JEE Main 2022] b2
dimensional formula as that of will be
55. A Carnot engine operating between two a
[JEE (Main) 2023]
1 (A) Compressibility (B) Energy density
reservoirs has efficiency . When the
3 (C) Modulus of rigidity (D) Bulk modulus
temperature of cold reservoir raised by x, its
1 61. A sample of gas at temperature T is adiabatically
efficiency decreases to . The value of x, if the
6 expanded to double its volume. The work done by
temperature of hot reservoir is 99°C, will be  3
[JEE (Main) 2023] the gas in the process is  given ,   
 2
(1) 66 K (2) 33 K (3) 62 K (4) 16.5 K
[JEE (Main) 2023]
56. Given below are two statements: one is labelled T
as Assertion A and the other is labelled as (A) W  [ 2  2] (B) W  RT[2  2 ]
Reason R [JEE (Main) 2023] R
Assertion A: Efficiency of a reversible heat R
(C) W  TR [ 2  2] (C) W  [2  2 ]
engine will be highest at –273°C temperature of T
cold reservoir.
Reason R: The efficiency of Carnot’s engine 62. A hypothetical gas expands adiabatically such
depends not only on temperature of cold reservoir that its volume changes from 08 litres to 27 litres.
but it depends on the temperature of hot reservoir If the ratio of final pressure of the gas to initial
 T2  16 Cp
too and is given as   1   pressure of the gas is . The ratio of will
 T1  81 Cv
In the light of the above statements, choose the be - [JEE (Main) 2023]
correct answer from the options given below 4 1 3 3
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (A) (B) (C) (D)
explanation of A 3 2 2 1
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
correct explanation of A 63. Heat energy of 735 J is given to a diatomic gas
(C) A is false but R is true allowing the gas to expand at constant pressure.
(D) A is true but R is false Each gas molecule rotates around an internal axis
but do not oscillate. The increase in the internal
57. 1 g of a liquid is converted to vapour at 3 × 105 Pa energy of the gas will be: [JEE (Main) 2023]
pressure. If 10% of the heat supplied is used for (A) 572 J (B) 525 J (C) 441 J (D) 735 J
increasing the volume by 1600 cm3 during this
phase change, then the increase in internal energy
in the process will be: [JEE (Main) 2023] Question Previous Year (JEE Advanced)
(A) 4800 J (B) 432000 J 64. In a given process on an ideal gas, dW = 0 and
(C) 4.32 × 108 J (D) 4320 J dQ < 0. Then for the gas– [IIT–2001]
58. The pressure (P) and temperature (T) relationship (A) The temperature will decrease
of an ideal gas obeys the equation PT2 = constant. (B) The volume will increase
The volume expansion coefficient of the gas will (C) The pressure will remain constant
be [JEE (Main) 2023] (D) The temperature will increase
3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3T2 65. P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic
T T2 T3 processes are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2
59. Heat is given to an ideal gas in an isothermal should correspond respectively to – [IIT– 2001]
process. [JEE (Main) 2023] P
A. Internal energy of the gas will decrease.
B. Internal energy of the gas will increase.
1
C. Internal energy of the gas will not change.
D. The gas will do positive work. 2
E. The gas will do negative work. V
Choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (A) He and O2 (B) O2 and He
(A) C and E only (B) C and D only (C) He and Ar (D) O2 and N2
(C) A and E only (D) B and D only
aaa
65
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
66. An ideal gas is taken the cycle A  B  C  A, 70. An ideal gas in state (P1, V1) is isothermally
as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied expanded to state (P2, V2). Then it is
to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by adiabatically compressed to initial volume V1.
the gas in the process C  A is- [IIT–2001]
Pressure being P3 in final state. If W is
C B
2 workdone by the gas in the whole process then
V
(m3)
[IIT–2004]
1 A (A) P3 > P1 & W < 0 (B) P3 < P1 & W > 0
2
P(N/m ) 10
(C) P3 < P1 & W = 0 (D) P3 > P1 & W > 0

(A) – 5 J (B) – 10 J (C) – 15 J (D) – 20 J 71. An ideal gas is enclosed in an insulated vessel
67. A cubical box of side 1 meter contains helium is heated through a coil of resistance 100
gas (atomic weight 4) at a pressure of 100
carrying current 1A for 5 minutes. Then change
N/m2. During an observation time of 1 second,
an atom travelling with the root-mean-square in internal energy will be [IIT–2005]
speed parallel to one of the edges of the cube, (A) 30 KJ (B) 20 KJ (C) 2 KJ (D) 3 KJ
was found to make 500 hits with a particular
72. When the pressure is changed from p1 = 1.01 × 105
wall, without any collision with other atoms.
[IIT- 2002] Pa to p2 = 1.165 × 105 a then the volume changes
Take R = 25/3 J/mol-K & k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K. by 10%. The bulk modulus is [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
5 5
(A) Evaluate the temperature of the gas. (A) 1.55 × 10 Pa (B) 0.0015 × 10 Pa
5
(B) Evaluate the average kinetic energy per (C) 0.015 ×10 Pa (D) None of these
atom.
(C) Evaluate the total mass of helium gas in the 73. A cylinder of mass 1 kg is given heat of 20000
box. J at atmospheric pressure. If initially
68. The PT diagram for an ideal gas is shown in temperature of cylinder is 20°C, find
figure, where AC is an adiabatic process. The [IIT JEE- 2005]
correspond-ding PV diagram is– [IIT-2003] (A) Final temperature of the cylinder
P A (B) Work done by the cylinder.
(C) Change in internal energy of the cylinder.
(D) (Given that specific heat of cylinder
= 400 J kg–1 °C–1 Coefficient of volume
B C expansion = 9 × 10–5 °C–1, Atmospheric
T pressure = 105 N/m2 and density of cylinder
= 9000 kg/m3)
A A
P P
74. Match the following for the given process :
(A) (B)
B C C B [IIT JEE- 2006]
V V P(atm)
A J
P 30
20 M
(C) (D) none is correct
B C 10
K L
V
69. A Liquified oxygen at 50 K is heated to 300 K 10 20 V(m3)
at constant pressure. Heat is supplied at
constant rate then graph between temperature &
Column-I Column-II
time is [IIT–2004]
(A) Process J  K (p) W > 0
(B) Process K  L (q) W < 0
(A) (B)
(C) Process L  M (r) Q > 0
T T
(D) Process M  J (s) Q < 0
t t Paragraph for Question No. 75 to 77
A fixed thermally conducting cylinder has a radius R
and height L0. The cylinder is open at its bottom and
(C) (D)
has a small hole at its top. A piston of mass M is held
T T at a distance L from the top surface, as shown in the
figure. The atmospheric pressure is P0. [IIT - 2007]
t t

66
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
2R Column I
(A) An insulated container has two chambers
L
Icontains an ideal gas and the Chamber II
has vacuum. The valve is opened.
L0

Piston
75. The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a
distance 2L from the top. The pressure in the
cylinder between its top and the piston will then (B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice
be - its original volume such that its pressure
P 1
(A) P0 (B) 0 P  2 where V is the volume of the gas.
2 V
P0 Mg P0 Mg (C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to
(C)  (D) 
2 R 2 2 R 2 twice its original volume such that its
1
76. While the piston is at a distance 2L from the pressure P  4/3 , where V is its volume
top, the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is V
then released, to a position where it can stay in (D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that
equilibrium. In this condition, the distance of its pressure P and volume V follows the
the piston from the top is behaviour shown in the graph
2 2
   
(A)  2P 2
0 R
 (2L) (B) 
P0  R  Mg
2  (2L)
  R P0  Mg    R P0 
2 2
   
(C)  P0  R 2 Mg  (2L) (D)  P2 0  R  (2L)
  R P0    R P0  Mg 

77. The piston is taken completely out of the

cylinder. The hole at the top is sealed. A water Column II
tank is brought below the cylinder and put in a (p) The temperature of the gas decreases
position so that the water surface in the tank is separated by a valve. Chamber
at the same level as the top of the cylinder as (q) The temperature of the gas increases or
shown in the figure. The density of the water is remains constant
. In equilibrium, the height H of the water (r) The gas loses heat
column in the cylinder satisfies. (s) The gas gains heat
80. The figure shows the P–V plot of an ideal gas
taken through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABC is
a semi-circle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then
– [IIT–2009]
L0 P
H 3
A

2
(A) g (L0 – H)2 + P0 (L0 – H ) + L0P0 = 0 D B
(B) g (L0 – H) 2 – P0 (L0 – H ) – L0P0 = 0 1
C
(C) g (L0 – H) 2 + P0 (L0 – H ) – L0P0 = 0 0
(D) g (L0 – H) 2 – P0 (L0 – H ) + L0P0 = 0 1 2 3 V
2 (A) The process during the path A  B is
78. An ideal gas is expanding such that PT = isothermal
constant. The coefficient of volume expansion (B) Heat flows out of the gas during the path B
of the gas is [JEE 2008]
 CD
1 2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (C) Work done during the path A  B  C is
T T T T zero
79. Column I:- contains a list of processes (D) Positive work is done by the gas in the
involving expansion of an ideal gas. Match this cycle ABCDA
with Column II:- describing the 81. One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A
thermodynamic change during this process. undergoes a cyclic process ABCA, As shown in
Indicate your answer by darkening the figure. Its pressure at A is P0. Choose the
appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in correct option(s) from the following
the ORS. [JEE 2008] [IIT–2010]
aaa
67
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
P
V
B F
4V0 32P0

V0 C A
P0 G
T E H
T0 V0 V
(A) Internal energies at A and B are the same
(B) Work done by the gas in process AB is Match the paths in List  with the magnitudes
P0V0 ln 4 of the work done in List and select the
(C) Pressure at C is P0/4 correct answer using the codes given below the
T lists.
(D) Temperature at C is 0
4 List    List 
82. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed  P. G  E 1. 160 P0V0 ln2
1 Q. G  H 2. 36 P0V0
adiabatically to of its initial volume. In the
32 R. F  H 3. 24 P0V0
initial temperature of the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) S. F  G 4. 31 P0V0
and the final temperature is aTi, the value of a Codes :
is. [IIT - 2010] P Q R S
(A) 4 3 2 1
83. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically (B) 4 3 1 2
compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial (C) 3 1 2 4
temperature to be T1, the work done in the (D) 1 3 2 4
process is- [IIT - 2011]
9 3 15 9 86. A thermodynamic system is taken from an
(A) RT1 (B) RT1 (C) RT1 (D) RT1 initial state i with internal energy Ui = 100 J to
8 2 8 2
the final state f along two different paths iaf and
84. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken ibf, as schematically shown in the figure. The
through a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V work done by the system along the paths af, ib
diagram. and bf are Waf = 200 J, Wib = 50 J and Wbf =
Column-II gives the characteristics involved in 100 J respectively. The heat supplied to the
the cycle. Match them with each of the system along the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf ,Qib
processes given in Column-I. [IIT - 2011] and Qbf respectively. If the internal energy of
the system in the state b is Ub = 200 J and Qiaf
P = 500 J, the ratio Qbf / Qib is [IIT JEE -2014]
B A
3P

a f
P

1P D
C i b
V
0 1V 3V 9V V
Column-I Column-II 87. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes
(A) Process A  B (p) Internal energy a cyclic process as shown in the figure (where
decreases V is the volume and T is the temperature).
(B) Process B  C (q) Internal energy Which of the statements below is (are) true?
increases [JEE ADV. 2018]
T
(C) Process C  D (r) Heat is lost II
(D) Process D  A (s) Heat is gained
(t) Work is done on I III
the gas
IV
85. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken
V
along two cyclic processes E F G E (A) Process I is an isochoric process.
and E F H E as shown in the PV (B) In process II, gas absorbs heat.
diagram. The processes involved are purely (C) In process IV, gas releases heat.
isochoric, isobaric, isothermal or adiabatic.
(D) Processes I and III are not isobaric.
[JEE-2013]

68
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
88. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes (A) Work done in this thermodynamic cycle
an adiabatic expansion in which its volume 1
becomes eight times its initial value. If the (1  2  3  4  1) is |W| = RT0
2
initial temperature of the gas is 100 K and the
(B) The ratio of heat transfer during processes
universal gas constant 8.0J mol–1K–1, the
decrease in its internal energy, in Joule, Q1 2 5
1  2 and 2  3 is 
is__________. [JEE ADV. 2018] Q 2 3 3

89. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes (C) The above thermodynamic cycle exhibits
four thermodynamic processes as shown only isochoric and adiabatic processes.
schematically in the PV-diagram below. (D) The ratio of heat transfer during processes
Among these four processes, one is isobaric,
one is isochoric, one is isothermal and one is Q1 2 1
1  2 and 3  4 is  .
adiabatic. Match the processes mentioned in Q3 4 2
List-1 with the corresponding statements in
List-II. [JEE ADV. 2018]
P 91. Answer the following by appropriately
II
3P0 matching the lists based on the information
IV
given in the paragraph. In a thermodynamics
III
I process on an ideal monatomic gas, the
P0 infinitesimal heat absorbed by the gas is given
by TX, where T is temperature of the system
V0 3V0 V
and X is the infinitesimal change in a
List-I List-II thermodynamic quantity X of the system. For a
P. In process I 1. Work done by the mole of monatomic ideal gas
gas is zero
Q. In process II 2. Temperature of the 3  T   V 
X R ln    R ln   . Here, R is
gas remains unchanged 2  TA   VA 
R. In process III 3. No heat is gas constant, V is volume of gas, TA and VA are
exchanged between the gas and
constants.
its surroundings
The List-I below gives some quantities
S. In process IV 4. Work done by the
involved in a process and List-II gives some
gas is 6P0V0
possible values of these quantities.
(A) P - 4; Q - 3; R - 1; S - 2 [JEE Adv. 2019]
(B) P - 1; Q - 3; R - 2; S - 4 List-I List-II
(C) P - 3; Q - 4; R - 1; S - 2 1
(I) Work done by the (P) RT0 ln 2
(D) P - 3; Q - 4; R - 2; S - 1 3
system in process
90. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas goes 123
through a thermodynamic cycle, as shown in 1
(II) Change in internal (Q) RT0
the volume versus temperature (V-T) diagram. 3
The correct statement(s) is/are : [R is the gas energy in process
constant] [JEE Adv. 2019] 123
V (III) Heat absorbed by (R) RT0
the system in process
3 2 1 2 3
2V0
4
(IV) Heat absorbed by the (S) RT0
3
V0
4 1 system in process 1  2
1
(T) RT0 (3  ln 2)
3
T 5
T0/2 T0 3T0 /2 2T0 (U) RT0
6
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69
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
If the process carried out on one mole of 95. As shown schematically in the figure, two
monatomic ideal gas is as shown in figure in
vessels contain water solutions (at temperature
the PV-diagram with
1 T) of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) of
P0V0 = RT0 , the correct match is,
3 different concentrations n1 and n2 (n1 > n2)
P

3P0 3
molecules per unit volume with n = (n1 – n2)
2
<< n1. When they are connected by a tube of
P0 2
V small length  and cross-sectional area S,
V0 2V0
(A) I - Q, II - R, III - P, IV - U KMnO4 starts to diffuse from the left to the
(B) I - S, II - R, III - Q, IV - T
(C) I - Q, II - R, III - S, IV – U right vessel through the tube. Consider the
(D) I - Q, II - S, III - R, IV – U collection of molecules to behave as dilute
92. A thermally isolated cylindrical closed vessel ideal gases and the difference in their partial
of height 8 m is kept vertically. It is divided
into two equal parts by a diathermic (perfect pressure in the two vessels causing the
thermal conductor) frictionless partition of diffusion. The speed v of the molecules is
mass 8.3 kg. Thus the partition is held initially
at a distance of 4 m from the top, as shown in limited by the viscous force –v on each
the schematic figure below. Each of the two
molecule, where  is a constant. Neglecting all
parts of the vessel contains 0.1 mole of an ideal
gas at temperature 300 K. The partition is now terms of the order (n) 2, which of the following
released and moves without any gas leaking
from one part of the vessel to the other. When is/are correct? (kB is the Boltzmann constant)-
equilibrium is reached, the distance of the [JEE Adv. 2020]
partition from the top (in m) will be _______
(Take the acceleration due to gravity =10 ms–2
and the universal gas constant = 8.3Jmol–1K–1).
[JEE Adv. 2020]

n1 s n2

8m

(A) The force causing the molecules to move

across the tube is nkBTS
93. A spherical bubble inside water has radius R. (B) Force balance implies n1v= nkBTS
Take the pressure inside the bubble and the
(C) Total number of molecules going across the
water pressure to be p0. The bubble now gets
compressed radially in an adiabatic manner so  n   k B T 
tube per sec is   S
that its radius becomes (R – a). For a << R the     
magnitude of the work done in the process is (D) Rate of molecules getting transferred
given by (4p0Ra2) X, where X is a constant through the tube does not change with time.
Cp 41
and    . The value of X is_.
Cv 30 96. An ideal gas undergoes a four step cycle as shown
in the P – V diagram below. During this cycle,
[JEE Adv. 2020] heat is absorbed by the gas in [JEE Adv. 2021]
94. Consider one mole of helium gas enclosed in a container
at initial pressure P1 and volume V1. It expands 1
isothermally to volume 4V1. After this, the gas expands
adiabatically and its volume becomes 32V1. The work P 4 2
done by the gas during isothermal and adiabatic
expansion processes are Wiso and Wadia, respectively. If 3
W V
the ratio iso  f ln 2, then f is ________.
Wadia (A) steps 1 and 2 (B) steps 1 and 3
[JEE Adv. 2020] (C) steps 1 and 4 (D) steps 2 and 4

70
PHYSICS-X I THERMODYNAMICS
Question Stem for Question Nos. 97 and 98 Q
A soft plastic bottle, filled with water of 100. The value of is – [JEE Adv. 2021]
RT0
density 1 gm/cc, carries an inverted glass test-
tube with some air (ideal gas) trapped as shown (A) 4 (2 2  1) (B) 4 (2 2  1)
in the figure. The test-tube has a mass of 5 gm,
and it is made of a thick glass of density 2.5 (C) 5 2  1 (D) 5 2  1
gm/cc. Initially the bottle is sealed at
atmospheric pressure
p0 =105 Pa so that the volume of the trapped 101. An ideal gas of density  = 0.2 kg m–3 enters a
air is v0=3.3cc. When the bottle is squeezed
chimney of height ℎ at the rate of  = 0.8 kg s–1
from outside at constant temperature, the
pressure inside rises and the volume of the from its lower end, and escapes through the upper
trapped air reduces. It is found that the test tube end as shown in the figure. The cross-sectional
begins to sink at pressure P0 + p without
area of the lower end is A1 = 0.1 m2 and the upper
changing its orientation. At this pressure, the
volume of the trapped air is v0 – v. end is A2 = 0.4 m2. The pressure and the

Let v = X cc and p = Y × 103 Pa. temperature of the gas at the lower end are 600 Pa
and 300 K, respectively, while its temperature at
the upper end is 150 K. The chimney is heat
insulated so that the gas undergoes adiabatic
expansion. Take g = 10 m s–2 and the ratio of
specific heats of the gas  = 2. Ignore atmospheric
97. The value of X is ____. [JEE Adv. 2021]
pressure.
98. The value of Y is ____. [JEE Adv. 2021]

Paragraph For Q.99-Q.100

A thermally insulating cylinder has a thermally
insulating and frictionless movable partition in
the middle, as shown in the figure below. On
each side of the partition, there is one mole of
an ideal gas, with specific heat at constant
volume, Cv = 2R . Here, R is the gas constant.
Initially, each side has a volume V0 and
temperature T0. The left side has an electric
heater, which is turned on at very low power to Which of the following statement(s) is(are)
transfer heat Q to the gas on the left side. As a
correct?
result the partition moves slowly towards the
right reducing the right side volume to V0/2. (A)The pressure of the gas at the upper end of the
Consequently, the gas temperatures on the left chimney is 300 Pa.
and the right sides become TL and TR, (B) The velocity of the gas at the lower end of the
chimney is 40 m s–1 and at the upper end is
respectively. Ignore the changes in the 20 m s–1.
temperatures of the cylinder, heater and the (C) The height of the chimney is 590 m.
partition. (D) The density of the gas at the upper end is 0.05
kg m–3. [JEE Adv. 2022]
T0,V0
T0 ,V0 102. In the given P-V diagram, a monoatomic gas
5
( = ) is first compressed adiabatically from
3
state A to state B. Then it expands isothermally
0.6
TR 1 ~
99. The value of is – [JEE Adv. 2021] from state B to state C. [Given :   – 0.5 ln 2
T0  3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 3 ~
– 0.7].

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71
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I
P (kPa)
103 An ideal gas is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
C The number of degrees of freedom of a molecule
of the gas is n. The internal energy of one mole
B of the gas is Un and the speed of sound in the gas
300
is vn. At a fixed temperature and pressure, which
of the following is the correct option?
100
A [JEE Adv. 2023]
(A) v3 < v6 and U3 > U6
(B) v5 > v3 and U3 > U5
0.80 V(m3) (C) v5 > v7 and U5 < U7
(D) v6 < v7 and U6 < U7
Which of the following statements (s) is (are)
correct ? 104 One mole of an ideal gas expands adiabatically
(A) The magnitude of the total work done in the from an initial state (TA, V0) to final state (Tf,
process A  B  C is 144 kJ. 5V0). Another mole of the same gas expands
(B)The magnitude of the work done in the process isothermally from a different initial state (TB, V0)
B  C is 84 kJ. to the same final state (Tf, 5V0). The ratio of the
(C)The magnitude of the work done in the process specific heats at constant pressure and constant
A  B is 60 kJ. volume of this ideal gas is . What is the ratio
(D)The magnitude of the work done in the TA/TB? [JEE Adv. 2023]
process C  A is zero. [JEE Adv. 2022] (A) 5–1 (B) 51– (C) 5 (D) 51+

72
PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE THERMODYNAMICS \

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D A B C C D B C D D C D B C C C D C B
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C B C A A A B A C C D D A B C C B A D B
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. C C B B B C C B B C C B D C A A B C D C

EXERCISE-2
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B,C,D C,D A,B,C A,B A,C,D A,C B,C,D A,B A,C B,D A,B,C,D B,D B,D A,D A,B,D
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A,B,C B A B A C D D C C D C A B C
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. A A B C B A B A B C D C D A A
Qus. 46
Ans. B

EXERCISE-3
1. (A) (s) (B) (p,r) (C) (r), (D) (q) 2. (A) (p,r,s) (B) (p,q,r) (C) (q,r), (D) (q)
3. (A) (q) (B) (r) (C) (s), (D) (p) 4. (A) (p,q,s) (B) (p,r,s) (C) (p,q,r,s), (D) (q)
5. (A) (q) (B) (r) (C) (s), (D) (p) 6. (A) (r) (B) (s) (C) (q), (D) (p)
7. (A)(p,r) (B)(q,s) (C)(q,s), (D) (p,r) 8. (A) (s) (B) (r) (C) (q), (D) (p)
9. (A) (s) (B) (s) (C) (p,r,s), (D) (q) 10. (A) (p,s) (B) (p,q,s,t) (C) (r,s), (D) (q)
11. (A)(p,r,t) (B)(s) (C)(s), (D) (p,q,r,t) 12. (A) (q) (B) (r) (C) (p), (D) (q)
13. (A)(s) (B)(p),(s) (C)(p),(r) (D) (p),(q),(r) 14. (A) (p,q,r) (B) (pr,s) (C) (p,q), (D) (t)
15. (A) (r) (B) (p) (C) (p), (D) (r)
16. [4] 17. [8] 18. [2] 19. [5] 20. [7] 21. [5] 22. [3]
23. [1] 24. [5] 25. [4] 26. [5] 27. [5] 28. [3] 29. [3]
30. [5]
EXERCISE-4
1. [A] 2. [B] 3. [A] 4. [C] 5. [B] 6. [B] 7. [B]
8. [A] 9. [A] 10. [B] 11. [D] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [D]
15. [D] 16. [A] 17. [D] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [B] 21. [C]
22. [D] 23. [B] 24. [C] 25. [C] 26. [D] 27. [B] 28. [46.0]
29. [C] 30. [B] 31. [8791.0] 32. [A] 33. [150.0] 34. [D]
35. [19.0] 36. [D] 37. [B] 38. [600.0] 39. [A] 40. [A] 41. [500]
42. [480] 43. [C] 44. [25] 45. [C] 46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [C]
49. [D] 50. [102.00] 51. [C] 52. [B] 53. [D] 54. [C]
55. [3] 56. [1] 57. [4] 58. [1] 59. [2] 60. [1] 61. [2]
62. [1] 63. [3] 64. [A] 65. [B] 66. [A]
67. (A) 160.372 k (B) 3.271 × 10–21 J (C) = 0.3 gm
68. [D] 69. [D] 70. [A] 71. [A] 72. [A]
73. (A) TfinAl = 70°C, (B) 0.05 J, (C) 19999.95 J
74. (A) s; (B)  p, r; (C)  r; (D)  q, s;
75. [A] 76. [D] 77. [C] 78. [C]
79. (A)  q; (B)  p,r; (C)  p,s; (D)  q,s; 80. [B,D] 81. [A,B] 82. [4]
83. [A] 84. (A)  p,r,t; (B)  p,r; (C)  q,s; (D)  r,t
85. [A] 86. [2] 87. [B,C,D] 88. [900] 89. [C] 90. [A,B]
91. [C] 92. [6] 93. [2.05] 94. [1.77or 1.78] 95. [A,B,C]
96. [C] 97. [ 0.30] 98. [10.00] 99. [A] 100. [B]
101. [B,C] 102. [B, C,D] 103. [C] 104. [A]

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73
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
CHAPTER

19

HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EXPANSION

1. HEAT TRANSFER Radiation Frequency Wavelength range
The process of transmission of heat is by way of Cosmic >1021 Hz < 10–13m
(i) conduction (in solids) rays
(ii) convection (in liquids and gases) Gamma 1018 to 1021 Hz 10–13 to 10–10m
(ii) radiation (excess through vacuum in the form rays
of electromagnetic waves X-rays 1016 to 1019 Hz 10–11 to 10–8m
(i) Conduction - The process in which the (0.1A° to 100A°)
material takes an active part by molecular Ultraviolet 0.75 × 1015 to 1.4 × 10–8 to 4 × 10–7m
action and energy is passed from one particle rays 2 × 106 Hz (140A° to 4000A°)
to another is called conduction. It is
Visible 4 × 1014 to 4 × 10–7 to 7.8 × 10–
predominat in solids.
rays 7.5 × 1014 Hz 7
m (4000Aº to
(ii) Convection - The transfer of energy by
actual motion of particles of medium from 7800Aº)
one place to another is called conection. It is Infrared 3 × 1011 to 7.8 × 10–7 to 10–3
predominant in fluids (liquids and gases) rays (heat) 4 × 1014 Hz (7800Aº to 3 × 105Aº)
(ii) Radiation : Quickest way of transmission of Microwaves 3 × 108 to 10–3m to 0.1m
heat is known as radiation. In this mode of 3 × 1011 Hz
energy transmission, heat is transferred from Radio 104 to 3 × 109 0.1m to 104 m
one place to another without affecting the waves Hz
intervenning medium. 4. INTERACTION WITH MATTER
2. NATURE OF RADIATION Q Qr
(i) Radiation is electromagnetic wave and
travels with velocity of light Qa
(ii) In uniform medium Radiation travels in
straight line Qt
(iii) Radiation can travel through vacuum
(iv) Radiation obeys the laws of reflection, (i) Due to incident radiations on the surface of a
refraction, interference, diffraction, body following phenomena occur, by which the
polarization etc radiation is divided into three parts
(all optical phenomena) (a) Reflection of radiation
(vi) For point source, radiation energy obeys (b) Absorption of radiation
inverse square law i..e (c) Transmission of radiation
(A) For point source intensity at a point is (ii) If the reflected, absorbed an transmitted parts are
inversely proportional to the square of the Qr, Qa and Qt respectively then from the law of
1 conservation of energy
distance of point from the source I  Q = Qr + Qa + Qt
r2
(B) For infinite line source, intensity at a Q Q Q Q
Or = r + a + t
point is inversely proportional to the distance Q Q Q Q
1 Where Q is the total incident radiation.
of the point from the source I  
r 1=r+a+t
3. SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (iii) r =  reflection coefficient or reflecting power
OR RADIATION Q
(i) Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic a = a  absorption coefficient or absorptive
Q
theory proved that all radiations are
electromagnetic waves and their sources are power
vibrations of charged particles in atoms and Q
t = t  transmission coefficient or transmitting
molecules. Q
(ii) The spectrum of electromagnetic waves has a power
infinite spread and the different parts are (iv) If a = 0, t = 0, then r = 1. Such a surface is a total
given different names. or perfect reflector.

74
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
(v) If r = 0, t = 0, then a = 1, Such a surface is a total Example :01
absorber and is called a black body In a solar spectrum dark lines (fraunhofer lines)
(vi) If r = 0, a = 0, then t = 1. The surface is then are obtained due to
perfectly transparent and the substance is called (a) Absorption (b) reflection
diathermanous. (c) Emission (d) transmission
Solution : (a)
Fraunhorfer lines are obtained due to the absorption of
5. DEFINITIONS certain characteristic radiations.
(i) Reflecting power or refracting coefficient (r) : Hence the correct answer is (a)
Ratio of amount of radiation reflected by the
Example :02
surface to the amount of heat incident over it
Fraunhoffer lines are explained by
(ii) Transmitting power or transmitting coefficient
(a) Provosts theory of heat exchanges
(t) : Ratio of amount of radiation transmitted by (b) Newton's law of cooling
the surface to the amount of heat incident over it (c) Stefan's law
(iii) Absorption power or absorption coefficient (d) Kirchoff’s law
(a): Ratio of amount of radiation absorbed by the Solution: (d)
surface to the amount of heat incident over it Fraunhoffer lines are explained on the basis of
Kirchhoff's law.
Hence the correct answer is (d)
Note :–
(a) A radiation incident over a surface is either Example :03
refracted, transmitted or absorbed, The nature of radiation emitted by a black body
so a + t + r = 1 depends only on -
(b) The reflecting , refracting and transmitting (a) The shape of a body
powers of a surface depends on nature of surface (b) The nature of a body
as well as on the wavelength of radiation falling (c) The temperature of a body
on them (d) The medium
(iv) Emissive power (e) : Emissive power is defined Solution : (c)
as the amount of heat radiated by unit area of the The nature of radiations emitted by a black body
surface in one second at a particular temperature. depends only upon the temperature of the body
It's unit is Joule/m2 or watt-sec/m2 Hence the correct answer is (c)
(v) Spectral emissive power (e) : Amount of heat Example :04
radiated by unit area of the body in one second in Two identical balls of wax are attached on the
unit spectral region at a given wavelength. It's outer surface of two tin sheets. The inner surface
unit is watt/m2-AºC–1. Its value depends on of P is coated with lamp black and that of Q is
temperature, (wavelength and nature of surface) polished. If a source of heat is placed between P
and Q then which ball will melt first
(vi) Total emissive power (e) : Emissive power
(a) Q ball
obtained for total range of spectrum is related to
(b) P ball
total emissive power as follows

(c) Both simultaneously
(d) Nothing can be predated
e= e d
0
  .
Solution : (b)
(vii)Spectral absorptive power : Like emissive As the black surfaces are good absorbers of heat.
power, the absorptive power of the surface also Hence the P will melt first.
depends on the wavelength of radiation incident Hence the correct answer is (b)
on it. It is defined as the ratio of radiation Example :05
absorbed by the surface in unit spectral region at
a given wavelength to the amount of radiation Energy spectrum of radiations emitted by a black
incident over it. body is
(a) Line spectrum
Note:– (b) Continuous spectrum
Absorption power and spectral absorptive power (c) Bond spectrum
for perfect black body is taken as one
(d) Line and continuous spectrum
(viii) Emissivity or relative emissive power (E): Solution : (b)
Ratio of emissive power of a body at a given Energy spectrum of radiation emitted by a black body
temperature to the emissive power of a black is continuous
body at the same temperature. It has no units. Hence the correct answer is (b)
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75
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
Example :06 E  (body)
=E (black body) for different objects -
If the rate of emission of radiation from a body is a  (body)
equal to the rate of absorbing, then the  e   e    e  
temperature of the body will be -   =   =   = .... = E
(a) less than the temperature of the surrounding  a  1  a   2  a   3
(b) greater then the temperature of the surrounding
(c) equal to the temperature of the surrounding 8. STEFAN'S LAW
(d) nothing can be said
Solution : (c) (i) Energy emitted per second by unit area of a black
The temperature of the body will be equal to the body at absolute temperature T is proportional to
temperature of surrounding fourth power of absolute temperature E  T4 or
Hence the correct answer is (c) E =  T4. Where,
6. IDEAL BLACK BODY  = Stefan’s constant
(i) Total absorber is said to be ideal black body  = 5.67 × 10–8 joule/m2 second K4
(ii) a = 1 (ii) This law is true for only ideal black body
(iii) For lamp black and platinum black a = 1 , therefore
both can be assumed to be ideal black body
(iv) Ferry's black body is practical example of black 9. SPECTRUM OF RADIATIONS EMITTED BY
body BLACK – BODY
(v) For a black body, a = 1, t = 0 and r = 0
(i) To study this spectrum , prism of rock salt is used
(vi) When black body is heated, it radiates all the
radiations absorbed by it. which absorbs minimum heat radiations
(vii) The perfect black body is only an ideal otherwise prism of grass etc absorb heat
conception the body which completely absrobs radiations.
the radiation of all wavelengths incident on it and (ii) Spectral range of radiation energy emitted by
there is no reflection and transmission is called a black body depends on its temperature , not on
perfectly black body. Black body emits radiations shape, volume, mass etc.
of all wavelengths on heating and it is a good (iii) At different temperature it gives difference
emitter. The nature of radiations emitted by the energy distributions as shown
block body depends only on the temperature. It 1649k
does not depend on its nature, size, mass etc. 1449k

1259k
7. LAWS OF RADIATION  1095k
E
(a) Prevost’s theory of heat exchange
(i) Mutual exchange of heat between any object
and it's surroundings occurs according to 
their temperatures
(ii) This process is continuous m = maximum Intensity wave
(iii) A body at high temperature emits more
radiations and absorbs less. Therefore it
experiences cooling. While the body at low
temperature absorbs more heat and T3>T2>T1
experiences heating 
E T3
(iv) At absolute zero temperature the radiated
energy is zero T2
(v) The rate of radiation of energy from a body T1
depends upon it's area , it's temperature and O
m m2 m3
the nature of surface. This does not depends

upon temperature difference between body 
(iv) We can canclude from the fig 
and its surroundings
(vi) If temperature of body be TB and temperature  m5  m4  m3   m2  m1
of surroundings be TS , Then (a) Some energy E is always obtained at any
(b) Kirchoff’s law temperature and at each wavelengths
The ratio of spectral emissive power (e) to (b) Maximum energy Emax is obtained at a
spectral absorptive power (a) is the same for all
bodies at a given temperature and is equal to the particular wavelength m at a particular
spectral emissive power of a blackbody at that temperature
temperature. thus

76
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
(c) Value of m decreases with increase in
temperature. This is called 'Weins 
displacement Law'.
E
(d) According to weins law , m 
1 T
T
or m T = b where b = Wein's constant 
b = 0.293 cmk or b = 2.93 × 10–3 mk
 
(e) At any temperature the area between curve (a) E (b) E 2T
2T
and  axis gives the total energy emitted at
that temperature. This is in accordance with  
the fact that E  T4.  
(f) (E)max  T5 (c) E 2T d) E
(g) Wein's law in form of frequency can be 2T
 
m c
written as m  T or = = Solution:(c)
T b
1
where c is velocity of light Em  T5 and m  i.e. on increasing temperature m
T
 m1  m2 decrease and Em increases Hence the correct answer is (c).
 =
T1 T2
Example :09
Which part of E- graph represents wien's –

(h)  A DF
m  1
 m  B
 T
 G
E Q E
T C
Example :07 
Behaving like a black body sun emits maximum (a) OA part (b) BC part
radiation at wavelength 0.48m. The mean radius (c) DE part (d) FG part
of the sun is 6.96 × 108m. Stefan's constant is Solution : (a)
5.67 × 10–8 wm–2k–4 and Wien's constant is 0.293 cm-k. Wien's law is valid for low wavelength region. Hence
The loss of mass per second by the emission of the part OA of curve represents wien's law.
radiation from sun is- Hence the correct answer is (a)
(a) 5.32 × 109kg/s (b) 6.24 × 1010kg/s
12
(c) 8.65 × 10 kg/s (d) 2.46 × 1014kg/s 10. SOLAR CONSTANT
Solution : (a) The amount of normal incident heat radiations per
Using wien's law minute on a unit area placed at average distance
between sun and earth is said to be solar constant
b 0.293  102 denoted by S.
T= = = 6104 K
m 0.48  106
T4 4R 2 T4 r 2
Energy given out by sun per second E = AT4 S= or S =
4d 2 d2
= 4 (6.96 × 108)2 × 5.67 × 10–8 (6104)4 Unit : Joule/m -second or watt /m2
2

 49.285 × 1025J S = 1.94 calorie/cm2-minute

Loss of mass per second R = radius of sun
E 49.285  1025  2 calorie/cm2-minute = 1358 watt/m2
m= 2 =
c 9  1016 d = distance between sun and earth
 m = 5.4 × 109kg/s
Hence correct answer is (a) 11. CHANGE OF COLOUR OF A SUBSTANCE
WITH TEMPERATURE
Example :08 When a body is heated continuously , the
If the E curve for a black body at temperature maximum emitted wavelengths shift to right of
T is as shown in the figure, then curve at electromagnetic spectrum. Change of colour will
temperature 2T will be be as follows -
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77
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
Temperature (nearly) Colour
5250C Mild red 2
1
9000C Cherry red
10000C Orange red 1> 2
12500C Yellow
Very high temperature Blue Isothermal surface
(a) At isothermal surface, the temperature of all
12. CONDUCTION the molecules is same.
Conduction is the phenomenon of transfer of heat (b) These surfaces never intersect each other
through one part of the body to another, from (c) The shape of isothermal surface depends on
particle to particle in the direction of fall of the shape of conductor and nature of flow of
temperature without any actual movement of the heat. It can be (1D, 2D or 3D) heat flow.
particles. (d) The direction of heat flow is always normal
For example : When we heat one end of a solid, to the isothermal surface.
its other end becomes hot. Heat goes from one (iv) Temperature gradient : – The rate of change of
end of the rod to the other end by conduction. temperature with distance along the direction of
In the process of conduction when an object is flow of heat is called temperature gradient.
  –
heated, the particle of the body at higher
temperature give heat to the particle at lower 1 2 1> 2
temperature. Hence the molecular collisions takes
place by which the transfer of energy occurs and x x
the heat is transferred from one end to the other.
If we consider a metallic rod having  and 
– as the temperature of two isothermal surfaces
13. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY which are being at a distance of x from each other, than
Thermal conductivity of a solid is a measure of  –d
the ability of the solid to conduct heat through it. Temperature gradient= =
x dx
Substances differ considerably from one another
(a) The negative sign indicates that temperature
in this respect. For example, copper, silver etc.
decreases with distance in the direction of
are very good conductors of heat whereas glass,
heat flow.
wood etc. are bad conductors.
(b)The unit of temperature gradient is ºC per
meter.
14. TERMS RELATED TO THE THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY 15. LAW OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH
(i) Variable State: As temperature of every cross CONDUCTION
section of the rod goes on increasing, the rod is In steady state, the rate of flow of heat (dQ/dt),
said to be in variable state. through the cross–section of the conductor is,
(i) Directly proportional to the area A of surface
(ii) Steady State: This state of the rod, in which
 dQ 
temperature of each part becomes constant and   A
there is no further absorption of heat anywhere in  dt 
the rod is called steady state. (ii) Directly proportional to the temperature
Note that in steady state temperature of each part gradient (–d/dx) i.e.
of the rod is constant but not same.  dQ   –d 
    
 dt   dx 
Note:– On combining the above two forms, we get,
Theory of conduction is valid only at steady state.
 dQ   –d 
(iii) Isothermal surface: – If we consider a metallic    A.  
 dt   dx 
rod in which heat flows from one end to the other  dQ   d 
so that after some time, a steady state is reached.   = – kA   ...(a)
 dt   dx 
In this state temperature of every transverse
section of rod is same on the whole area of Where k is constant called as coefficient of
section. This transverse section of the rod behaves thermal conductivity of the material. The unit of
as an isothermal surface. coefficient of thermal conductivity is J/m–sec–k.

78
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
Now if dH is the amount of heat transfer in time (0.04W / mº C)(1.44m2 )(40º C)
interval dt then, = =154 W.
0.015m
dQ dH The rate at which the ice melts is
=
dt dt 154W
dH KA  = = 0.46 g/s.
= = rate of heat flow 3.36  105 J / kg
dt x
If heat enters from one end such that temperature 16. THERMAL RESISTANCE
decreases with distance in the direction of heat Eqn. (a) can be rewritten as
flow than, dQ d

dH KAd  dt dx / KA
=–
dt dx V
This is analogous to ohm’s law equation  =
Example :10 R
A cubical ice box of thermocule has each side dx
The quantity is called Thermal Resistance,
30 cm and a thickness of 5 cm.4 kg of ice is put in KA
the box. If outside temp. is 45° C and coefficient of in analogy to electrical resistance greater the
thermal conductivity = 0.01 JS–1 m–1 °C–1, calculate thermal resistance, better will be the thermal
the mass of ice left after 6 hours. Take latent heat insulation and poorer will be the thermal
of fusion of ice = 335 × 103 J/Kg. conduction.
Solution: Example :12
Here, length of each side, Calculate approximately the heat passing per hour
 = 30 cm = 0.3 m Thickness of each side, through the walls and windows of room 5 by
dx = 5 cm = 0.05 m 5 meters if the walls are of bricks of thickness
Total surface area through which heat enters into the 30cms and have windows of glass 3mm thick and
box, A = 62 = 6 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.54 m2 total area 5 square meters. The temperature of the
room is 30º below that of the outside and the
Temp. diff. T = 45 – 0 = 45°C
thermal conductivity of bricks and of glass is
K = 0.01 J s–1 m–1 °C–1
12 × 10–4 and 25 × 10–4 C.G.S. units respectively.
Time, t = 6 hrs = 6 × 60 × 60 s
Solution :
Latent heat of fusion L = 335 × 10³ J/kg Let Q1 be the heat passing through the walls, then
Llet m be the mass of ice melted in this time KA(T1  T2 )t
Q=
 T  x
= Q  mL  KA   t
 x  Here area of four walls including windows
= 500 × 500 × 4 = 10,00,000
 T  t Area of all windows = 5 sq. meter = 50,000 sq. cn
 KA  
 x  L  Net area of brick walls
45 6  60  60 = 10,00,000 – 50,000 = 9,50,000 sq.cm
= 0.01 × 0.54 ×  = 0.313 kg
0.05 335103 K for bricks = 12 × 10–4 C.G.S. units
mass of ice left x = 30cm, (T1 – T2) = 30ºC and
= 4 – 0313 = 3.687 kg t = 1 hr = 3600 sec.
(12  104 )(9,50,000)(30)(3600)
Q1 =
Example :11 30
An ice box made of 1.5 cm thick styrofoam has = 4104000 cal
dimensions 60 cm × 60 cm × 30 cm. It contains ice Heat passing through glass windows
at 0ºC and is kept in a room at 40ºC. Find the rate (25 104 )(50,000)(30)(3600)
at which the ice is melting. Latent heat of fusion of Q2 = = 45000000 cal.
0.3
ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg. and thermal conductivity of Total heat passing Q = Q1 + Q2
styrofoam = 0.04 W/m–ºC. = 4104000 + 45000000
Solution : = 49104 × 103 calories.
The total surface area of the walls
= 2(60 cm × 60 cm + 60 cm × 30 cm + 60 cm × 30 cm) Example :13
= 1.44 m2. A compound bar 2m long is constructed of a solid
The thickness of the walls = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m. copper core 1 cm in diameter surrounded by a
The rate of heat flow into the box is steel casing whose outer diameter is 2cm. The
Q KA( 1   2 ) outer surface of the bar is thermally insulated and
=
t x one is maintained at 100ºC, the other is at 0ºC.
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79
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
(i) Find the total heat current in the bar. 4. The electrical resistance is given by
(ii) What percentage is carried by each material.  
R  
K for copper = 0.9 cal-cm–1sec–1(ºC)–1, A A
and K for steel = 0.12 cal-cm–1sec–1(ºC)–1, Where  is resistivity and  is conductivity
Solution :  Thermal Conduction
The compound bar is shown in fig. The rate of flow 1. Heat flows from higher temperature to lower
through copper bar is given by temperature
2. The rate of flow of heat is called as heat current
Q1 K r 2 (T  T2 ) dQ
= 1 1 1 I
t d dt
3. The heat current is given as
0.5 cm 1cm T  T2
I 1
Copper R Th
4. The thermal resistance is given by
Steel 
0ºC R Th 
100ºC KA
Where k is thermal conductivity of the conductor
Where r1 is the radius
Q1 0.9  3.14  (0.5)2100 18. COMBINATION OF STRAIGHT RODS
 =  18.1 Series Combination :– Suppose we have
t 200
two rods of same cross-sectional area A. The
For steel bar
length of the rods are 1 and 2 and coefficient of
Q2 0.12[3.14{(1)2  (0.5)2 }]100 thermal conductivity are K1 and K2 respectively.
=
t 200
(i) Total heat current in the bar A (1) B () C (2)
Q Q1  Q 2
=
t t 1 2
2
0.9  3.14(0.5) 100 0.12  3.14  0.75  100
= + The ends of the composite rod are maintained at
200 200
temperature 1 and 2. Let  be common
3.14  100 temperature of the junction.
= [0.9 × 0.25 + 0.12 × 0.75]
200 In steady state, any heat that goes through the first
3.14 3.14  0.315 rod also goes through the second rod. So same
= × [0.225 + 0.09] =
2 2 heat current passes through the two rods.
= 0.4945 cal per second. If Keq. is the equivalent coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the combination of rods, then
(ii) On simplification, we get thermal resistance of the combination becomes
Q1 0.9  (0.5)2   2
= R= 1
Q 0.9  (0.5)2  0.12  0.75 AK eq.
0.9  0.25 0.9 2 
= = = 71.42% [Comparing with the eqn. Req =  1 ]
0.315 1.26 AK 2 AK1
Q2 2    2
= 100 – 71.42 = 28.58%  1 = 1
Q AK 2 AK1 AKeq.

17. COMPARISON OF HEAT CONDUCTION 2    2

 1 = 1
WITH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION K 2 K1 Keq.
 Electrical Conduction 1   2
Keq. =
1. Electrical charge flows from higher potential 1  2
to lower potential 
K1 K2
2. The rate of flow of charge is called electric

dq  18.2 Parallel Combination: – Suppose we have
current. I 
dt
two rods of same length  and area of cross-
3. By Ohm’s law,
v1  v 2 sections A1 and A2. The coefficient of thermal
I conductivity be K1 and K2 respectively.
R

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PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
 
A1 
K 1 A1 K 2 A 2 
2 =
1   K eq. (A1  A 2 )

A2 K 1 A1 K 2 A 2
 
 =
k1A1  k 2 A 2 K eq. (A1  A 2 )
The ends of the rod are maintained at temperature
1 and 2. The same temperature difference is K1A1  K 2 A 2
Keq.=
maintained between the ends of each rod. A1  A 2
dH1 dH2
Let and be the heat conducted in first
dt dt  19.3 Mixed Combination : – In mixed
and second rod. The resultant of these is assumed to combination of rods, concept of electricity are
dH valid.
be .
dt
If Keq. is the equivalent coefficient of thermal 19. THERMAL EXPANSION
conductivity of parallel combination, then Solids are made of atoms and molecules. At a
 given temperature, the atoms and molecules are
Req. = placed at some equilibrium distance. When heat is
K eq. (A1  A 2 )
supplied to solid, the interatomic separation
 1 1 1  increases by which there is an expansion of
Using eqn.     for Req. solids. This expansion can be in terms of
 R eq R1 R 2  length/area/volume.
1 1  From the above tree, it is clear that the thermal
 = expansion of solid is classified into three
R1 R 2 K eq. (A1  A 2 )
categories.
R1 R 2  (a) Linear expansion of solids
=
R1  R 2 K eq. (A1  A 2 ) (b) Superficial expansion of solids
(c) Cubical expansion of solids
Now we shall discuss these topics one by one.
Thermal expansion of solid

Linear Superficial expansion Cubical

expansion expansion

20. LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLID when the temperature increases, length

(i) Almost all solids expand on heating. On decreases.
increasing the temperature of a solid, its (iv) The numerical value of  is same in both the
length increases. This change in length of a units i.e. in Per Kelvin or Per ºC
solid on heating is called linear expansion. (v) If  is coefficient of linear expansion at t1ºC.
(ii) Coefficient of linear expansion is defined as 1 = length of the rod at t1ºC
fractional increase in length per ºC rise in 2 = length of the rod at t2ºC
temperature. If  is the length of the rod at
 2 = 1[1 + (t2 – t1)]
T K and as the temperature is changed to
t may be in any unit ºC or ºK because in the
T + T its length becomes +, so
formula there is a difference of temperature
coefficient of linear expansion is given by which remains same for ºC or ºK.
   (vi) If length of the rod is 0 at 0ºC and t at tºC
 
 d
=   = thant = 0 [1 +  (t – 0)]
T   dT
t = 0(1 + t)
(iii) Unit of  is Per Kelvin or Per ºC. It is where  is temperature coefficient of linear
positive for metals except carbon. The value expansion at 0ºC. Here t should be in ºC only
of  is negative for plastic because in plastic because initial temperature is taken as 0ºC.

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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
21. APPLICATION OF LINEAR EXPANSION 21.2 Radius of Bimetallic strip
21.1 Differential expansion of two solid rod If two strips of different metals are welded
(a) Suppose there are two rods of length 1 and 2. together to form a bimetallic strip, when heated
uniformly it bends in the form of an arc, the metal
The first rod is kept on the other such that the with greater coefficient of linear expansion lies
initial separation between the free ends of the rod on convex side. The radius of arc thus formed by
is bimetal is :
d
S = 2 – 1 R
( 2  1 )(t 2  t1 )
Both the rods are initially at a temperature of t1ºC.
1 d
or R 
S ( 2  1 )t
L
2 d
On heating the entire system, the temperature at t10C
increases to t2 such that the length of both the rod d
L
increases. So, if the new length of the rod be 1
L1
and 2 then
1= 1[1 + 1 (t2 – t1)] L2
2= 2 [1 + 2 (t2 – t1)] d

Here 1 and 2 are the coefficients of linear t20C d

expansion at t1 and t2 ºC
R
'1

S'

'2
Where t = temp. difference between the two ends.
Now the separation between the free ends of the d = thickness of each strip
rod also changes such that 1 & 2  coefficients of linear expansion
S= 2 – 1 21.3 Thermal stress
(a) When a rod is heated or cooled, it expands or
= 2 [1 + 2 (t2 – t1)] – 1 [1 + 1(t2 – t1)] contracts. It is turned as free expansion of the rod
= (2 –1) + (22 – 11) (t2 – t1) 1 t1ºC

If the new separation S of the composite rod is

2 t1ºC strain =0
equal to the original separation then
S= S
Actually no strain is being developed because on
 (2 –1) + (22 – 11) (t2 – t1) = 2 –1
increasing the temperature the length of the rod
(22 – 11)(t2 – t1) = 0 increases so at t2ºC, 2 because natural length of rod.
22 – 11 = 0  22 = 11 (b) Now if the ends of the rods are rigidly fixed so as
Example :14 to prevent it from expansion or contraction than
If the volume of a block of a metal changes by stress is produced in the rod. By virtue of this
0.12% when it is heated through 20°C, what is the thermal stress the rod exerts a large force on the
coefficient of linear expansion of metal? supports.
Solution :
Coefficient of cubical expansion of metal is given by
V t1ºC

Vt 1
V 0.12 t2ºC
 , t = 20°C 2
V 100 t2ºC
0.12
  = 6.0 × 10–5 per °C 1
100  20
Coefficient of linear expansion The first figure indicates the rod kept at a
 6.0  105 temperature t1ºC having length 1. The rod is
  = 2.0 × 10–5 Per °C
3 3 between two rigid supports. If the supports were

82
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
not there then on increasing the temperature the
free expansion occurs by which length becomes
2 at higher temperature t2ºC. The third figure F Heated F Cooled
indicates that on increasing the temperature to
t2ºC, the length remains same but a compressive 21.4 Effect of temperature on Pendulum clock
strain is induced in the rod. A pendulum clock consists of a metal rod or wire
with the bob at one end.
If 1 is the length of the rod at t1ºC and on
Let 1 be the length of the simple pendulum at
increasing the temperature to t2ºC its length
1ºC than time period T1 is given by
becomes 2 then
1
2 = 1 [1 +  (t2 – t1)] T1 = 2 ...(i)
g
2 = 1 + 1 (t2 – t1) Now when the temperature increases to 2ºC the
 2  1 effective length becomes 2 so that
=  (t2 – t1)
1
2
The above relationship indicates the thermal T2 = 2 ...(ii)
strain developed in the rod. i.e. g

 2  1 Dividing eqn. (ii) by (i), we get

Thermal strain = =  (t2 – t1) T2 2
2 =
stress T1 1
In elasticity, Young's modulus =
strain But 2 = 1 [1 +  (2 –1)]
Stress = Y (t2 – t1)
T2 1[1  (2 – 1 )]
So =
stress T1 1
As force =
area T2
Force = YA  (t2 – t1) = [1 +  (2 – 1)]½
T1
T2
(c) If the rod is in its natural length at t1ºC while at = 1 + 1/2  (2 –1)
t2ºC it is in compressed state, then T1
Change in length T2 – T1
Strain = = 1/2  (2 –1)
Original length T1
Change in time period T = T2 – T1 = 1/2
..T1
t1ºC The above expression represents the time lost per
oscillation. Thus a pendulum clock loses time in
 summer and gains time in winter.
Note:–
t2ºC If a pendulum clock is giving correct time when
time period is T than
 If T increases, clock becomes slow.
In this case first figure represents the rod of length  If T decreases, clock becomes fast.
at t1ºC when the temperature is lowered to t2ºC the Example :15
length of the rod remains same but a tensile strain is
developed in the rod. A clock which keeps correct time at 25ºC has a
(    t)   pendulum made of brass whose coefficient of
= linear expansion is 0.000019. How many seconds a
    t
day will it gain if the temperature fall to 0ºC.
  t t Solution:
= =  t
    t     t Let L0 and L25 be the length of pendulum at 0ºC and
25ºC respectively.
Stress =  t We know that
(d) When the temperature of the rod is increased, the L25 = L0(1 + T)
compressor stress is developed while on = L0(1 + 0.000019 × 25) = 1.000475 L0
decreasing the temperature of the rod the tensile If T25 and T0 be the time periods at 25ºC and 0ºC
stress is developed. respectively, then
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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I

 L25   L0  23. VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOLID

T25 = 2   and T0 = 2   (i) On increasing the temperature of rod, its volume
 g   g 
changes.
L   1.000475L0  (ii) If V0 is the volume of solid at 0ºC and on
T25
 =  25  =   increasing the temperature, volume becomes Vt
T0  L0   L0  than,
Vt = V0 [1 + t]
= (1.000475) = 1.000237.
Where  is coefficient of volume expansion at
T25 – T0 0ºC. Here also t should be in ºC only.
Now = 0.000237. (iii) If V1 is the volume of solid at t1ºC and on
T0
increasing the temperature to t2ºC the volume

becomes V2 then,
 Gain in time for one vibration
V2 = V1 [1 +  (t2 – t1)]
= 2 × 0.000237 sec. Where  is coefficient of volume expansion at
Number of vibration in one day t1ºC.
24  60  60 (iv) Coefficient of volume expansion is defined as
= sec. ( T = 2 sec.)
2 the fractional increase in volume per ºC rise in
Hence, the gain in time in one day temperature.
V V dV
24  60  60 = =
= 2 × 0.000237 × = 20.52 sec. T V.dT
2
(v) Unit of  is per ºC or per Kelvin.

22. SUPERFICIAL EXPANSION OF SOLID

24. RELATION BETWEEN COEFFICIENT OF
(i) On increasing the temperature of solid, its area
LINEAR EXPANSION (), COEFFICIENT OF
increases. This change in area is referred as
superficial expansion of solids. SUPERFICIAL EXPANSION () &
(ii) If A0 is the area of solid at 0ºC. On heating the COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION ()
rod to t1ºC, the area becomes At so that
 = 2 
At = A0 [1 + t]  = 3
Where  is coefficient of superficial expansion at 2
 = 
0ºC and t should be in ºC only. 3
(iii) If the area of solid at temperature t1ºC is A1 and
on heating the rod, the area becomes A2 at t2ºC 25. CHANGE IN DENSITY OF SOLID WITH
than TEMPERATURE
A2 = A1 [1 +  (t2 – t1)] Suppose m is the mass of a solid which at a given
Where  is coefficient of superficial expansion at temperature occupies a volume V so that density
t1ºC. m
at 0ºC is d0 =
(iv) Coefficient of superficial expansion is defined V
Now if the temperature is increased by tºC, mass
as fractional increase in area per ºC rise in will remain unchanged but due to thermal
temperature. expansion volume increases so that,
A A dA V= V (1 + t)
= =
T A.dT Now density
(v) Unit of  is per ºC or per Kelvin m m
dt= =
V V(1   t)
d0
dt =
(1  t)
Here  is coefficient of cubical expansion at 0ºC.

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PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION

EXERCISE # 1
Based On Conduction 6. If there is no heat loss in the body shown and
only heat transfer due to conduction take place
1. Which of the following cylindrical rods will then which graph is most appropriate in case of
conduct most heat, when their ends are steady state (T1 > T2). (Given : Thermal
maintained at the same steady temperature.
conductivity K = constant)
(A) length 100 cm, radius 1 cm
(B) length 100 cm, radius 2 cm T1
K T2
(C) length 200 cm, radius 2 cm
(D) length 200 cm, radius 1 cm
T1>T2
T T
2. Heat is flowing through the cylindrical rods of
the same material. The diameters of the rods
are in the ratio 1 : 2 and their lengths are in the (A) (B)
ratio 2 : 1. If the temperature difference
x x
between their ends is the same then the ratio of T T
the amount of heat conducted through them per
unit time will be- (C) (D)
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 1 : 8
x x
3. When two ends of a rod wrapped with cotton
are maintained at different temperatures and
after some time every point of the rod attains a 7. Three rods AB, BC and BD of same length 
constant temperature, then – and cross-sectional area A are arranged as
(A) Conduction of heat at different points of the shown. The end D is immersed in ice whose
rod stops because the temperature is not mass is 440 gm. Heat is being supplied at
increasing. constant rate of 200 cal/sec from the end A.
(B) Rod is bad conductor of heat Time in which whole ice will melt (Latent heat
of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gm)
(C) Heat is being radiated from each point of K, 2K,
20 0 cal/ sec 1 0 0°C
the rod
A B C
(D) Each point of the rod is giving heat to its
K/ 2
neighbour at the same rate at which it is
receiving heat. ice
D
4. One end of a metal rod is dipped in boiling
water and the other is dipped in melting ice. (A) 40/3 min (B) 700 sec
(A) All parts of the rod are in thermal (C) 20/3 min (D) indefinitely long time
equilibrium with each other.
(B) We can assign a temperature to the rod. 8. In a 20m deep lake, the bottom is at a constant
(C) We can assign a temperature to the rod after temperature of 4°C. The air temperature is
steady state is reached. constant at –10°C. The thermal conductivity of
(D) The state of the rod does not change after ice is 4 times that water. Neglecting the
steady state is reached. expansion of water on freezing, the maximum
thickness of ice will be
5. Heat is flowing through a conductor of length  20 200
(A) m (B) m
from x = 0 to x = . If its thermal resistance per 11 11
unit length is uniform, which of the following (C) 20 m (D) 10 m
graphs is/are correct –
9. There is formation of layer of ice x cm thick on
T T water, when the temperature of air is –°C (less
(A) (B) than freezing point). The thickness of layer
increases from x to y in the time t, then the
O x O x value of t is given by-
(x  y)(x  y)  L (x  y) L
T (A) (B)
T 2K  2K 
(C) (D) (x  y)(x  y)  L (x  y)  LK
(C) (D)
O x
O
K 2
x

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85
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
10. In a 10-metre-deep lake, the bottom is at a 15. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of
constant temperature of 4°C. The air temperature different materials. Both the layers have the
is constant at –4°C. The thermal conducitivity of same thickness. The thermal conductivity of the
ice is 3 times that of water. Neglecting the material of A is twice that of B. Under thermal
expansion of water on freezing, the maximum equilibrium, the temperature difference across
thickness of ice will be- the wall is 36ºC. The temperature difference
(A) 7.5 m (B) 6 m across the layer A is–
(C) 5 m (D) 2.5 m (A) 6ºC (B) 12ºC (C) 18ºC (D) 24ºC
11. A rod of length  and cross section area A has a 16. Two rectangular blocks A and B of different
metals have same length and same area of
variable thermal conductivity given by cross-section. They are kept in such a way that
k = T, where  is a positive constant and T is their cross-sectional area touch each other. The
temperature in kelvin. Two ends of the rod are temperature at one end of A is 100ºC and that
maintained at temperatures T1 and T2 of B at the other end is 0ºC. If the ratio of their
(T1 > T2). Heat current flowing through the rod thermal conductivity is 1 : 3, then under steady
under steady state will be state, the temperature of the junction in contact
A(T12  T22 ) A(T12  T22 ) will be –
(A) (B)
  (A) 25ºC (B) 50ºC (C) 75ºC (D) 100ºC
2 2
A(T1  T2 ) A(T1  T22 )
2
17. Three rods of the same dimensions have
(C) (D)
3 2 thermal conductivities 3k, 2k and k. They are
12. Two rods of copper and steel, each of the same arranged as shown, with their ends at 100ºC,
area of cross-section but of different lengths Lc 50ºC and 0ºC. The temperature of their junction
and Ls are heated by the same source such that is –
50°C
one of their ends is kept at the temperature T of
the source while their other ends are maintained at 2k
0°C under steady state conditions. (heat flow is 100°C
same in both) If the linear thermal conductivity of 3k
k
copper and steel be Kc and Ks, then the ratio Lc/Ls
will be given by :- 0°C
L K L K 200 100
(A) c  s (B) c  c (A) 75ºC (B)  C (C) 40ºC (D) C
Ls K c Ls K s 3 3

L Kc 18. Radius of a conductor increases uniformly from

(C) c  (D) None of these left end to right end as shown if figure. Material
Ls Ks of the conductor is isotropic and its curved
Based On Combination of rod surface is thermally isolated from surrounding.
Its ends are maintained at temperatures T1 and
13. A slab consist of two parallel layers of copper T2 (T1>T2).
and brass of the same thickness and having
thermal conductivities in the ratio 1 : 4. If the
free face of brass is at 100ºC and that of copper
T1 T2
at 0ºC, the temperature of interface is-
(A) 80ºC (B) 20ºC (C) 60ºC (D) 40ºC
x
14. Two identical square rods of metal are welded If, in steady state, heat flow rate is equal to H,
end to end as shown in figure (A), 20 calories then which of the following graphs is correct–
of heat flows through it in 4 minutes. If the rods
are welded as shown in figure (B). The same H H
amount of heat will flow through the rods in –
(A) (B)
0ºC 100ºC
O x O x
(a)

0ºC 100ºC H
H
(C) (D)
(b)
(A) 1 minute (B) 2 minutes O x O x
(C) 4 minutes (D) 16 minutes

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PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
19. The ends of an unlagged rod are in contact with (A) the temperature difference between P and Q
reservoirs maintained at 100ºC and 0ºC through (B) the metal of which the bar is made
thin end-pieces of a material of lower thermal (C) the thickness of the section XY
conductivity than the rod. (D) the distance of the section XY from the end P
End-piece
22. Two different rods A and B are kept as shown
in figure.
100°C Unlagged rod 0°C
Temp.(°C)
X Y
Which one of the following graphs best 100°
represents the variation of temperature with
70°
distance between the faces of the reservoirs.
35°
T(°C)
T(°C)
Distance
100 100 0 30 100 (cm)
100°C 70°C 35°C
(A) 0 (B) 0 A B
X Y X Y The variation of temperature of different cross
Distance Distance sections is plotted in a graph shown in figure.
T(°C) T(°C)
The ratio of thermal conductivities of A and B is
100 100 (A) 2 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 2/3

(C) 0 (D) 0 23. Three rods of identical cross sectional area and
X Y X Y made from the same material form the sides of
Distance Distance
an equilateral triangle. The point A and B are
20. Two bars of equal length and the same cross- maintained at T and 2T respectively. In steady
sectional area but of different thermal state temperature of point C is Tc. (Assuming
conductivities, k1 and k2, are joined end-to-end only heat conduction takes place). The value of
as shown in figure. One end of the composite Tc is
C
bar is maintained at temperature Th whereas the
opposite end is held at Tc.
Th Tj Tc
k1 k2
  A
B
If there are no heat losses from the sides of the (A) T/2 (B) T
bars, the temperature Tj of the junction is given 2 3
by (C) T (D) T
3 2
k (T  Tc )
(A) 2 h 24. An irregular rod of same uniform material as
k1 2
shown in figure is conducting heat at a steady
k2
(B) (Th  Tc ) rate. The temperature gradient at various
k1  k 2 sections versus area of cross section graph will
k 1  k 2 (Tk  Tc ) be
(C)
2 2
1
(D)
k1  k 2
(k1Th  k 2 Tc ) H eat

21. PQ is fully-lagged metal bar, containing a dT /dx

section of XY of a material of lower thermal
conductivity. The thermal conductivities of the
two materials are independent of temperature. (A)
Ends P and Q are maintained at different
temperatures. A
dT /dx

P X Y Q
lagging (B)
In the steady state, the temperature difference A
across XY would be independent of–
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87
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
dT /dx T
T1

(C) (C)
A T2
L 2L x
dT /dx T
T1

(D) (D)
T2
A
L 2L x
25. In the figure shown, AB is a rod of length 30
cm and area of cross-section 1.0 cm2 and Based On Wien's law
thermal conductivity 336 S.I. units. The ends A
& B are maintained at temperatures 20o C and 27. Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at
40o C respectively. A point C of this rod is wavelength 4000Aº and 5000Aº respectively.
connected to a box D, containing ice at 0o C, The ratio of their temperatures will be –
through a highly conducting wire of negligible (A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
heat capacity. The rate at which ice melts in the (C) 4 : 5 (D) 5 : 4
box is : 28. Over a certain temperature range, the thermal
[Latent heat of fusion for ice L, = 80 cal/gm] conductivity k of a metal is not constant but
varies as indicated in figure. A lagged rod of
A C B the metal has its ends maintained at
20°C 40°C
temperatures T1 and T2(T2> T1) as shown in
10cm 20cm
figure–
highly conducting wire
Ice D k T T lagging T2
1 3
0°C
(A) 84 mg/s (B) 84 g/s
(C) 20 mg/s (D) 40 mg/s
T
mid-point
T1 T2
26. A copper rod and a steel rod of equal cross-
sections and lengths (L) are joined side by side Which one of the following correctly describes
and connected between two heat baths as how T3, the temperature at the mid-point of the
shown in the figure. rod, compares with T1 and T2 ?
(A) T3 = (T1 + T2)/2 (B) T3 = (T1 – T2)/2
(C) T3 > (T1 + T2)/2 (D) T3 < (T1 + T2)/2
T1 copper steel T2 29. The radiant energy from the sun incident normally
T1 > T2 at the surface of Earth is 20 kcal/m2-min. What
would have been the radiant energy incident
x=0 x = 2L normally on the Earth, if the sun had a
If heat flows through them from x = 0 to x = 2L temperature twice of the present one–
at a steady rate and conductivities of the metals (A) 160 kcal/m2-min (B) 40 kcal/m2-min
are Kcu & Ksteel (Kcu > Ksteel), then the (C) 320 kcal/m2-min (D) 80 kcal/m2-min
temperature varies as (convection and radiation 30. An ideal black body emits maximum intensity
are negligible) of radiation of wavelength 5000 Å at
T temperature 12270C. If its temperature is
T1 increased by 103 0C then the maximum
emission wavelength will be
(A) (A) 5000 Å (B) 4000 Å
T2 (C) 3500Å (D) 3000 Å
x=0 x = 2L
T 31. Two stars X and Y emit yellow and blue lights.
T1 Out of these whose temperature will be more?
(A) that of Y
(B) (B) that of X
T2 (C) that of both
(D) sometimes X and sometimes Y
x=L x = 2L

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PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
32. Two stars emit maximum radiation of 39. A sphere density , specific heat capacity C
wavelength 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. and radius r is hung by a thermally insulating
The ratio of their temperatures is– thread in an enclosure which is kept at a lower
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 4 (C) 4 : 3 (D) 2 : 1 temperature than the sphere. The temperature
of the sphere starts to drop at a rate which
33. The spectral emission power of a black body at depends upon the temperature difference
6000 K is maximum at 5500 Å. If the between the sphere and the enclosure and the
temperature is increased by 10% then decrease nature of surface of sphere and is proportional
in the value of m will be to –
(A) 10% (B) 11.1% C 1
(C) 5.0% (D) 9.1% (A) 3 (B) 3
r r C
1
34. A body cools from 50.0°C to 49.9°C in 5 s. (C) 3r3C (D)
How long will it take to cool from 40.0°C to rC
39.9°C? Assume the temperature of 40. Two large black plane surfaces are maintained
surroundings to be 30.0°C at constant temperature T1 and T2(T1 > T2).
(A) 2.5 s (B) 10 s (C) 20 s (D) 5 s Two thin black plates are placed between the
two surfaces and in parallel to these. After
35. The power emitted per unit area of a black some time, steady conditions are obtained.
body is R watt/m2. At what wavelength will the What is the ratio of heat transfer rate between
power radiated by the black body be maximum. plate-1 & plate-3 to the ratio of original (when
plate-3 & plate-4 was not present) heat tranfer
If the Stefan's constant is  and Wien's constant
rate between plate-1 & plate-2 () in steady
is b, then
1/ 4 1/ 4
state ?
 b  b T1 T 2
(A)  =   (B)  =  
R  R
1/ 4 1/ 4
 bR  
(C)  =   (D)  = b  
   R

Based On Kirchhoff's law

36. A block of ice at –10ºC is placed in a room 1 34 2
which has temperature of 27ºC. Then the ice– 1 1
(A)  = (B)  =
(A) Does not emit any radiation 2 3
(B) Emits some radiation but absorbs an equal (C)  = 1 (D)  = 0
amount of radiation 41. Assume that the entire surface of a burning log
(C) Absorbs more radiation than it emits of wood is at the same temperature. Some small
(D) Emits more radiation then it absorbs spots on the wood appear brighter than the rest
of the surface. At such a spot–
37. An aluminium sphere 10 cm in diameter is (A) there is a small cavity in the wood.
suspended by a fine thread inside an evacuated (B) there is a small hump (convex portion) in
jar, so that it can lose heat only by radiation. the wood.
The sphere is initially at temperature 127ºC. (C) less ash has formed than on the rest of the
Then the initial net rate of heat loss of the wood.
sphere is (given density of aluminium 2.7 (D) more ash has formed than on the rest of the
g/cm3, emissivity  = 0.1 and specific heat s = wood.
0.92 J/gK) – (Surrounding temperature = 27ºC) 42. There are two thin spheres A and B of the same
(A) 3.13 W (B) 6.13 W (C) 31.3 W(D) 997 W
material and same thickness. They emit like
38. A and B are two points on a uniform metal ring black bodies. Radius of A is double that of B. A
whose centre is C. The angle ACB = . A and and B have same temperature T. When A and B
B are maintained at two different constant are kept in a room of temperature T0 (< T), the
temperatures. When = 180º, the rate of total ratio of their rates of coolling (rate of fall of
heat flow from A to B is 1.2W. When  = 90º, temperature) is : [assume negligible heat
this rate will be – exchange between A and B]
(A) 0.6W (B) 0.9 W (A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 1
(C) 1.6W (D) 1.8W (C) 4 : 1 (D) 8 : 1

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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
Based On Stefan's law 49. The temperature of a well stirred liquid kept
open to a cold surrounding is plotted against
43. A thin square steel plate with each side equal to time.
10 cms is heated by a blacksmith. The rate of
Temperature (°C)
radiated energy by the heated plate is 1134 watts.
50
The temperature of the hot steel plate is–
(Stefan's constant  = 5.67 × 10–8 watts m–2K–4 45

emissivity of the plate = 1) 40

1
(A) 1000K (B) 1189K 35

(C) 2000K (D) 2378K 30

2
25
44. Two sphere made of same substance have radii
20
1m and 4m, and temperatures 4000ºK and
2000ºK respectively. The ratio of power 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time(s)
radiated by two spheres is – The value of sec21 is :–
(A) 1/2 (B) ¼ (C) 4 (D) 1 (A) 1+ 9 tan22 (B) 1 + tan22
2 2
45. The rate of emission of radiation of a body at (C) 1+ 3tan 2 (D) 3+ tan 2
temperature 27ºC is 20 watt. If the temperature
of a body is increased to 327ºC, the rate of Based On Thermal expansion (solid)
emission of radiation will be –
50. When a metal rod is heated it expands because–
(A) 20 watt (B) 160 watt
(C) 320 watt (D) 327 watt (A) The size of its atom increases
(B) The distance among its atom increases
46. A thin spherical shell and a thin cylindrical (C) Atmospheric air rushes into it
shell (closed at both ends) have same volume. (D) The actual cause is still unknown
Both the shells are filled with water at the same
temperature and are exposed to the same 51. If the length of a cylinder on heating increases
atmosphere. Initial temperature of water is by 2%, the area of its base will increase by –
slightly greater than that of surrounding. Then
at initial moment – (A) 0.5% (B) 2%
(A) Rate of heat radiation from two shells will (C) 1% (D) 4%
be same.
(B) Rate of fall of temperature in both the shells 52. A uniform metal rod is used as a bar pendulum.
will be same. If the room temperature rises by 10ºC, and the
(C) Rate of heat radiation and rate of fall of coefficient of linear expansion of the metal of
temperature, both in cylindrical shell are the rod is 2 × 10–6 per ºC, the period of the
less than those in spherical shell. pendulum will have percentage increase of –
(D) None of these. (A) –2 × 10–3
–3
(B) –1 × 10
47. Two solid spheres, of radii R1 and R2 are made (C) 2 × 10
–3

of the same material and have similar surfaces. (D) 1 × 10–3

The sphere are raised to the same temperature
and then allowed to cool under identical 53. Expansion during heating–
conditions. Assuming spheres to be perfect (A) Occurs only in solids
conductors of heat, then their initial rates of
(B) Increases the weight of a material
loss of heat are –
2
(A) R1 /R2
2
(B) R1/R2 (C) Decreases the density of a material
2 2
(C) R2/R1 (D) R2 /R1 (D) Occurs at the same rate for all solids and
liquids
48. Two electric lamps A and B radiate the same
power. Their filaments have the same 54. When a rod is heated but prevented from
dimensions and have emissivities eA and eB. expanding, the stress developed is independent
Their surface temperatures are TA and TB. The
of –
T
ratio A will be equal to :– (A) Material of the rod
TB
(B) Rise in temperature
1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 4
 eB   eB   eA   eA  (C) Length of rod
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 eA   eA   eB   eB  (D) None of above

90
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
55. A steel rod of length 25 cm has a cross–sectional P
A D  B
area of 0.8 cm2. The force required to stretch this
 
rod by the same amount as the expansion
produced by heating it through 10ºC is coefficient
of linear expansion of steel is 10–5 ºC–1. Young's C

modulus of steel is 2 × 1010 N/m2. (A) 1 = 2 (B) 1 = 22

(A) 40 N (B) 80 N 1
(C) 1 = 42 (D) 1 = 2
(C) 120 N (D) 160 N 2
61. Two holes of unequal diameters d1 and d2
56. A thin copper wire of length L increases in
(d1>d2) are cut in a metal sheet. If the sheet is
length by 1% when heated from temperature T1
heated-
to T2. What is the percentage change in area
(A) Both d1 and d2 will decrease
when a thin copper plate having dimension
(B) Both d1 and d2 will increase
2L × L is heated from T1 to T2–
(C) d1 will increase, d2 will decrease
(A) 1% (B) 3% (C) 2% (D) 4%
(D) d1 will decrease, d2 will increase
57. An anisotropic material has coefficient of linear
62. Two bars of copper having same length but
thermal expansion 1, 2 and 3 along x, y
unequal diameter are heated to the same
and z–axis respectively. Coefficient of cubical temperature. The change in length will be-
expansion of its material will be equal to- (A) More in thinner bar
(A) 1 + 2 + 3 (B) 1 + 22 + 33 (B) More in thicker bar
1   2   3 (C) Same for both the bars
(C) 31 + 22 + 3 (D)
3 (D) Determined by the ratio of length and
58. Two straight metallic strips each of thickness t diameter of the bars
and length  are riveted together. Their 63. A metallic bar is heated from 0ºC to 100ºC. The
coefficient of linear expansion are 1 and 2. If coefficient of linear expansion is 10–5 K–1. What
they are heated through temperature T the will be the percentage increase in length-
bimetallic strip will bend to form an arc of (A) 0.01 % (B) 0.1 % (C) 1 % (D) 10 %
radius approximately.
64. Two rods of lengths 1 and 2 are made of
(A) t/{(1 + 2)T} (B) t/{(2 – 1)T}
materials whose coefficient of linear
(C) t(1 + 2)T (D) t(2 – 1)T
expansions are 1 and 2. If the difference
59. A metallic rod  cm long. A square cm in cross- between two lengths is independent of
section is heated through tºC. If young's temperature-
modulus of elasticity of the metal is E and the    
(A) 1  1 (B) 1  2
mean coefficient of linear expansion is  per  2 2  2 1
degree Celsius, then the compressional force 12  22
2 2
required to prevent the rod from expanding (C) 2 1 = 1 2 (D) 
1  2
along its length is-
65. The coefficient of linear expansion of steel and
(A) EA  t (B) EA t/(1 +t)
brass are 11 × 10–6/ºC and 19 × 10–6/ºC
(C) EA t/(1 – t) (D) E I  t.
respectively. If their difference in lengths at all
60. Three rods of equal length are joined to form an temperatures has to be kept constant at 30 cm,
equilateral triangle ABC. D is midpoint of AB. their lengths at 0ºC should be-
The coefficient of linear expansion is 1 for (A) 71.25 cm and 41.25 cm
AB, and 2 for AC and BC. If the distance DC (B) 82 cm and 52 cm
remains constant for small changes in (C) 92 cm and 62 cm
temperature- (D) 62.25 cm and 32.25 cm

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91
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
66. If a bimetallic strip is heated, it will 71. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W1 at
(A) Bend towards the metal with lower thermal 0°C and W2 at 59°C. The coefficient of cubical
expansion coefficient expansion of the metal is less than that of
(B) Bend towards the metal with higher thermal alcohol. Assuming that the density of metal is
expansion coefficient large compared to that of alcohol, it can be
(C) Not bend at all shown that
(D) Twist itself into a helix (A) W1 > W2 (B) W1 = W2
(C) W1 < W2 (D) W2 = (W1/2)
67. Two spheres of the same radius are made from
72. The table gives the initial length 0, change in
the same material. One is hollow and the other
is solid. If they are heated together from 20°C temperature T and change in length  of four
to 100°C.
rods. Which rod has greatest coefficient of
(A) Both will expand equally linear expansion
(B) Hollow sphere will expand more
Rod 0 (m)  T(°C)  (°C)
(C) Solid sphere will expand more
A1 1 100 1
(D) The relative expansion of solid and hollow
A2 1 100 2
sphere depends on the material of sphere
A3 1.5 50 3

68. A brass rod and a lead rod each 80.00 cm long A4 2.5 20 4

at 0°C are clamped together at one end with (A) A1 (B) A2 (C) A3 (D) A4
their free ends coinciding. The separation of the
free ends of the rods if the system is placed in 73. Three rods of equal length  are joined to form
steam bath is (coefficients of linear expansions an equilateral triangle PQR. O is the mid point
of brass and lead are 2×10–5 /°C & 1.0 × 10–5/°C of PQ. Distance OR remains same for small
respectively) change in temperature. Coefficient of linear
(A) 0.2 mm (B) 0.8 mm expansion for PR and RQ is same, i.e., 2 but
(C)1.4 mm (D) 1.6 mm that for PQ is 1. Then–
R
69. Figures shows the expansion of a 2m long
metal rod with temperature. The volume
expansion coefficient of the metal is :–
P Q
2.5 O
2.0 (A) 2 = 31 (B) 2 = 41
1.5
(C) 1 = 32 (D) 1 = 42
 (mm)

1.0
74. Two lines AC and BC are drawn on a circular
0.5

0
disc as shown in figure. The disc is made of a
5 10 15 20 25
 T(K) material with linear expansion coefficients
(A) 3 × 10–4 K–1 (B) 1.5 × 10–4 K–1 x > y. Here x and y are linear expansion
–5 –1 –5 –1
(C) 3 × 10 K (D) 1.5 × 10 K coefficient for expansion in x-direction and y-
direction respectively. C is the centre of disc. If
70. A clock with a metallic pendulum gains 6
the disc is heated uniformly. Angle ACB (= )
seconds each day when the temperature is 20°C
will
and loses 6 second when the temperature is y

40°C. Find the coefficient of linear expansion A

of the metal. 
x
C B
–5 –1 –6 –1
(A) 1.4 × 10 °C (B) 1.4 × 10 °C
(C) 1.4 × 10–4 °C–1 (D) 0.4 × 10–6 °C–1

92
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
(A) Increase Based On Expansion of liquids
(B) Decrease
78. 45 gm of alcohol are needed to completely fill
(C) Remains constant
up a weight thermometer at 15ºC. Find the
(D) May increase or decreases depending on
weight of alcohol which will overflow when
value of temperature increment
the weight thermometer is heated to 33ºC.
75. Two rods of length  (placed on left) and n of (Given a = 121 × 10–5 ºC–1)

different metals having same area of cross- (A) 0.98 gm(B) 0.9 gm (C) 1 gm (D) 2 gm
section are placed between two unyielding
supports. The coefficients of thermal expansion 79. A long capillary tube of uniform bore contains
for two rods are 1 and 2 respectively. If the a thread of mercury which at 0ºC is 100 cm
temperature of rods is raised by t°C and the long and at 100ºC it is 101.55 cm. If the
coefficient of real expansion of mercury is
ratio of strains of two rods is r, find the
1.82 × 10–4 ºC–1, find the coefficient of linear
distance by which joint of the two rods may
expansion of glass.
move towards right, if the supports unyield :-
(A) 3 × 10–6 /ºC (B) 9 × 10–6 /ºC
t  1   r  2  t  2  r 1 
(A) (B) (C) 3 × 10–8 /ºC (D) 9 × 10–8 /ºC
1  r / n  1  r / n 
80. The coefficient of volume expansion of
t  1   r  2  t   2   r 1 
(C) (D) glycerine is 49 × 10–5 ºC–1. What is the
1  r / n  1  r / n  fractional change in its density for a 30ºC rise
in temperature.
76. The variation of lengths of two metal rods A
(A) 3 × 10–2 (B) 2 × 10–2
and B with change in temperature are shown in
(C) 1.47 × 10–2 (D) 1.47 × 10–4

figure. The ratio of A is
B 81. A glass flask is filled up to a mark with 50 cc of
106 mercury at 18ºC. If the flask and contents are
B heated to 38ºC, how much mercury will be
length(cm)

104

100
A above the mark ? ( for glass is 9 × 10–6/ºC and
coefficient of real expansion of mercury is
0 T 180 × 10–6/ºC) -
temp. (°C)
(A) 0.85 cc (B) 0.46 cc
3 2 4 3 (C) 0.153 cc (D) 0.05 cc
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
82. The coefficient of apparent expansion of
77. A copper rod of length 1 and an iron rod of mercury in a glass vessel is 153 × 10–6/ºC and

length 2 are always maintained at the same in a steel vessel is 144 × 10–6/ºC. If  for steel
is 12 × 10–6/ºC, then that of glass is -
common temperature T. If the difference (2 –1) –6
(A) 9 × 10 /ºC
–6
(B) 6 × 10 /ºC
is 15 cm and is independent of the value of T, the (C) 36 × 10–6/ºC (D) 27 × 10–6/ºC
1 and 2 have the values (given the linear 83. A horizontal tube, open at both ends, contains a
coefficient of expansion for copper and iron are column of liquid. The length of this liquid
2.0 × 10–6 C–1 and 1.0 × 10–6 C–1 respectively) :- column does not change with temperature. Let
(A) 1 = 15 cm, 2 = 30 cm  = coefficient of volume expansion of the
liquid and  = coefficient of linear expansion
(B) 1 = 30 cm, 2 = 15 cm
of the material of the tube-
(C) 1 = 10 cm, 2 = 25 cm (A)  =  (B)  = 2
(C)  = 3 (D)  = 0
(D) 1 = 25 cm, 2 = 10 cm

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93
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
84. A vessel is partly filled with a liquid. 90. An iron tyre is to be fitted onto a wooden wheel
Coefficient of cubical expansion of material of 1.0 metre in diameter. The diameter of the tyre
the vessel and liquid are V and L respectively. is 6 mm, smaller than that of the wheel. The
If the system is heated, then volume tyre should be heated so that its temperature
unoccupied by the liquid will necessarily- increases by a minimum of (given coefficient
(A) Remain unchanged if V =  L of volume expansion of iron is 3.6 × 10–5 /°C)
(B) Increase if V =  L (A) 167°C (B) 334°C (C) 500°C (D) 1000°C
(C) Decrease if V = L 91. Density of substance at 0°C is 10 g/cc and at
(D) None of these 100°C, its density is 9.7 g/cc. The coefficient of
linear expansion of the substance will be–
85. At 4ºC, 0.98 of the volume of a body is (A)102 °C–1 (B)10–2 K–1(C)10–3 K–1(D) 10–4 °C–1
immersed in water. The temperature at which
92. The height of mercury column measured with a
the entire body gets immersed in water
brass scale at temperature t1 is n1 units. Height
(w = 3.3 × 10–4K–1) is (neglect the expansion
of the mercury column measured by brass scale
of the body)-
at t = 0°C is n2 units. The coefficient of linear
(A) 40.8ºC (B) 65.8ºC (C) 60.6ºC (D) 58.8ºC
expansion of brass is  and coefficient of

86. A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. volume expansion of mercury is  (Assume the
It must overflow - expansion in area of vessel containing mercury
(A) when heated but not when cooled is negligible).n2 =
(B) when cooled but not when heated n1 (1  t1 )
(A) n1 (1 – t1) (B)
(C) both when heated or cooled 1  (  / 3)t1
(D) neither when heated nor when cooled n1 (1  t1 ) n1 (1  t1 )
(C) (D)
1  t1  1  t1 
87. Co-efficient of cubical expansion of water is zero
93. The figure shows a glass tube (linear co-
at-
efficient of expansion is ) completely filled
(A) 0°C (B) 4°C (C) 15.5°C (D) 100°C
with a liquid of volume expansion co-efficient
. On heating length of the liquid column does
88. A liquid having co-efficient of cubical
not change. Choose the correct relation
expansion () is filled in the container having
between  and .
co-efficient of linear expansion . If, on
A0
heating, the liquid overflows, then which of the
following relations is correct?
(A)  = 2 (B)  < 3 (C)  > 3 (D) 2 = 3 0

89. A beaker is filled with water at 4°C. At one

time the temperature is increased by few 
(A)  = (B)  = 2 (C)  = 3 (D)  
3
degrees above C and at another time it is
decreased by a few degrees below 4°C. One 94. The volume thermal expansion coefficient  for
shall observe that- an ideal gas is computed under constant
(A) The level remains constant in each case pressure condition. Expressed in terms of its
(B) In first case water flows while in second absolute temperature, the correct expression is:-
case its level comes down 1 1 2 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
(C) In second case water overflows while in 2T 2T T T
first case it comes down
(D) Water overflows in both the cases

94
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION

EXERCISE # 2
One or More Than One Correct Answer
Question
Type Questions

T em perature
1. The temperature drop through a two layer
furnace wall is 900°C. Each layer is of equal
area of cross–section. Which of the following
action(s) will result in lowering the temperature
 of the interface?
D istance f rom hot end
(A) The temperature gradient is not uniform.
(B) The bar has uniform cross-sectional area
(C) The cross-sectional area of the bar increases
as the distance from the hot end increases.
(D) The cross-sectional area of the bar
decreases as the distance from the hot end
increases

4. A furnace X at temperature 0 is connected to a

(A) By increasing the thermal conductivity of body Y of heat capacity C, at an initial
outer layer. temperature of 1, with the help of a rod of
(B) By increasing the thermal conductivity of uniform cross-section area A, uniform thermal
inner layer. conductivity K and length L. In some time
(C) By increasing thickness of outer layer. interval temperature of body Y increases to 2
(D) By increasing thickness of inner layer from 1 such the 1 <2 < 0. Then choose the
CORRECT option(s).
(A) Rate of heat flow through the rod is not
2. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D constant.
and E of different thermal conductivities (given (B) Temperature of the body Y increases
in terms of a constant K) and sizes (given in linearly.
terms of length, L) as shown in the figure. All (C) Rate of change of temperature of body Y
slabs are of same width. Heat ‘Q’ flows only increases with time.
(D) Rate of change of temperature of body Y
from left to right through the blocks. Then in
decreases with time.
steady state
heat 0 1L 5L 6L 5. A 100 cm long cylindrical flask with inner and
outer diameter 2 cm and 4 cm respectively is
A B 3K E
1L completely filled with ice as shown in the
C 4K figure. The constant temperature outside the
2K 6K
3L flask is 40ºC. (Thermal conductivity of the
D 5K flask is 0.693 W/mºC, Lice = 80 cal/gm & n2 =
4L
0.693).
(A) Heat flow through A and E slabs are same
(B) Heat flow through slab E is maximum
(C) Temperature difference across slab E is r1
ice
smallest r2

(D) Heat flow through C= heat flow through

B + Heat flow through D
(A) Rate of heat flow from outside to the flask
3. The ends of a long bar are maintained at is 80  J/s
different temperatures and there is no loss of 
(B) The rate at which ice melts is kg / s
heat from the sides of the bar due to conduction 4200
or radiation. The graph of temperature against (C) The rate at which ice melts is 100  kg/s
(D) Rate of heat flow from outside to flask is
distance of the bar when it has attained steady
40  J/s
state is shown here. The graph shows

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95
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
6. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of the same 11. A metal cylinder of 5 kg is heated electrically
material and of equal radii are initially at the by a 20 W heater in a room at 20°C. The
same temperature and are kept in surrounding cylinder temperature rises uniformly to 30°C in
which is at lower temperature. 5 minute and finally becomes constant at 45°C.
(A) Both the spheres will emit thermal radiation Assuming that the rate of heat loss is
at the same rate in the beginning proportional to the excess temperature over the
(B) Both the spheres will emit thermal radiation surroundings
at equal rates at all instants of time (A) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
(C) The initial rate of cooling dT/dt will be the surrounding at 25°C is 4W
same for the two spheres (B) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
(D) Both the spheres will absorb thermal surrounding at 45°C is 20W
radiation from the surrounding at the same (C) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
rates at all instants of time surrounding at 25°C is 8W
(D) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
7. A heated body maintained at T K emits thermal surrounding at 45°C is zero
radiation of total energy E with a maximum
intensity at frequency . The emissivity of the 12. The total energy of a blackbody radiation
material is 0.5. If the temperature of the body source is collected for one minute and used to
be increased to and maintained at temperature heat water. The temperature of the water
3T K, then :- increases from 20 °C to 21 °C. If the absolute
(A) The maximum intensity of the emitted
temperature of the blackbody is doubled and
radiation will occur at frequency /3
(B) The maximum intensity of the emitted the experiment repeated, which of the
radiation will occur at frequency 3. following statements would be most nearly
(C) The total energy of emitted radiation will CORRECT?
become 81 E (A) The temperature of the water would
(D) The total energy of emitted radiation will increases from 20°C to a final temperature
become 27 E of 28°C
(B) The temperature of the water would
d
8. In newton's law of cooling, = – k(–0), the increases from 20°C to a final temperature
dt
of 36°C
constant k is proportional to
(A) A, surface area of the body (C) Rate of heat emission by the body will
(B) S, specific heat of the body increase 8 times
1 (D) Rate of heat emission by the body will
(C) , m being mass of the body increase 16 times
m
(D) e, emissivity of the body
13. An enclosure's walls are somehow maintained
9. Two spherical black-bodies A and B, having at constant temperature T0K. A body (area A,
radii rA and rB, where rB = 2rA emit radiations temperature T K < T0 K, absorptivity is a and
with peak intensities at wavelengths 400 nm emissivity is e) is placed inside the enclosure
and 800 nm respectively. If their temperature ( = stephen constant). Choose the CORRECT
option(s)
are TA and TB respectively in Kelvin scale, their
(A) Power absorbed by body is aAT04
emissive powers are EA and EB and energies (B) The body will be absorbing energy even
emitted per second are PA and PB then: after its temperature has reached T0.
(A) TA / TB = 2 (B) PA / PB = 4 (C) At some temperature body will be only
(C) EA / EB = 8 (D) EA / EB = 4 emitting energy with no absorption.
(D) At all time rate of absorbtion is equal to rate
10. Two spheres of same material are having
of emission as a = e
surfaces blackened and placed in space
separately. Their radii are R and 2R 14. At 20°C a liquid is filled upto 10 cm height in a
respectively and the most dominating container of glass of length 20 cm and cross–
wavelengths in their spectrum are observed to sectional area 100 cm2 .Scale is marked on the
be in the ratio 1:2. The ratio of their surface of container. This scale gives correct
(A) Temperatures is 2:1 reading at 20°C. The volume of liquid (in cc),
(B) Emissive powers is 4:1 actual height of liquid (in cm) and reading of
(C) Rates of heat loss is 4:1 scale (in cm) at 40°C is (Given L = 5 × 10–5 K–1,
(D) Rates of cooling is 32:1 g = 1 × 10–5 °C–1.)

96
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
(C) increase in the temperature of wire is
m2 g 2 

20cm
 
10cm
CYd 2
(D) increase in the temperature of wire is
2
A0 = 100cm
2m2g2
(A) 1001 (B) 1003 (C) 10.004 (D) 10.006  
CYd2
15. The temperature of an isotropic cubical solid of Question Passage Based Type Questions
length 0, density 0 and coefficient of linear Passage # 1 (Q.18 to Q.20)
expansion  is increased by 20°C. Then at In shown figure all the conducting rods have equal
higher temperature, to a good approximation cross sectional area A. Their length and co–efficient
(A) Length is 0 (1+20) of thermal conductivity are shown in figure. 130 J/s
heat current is entering into the system at point A and
(B) Total surface area is 02 (1+40) leaving the system at C. Temperature of point A is
(C) Total volume is 03 (1+60) L
300°C. (Given = 1 Js–1K–1)
kA
0
(D) Density is 130 J/ s A 2L,4K
1  60 
16. An optical engineering firm needs to ensure L,K L,2K
that the separation between two mirrors is
L,K L,K
unaffected by temperature changes. The mirrors B
are attached to the ends of two bars of different
materials that are welded together at one end as L,
K
4 L,K
shown in figure. The surfaces of the bars in
contact are lubricated. The distance  does not
C L,K L,K
change with temperature change. 1 and 2 are
the length of the bars 1 and 2 are the 18. Determine temperature of point C :–
respective thermal coefficients of temperature. (A) 0 °C (B) – 200°C(C) –230°C(D) –90°C
Which of the following options is/are correct : 19. Total thermal resistance of the circuit in
mirrors
Js–1K–1 is :–
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7
 20. Heat current through rod of length 2L is :–
l 260 –1 260 –1
(A) Js (B) Js
Lubricating 3 4
oil
2 260 –1 260 –1
(C) Js (D) Js
 2 1 5 6
(A) 1  (B)  2 
 2  1  2  1 Passage # 2 (Q.21 to Q.23)
A scientist give a new theory of induction. He defines
(C) 11 = 22 (D) 12 = 21
(A) Heat = Something which flow from higher
temperature body to lower temperature body.
17. A ball of mass m is suspended from a uniform (B) Heet = Something which flow from lower
elastic wire of negligible mass, having cross- temperature body to high temperature body.
section diameter d, length , Young’s modulus dQ dT dQ dT
 K1 A ,  K2A
Y and heat capacity C. Now, when the ball is dt heat dx dt heet dx
snapped then where K1 & K2 are constant. For a given
diagram in case of steady state, value of K1 &
K2 are 8 & 6 respectively.

2
A=1m
m
100°C 40°C
4mg 
(A) initial elongation of wire is   
Y d 2
2mg  10m
(B) initial elongation of wire is    21. Find temperature of mid point
Yd 2
(A) 70°C (B) 75°C (C) 65°C (D) None
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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
22. If value of K1 & K2 becomes thrice then Passage # 5 (Q.30 to Q.32)
temperature of midpoint will be A body cools in a surrounding of constant temperature
(A) 70°C (B) 75°C (C) 65°C (D) None 30°C. Its heat capacity is 2J/°C. Initial temperature of
the body is 40°C. Assume Newton’s law of cooling is
23. Assuming No heat loss which graph is correct valid. The body cools to 36°C in 10 minutes.

T
T 30. In further 10 minutes it will cool from 36°C to :
(A) 34.8°C (B) 32.1°C
(C) 32.8°C (D) 33.6°C
(A) (B)
31. The temperature of the body in °C denoted by 
x x the variation of  versus time t is best denoted
as
T
T 40°C

(C) (D)
(A) 30°C
x x
Passage # 3 (Q.24 to Q.26) (0,0) t
The variation of the nT versus lnm and nE versus
40°C
nT are shown in figure.

T is the temperature of the body in Kelvins, m is the
wavelength corresponding to maximum spectral (B) 30°C
radiant energy and E is the energy emitted by the
body per second. The intercept made by the line 1 on (0,0) t
the y–axis is A.
nE
40°C

Line-2

(C) 
nT

24. What is the slope of line–1? (0,0) t

(A) –2 (B) –4 (C) –1 (D) –0.5
25. What is the slope of line–2? 40°C
(A) –2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 0.5 
26. What is the value of Wein's displacement (D) 30°C
constant?
1 1
(A) eA (B) (C) nA (D) (0,0) t
eA nA 32. When the body temperature has reached 36°C,
Passage # 4 (Q.27 to Q.29) it is heated again so that it reaches to 40°C in
A metal block is placed in a room which is at 10°C 10 minutes. Assume that the rate of loss of heat
for long time. Now it is heated by an electric heater of at 38°C is the average rate of loss for the given
power 500 W till its temperature becomes 50°C. Its time. The total heat required from a heater by
initial rate of rise of temperature is 2.5°C/sec. The the body is :
heater is switched off and now a heater of 100W is (A) 7.2 J (B) 0.728 J (C) 16 J (D) 32 J
required to maintain the temperature of the block at Passage # 6 (Q.33 to Q.35)
50°C.(Assume Newtons Law of cooling to be valid) By varying the voltage applied to the kettle, you can
27. What is the heat capacity of the block? change power consumption P. Depending on the P,
(A) 50 J/°C (B) 100 J/°C kettle with water can be heated to different maximum
(C) 150 J/°C (D) 200 J/°C temperatures. This dependence is shown in

28. What is the rate of cooling of block at 50°C if Table-1 :

the 100W heater is also switched off? Power P (in Watt) Temperature T(in °C)
(A) 5°C/s (B) 0.5°C/s (C) 1°C/s (D) 0.1°C/s 0 20
29. What is the heat radiated per second when the 100 40
block was at 30°C? 200 60
(A) 100W (B) 80 W (C) 50 W (D) 30 W 300 80

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PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
Table-2 shows the variation of the temperature q 2
T(r) = – r + C, At r = r0, T(r0) = TS.
with time when the kettle of power 300W is 4k
switched off. The heat capacity of the empty
q 2  r2 
kettle C0 = 100 J/K, specific heat of water Therefore, T(r) = r0 1    TS
SW = 4200 J/kg · K. The density of water  = 4k  r02 
1000 kg/m3. The rate of heat convected to the surrounding fluid (at
Table-2 : temperature Tf) by the surface at temperature TS is
Time t (in sec) Temperature T (in °C) proportional to the temperature difference (TS –Tf)
0 80 and the surface area in contact with the fluid. Thus,
60 75 rate of heat convection = h(2r0) (TS – Tf)
300 60
where h is a constant called heat convection
600 45 coefficient. By overall energy balance,
1200 30
qr0
2400 20 q (r02) = h(2r0) (TS – Tf)  Ts = Tf +
2h
33. If the power consumption is 400W 36. The dimension of heat convection coefficient
(A) The water will come to the boiling point is-
and start boiling (A) [ML2T–1–1]
(B) The water will reach boiling point but will 0 –3 –1
(B) [ML T  ]
not boil
(C) [ML0T–2–1]
(C) The water will not reach boiling point but
start boiling (D) [ML4T–2–1]
(D) The water will neither reach boiling point
nor start boiling. 37. In the given passage, the difference in
34. The rate of heat loss at t = 600 sec after the temperature at the axis and surface of the
heater is switched off (as in table-2 ) is. cylinder is-
(A) 100 W (B) 125 W (C) 150 W (D) 200 W qr02 qr02 qr02 2qr0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35. How many litres of water is present in the 4k k 2k k
kettle?
(A) 1 litre (B) 0.629 litre Passage # 8 (Q.38 to Q.40)
(C) 0.415 litre (D) 0.769 litre Multi-layer insulation, or MLI, is thermal insulation
Passage # 7 (Q.36 to Q.37) composed of multiple layers of thin sheets often used
Heat generation may occur in a variety of radial on spacecraft. It is one of the main items of the
geometries. Consider a long, solid cylinder as shown spacecraft thermal design, primarily intended to
in the figure, which could represent a current-carrying reduce heat loss by thermal radiation. In its basic
wire or a fuel element in a nuclear reactor. For steady form, it does not appreciably insulate against other
state conditions, the rate at which heat is generated thermal losses such as heat conduction or convection.
within the cylinder must equal the rate at which heat It is therefore commonly used on satellites and other
is convected from the surface of the cylinder to a applications in vacuum where conduction and
moving fluid. convection are much less significant and radiation
TS
dominates. MLI gives many satellites and other space
r
col d f l ui d probes the appearance of being covered with gold foil.
(T f ) The principle behind MLI is radiation balance. To see
why it works, start with a concrete example - imagine
a square meter of a surface in outer space, at 300 K,
r0 with an emissivity of 1, facing away from the sun or
 other heat sources. From the Stefan-Boltzmann law,
This condition allows the surface temperature to be this surface will radiate 460 watts. Now imagine we
maintained at a fixed value of TS. To determine the place a thin (but opaque) layer 1 cm away from the
temperature distribution in the cylinder, we begin with plate, thermally insulated from it, and also with an
energy conservation principle. Consider a cylindrical emissivity of 1. This new layer will cool until it is
section of radius r. The energy is generated within the radiating 230 watts from each side, at which point
volume and is conducted radially outwards. everything is in balance. The new layer receives 460
 dT  watts from the original plate. 230 watts is radiated
q r2 = –K2r    back to the original plate, and 230 watts to space. The
 dr 
original surface still radiates 460 watts, but gets 230
Where q is the energy generated per unit time per unit back from the new layers, for a net loss of 230 watts.
dT So overall, the radiation losses have been reduced by
volume, K is the thermal conductivity and is the
dr half by adding the additional layer.
temperature gradient at radius r. If q is constant
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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
More layers can be added to reduce the loss further. 39. In space there is MLI consisting of 50 layers.
The blanket can be further improved by making the Each layer has emissivity (0.2) both sides &
outside surfaces highly reflective to thermal radiation, outer most temperature is 550 K and inner most
which reduces both absorption and emission. The temperature is 100 K less than outer most then
performance of a layer stack can be quantified in find over all heat transfer coefficient
terms of its overall heat transfer coefficient U, which (in Wm–2k–1) :-
defines the radiative heat flow rate Q between two (A) 6.33 (B) 6.33 102
parallel surfaces with a temperature difference T and (C) 12.66 × 10 –3
(D) 6.33 × 10–3
area A as Q = UAT 40. For a particular plate heat transfer due to
Theoretically, the heat transfer coefficient between conduction and radiation are equal. Width of a
two layers with emissivities 1 and 2 , under plate is 2mm, mean temperature is 1000 K and
1 1
vacuum, is U  4T3 , emissivity of inner and outer surface are 1 &
1 1 2
 1
1 2 respectively. Then find conductivity of plate
material (in SI) :-
Where T is the mean of the temperatures (in K) of the
(A) 0.228 (B) 11
two layers and   5.7  108 Wm–2K–4 is the Stefan- (C) 1.11 (D) Data is insufficient
Boltzmann Constant. If each layer has the same
emissivity  on both sides, then a stack of N layers Passage # 9 (Q.41 to Q.43)
placed between two high-emissivity surfaces will At 20°C a liquid is filled upto 10 cm height in a
have an overall heat transfer coefficient container of glass of length 20 cm and cross-sectional
1 area 100 cm2 Scale is marked on
U  4T3
2  the surface of container. This scale gives correct
N   1  1 reading at 20°C. Given L = 5 × 10–5 k–1, 
 
g = 1 × 10–5 °C–1
Clearly, increasing the number of layers and
decreasing the emissivity, lower the heat transfer
coefficient, which is equivalent to a higher insulation 20cm
value. In this equation, it is assumed that the
temperature difference is small compared to the
absolute temperature. 10cm

38. Main purpose of multilayer insulation is 2

A0 = 100cm
insulation against heat transfer, where heat
transfer is mainly due to:-
(A) Conduction 41. The volume of liquid at 40°C is :–
(B) Conduction & radiation (A) 1002 cc (B) 1001 cc
(C) Conduction & convection (C) 1003 cc (D) 1000.5 cc
(D) Radiation
42. The actual height of liquid at 40°C is-
(A) 10.01 cm (B) 10.006 cm
(C) 10.6 cm (D) 10.1 cm

43. The reading of scale at 40°C is-

(A) 10.01 cm (B) 10.004 cm
(C) 10.006cm (D) 10.04 cm

100
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION

EXERCISE # 3
Question Column Match Type Questions Column-II
(P) maximum at section A
1. Four rods of material X and three rods of
(Q) maximum at section B
material Y are connected as shown in figure.
(R) minimum at section A
All the rods are of identical lengths and cross-
(S) minimum at section B
sectional area. Given thermal resistance of rod
(T) Same for all section
of material X, Rx = R and thermal
conductivities of materials are related by 3. Column -I describes about bodies kept in an
relation KY = 2KX. environment where temperature of air is T0. In
C
X X all cases area, mass & specific heat of each
A X B Y F
100°C
X
E 0°C
body is same.
Y
Y
D
Column-I
Column I (A) Black body is placed in shade away from any
(A) Thermal resistance between B and E radiations and temperature at steady state is
(B) Thermal resistance between A and F T1.
(C) Temperature of junction B (B) Black body is placed in Sun light and
(D) Temperature of junction D temperature at steady state is T2.
Column II (C) Grey body is placed in shade away from any
500 radiations and temperature at steady state is
(p) C
13 T3.
700 (D) Grey body is placed in Sun light and
(q) C
13 temperature at steady state is T4
2R Column-II
(r)
3 (p) Temperature is T0
13R
(s) (q) Temperature is maximum
6
(r) Temperature is Greater than T0 .
2. A copper rod (initially at room temperature (s) reflected energy is maximum
20°C) of non-uniform cross section is placed (t) Rate of convection is maximum
between a steam chamber at 100°C and ice-
water chamber at 0°C. A and B are cross 4. A & B are two black bodies of radii rA and rB
sections as shown in figure. Then match the respectively, placed in surrounding of
statements in Column-I with results in Column- temperature T0. At steady state the temperature
II using comparing only between cross section of A & B is TA & TB respectively.
A and B. (The mathematical expressions in Column I
Column-I have usual meaning in heat transfer).

(A)
A B
100° 0°
Steam Ice water
chamber chamber
A B
• A & B are solid sphere
Column-I • rA = rB
 dQ  • Body ‘B’ is being heated by a heater
(A) Initially rate of heat flow   will be
 dt  of constant power ‘P’
 dQ 
(B) At steady state rate of heat flow   will
 dt 
be
A
 dT 
(C) At steady state temperature gradient   (B)
 dx 
will
(D) At steady state rate of change of • B is thin spherical shell
temperature at a certain point will be • A is a solid sphere
• rA < rB
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HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I

Y(A) > Y(B)

A B
(C) (A) > (B)
A

• B is thin spherical shell [rod is kept on horizontal smooth ground]

• A is a solid sphere (C) Two rods are joined in series and fixed
• rA < rB at both ends, in gravity free space. Initially
• Body A is being heated by a heater rods are at natural length, when
of constant power ‘P’ temperature is increased

A B

A Y(A) > Y(B)

(D)
(D) Two rods are fixed to each
other and placed on a smooth surface.
• B is thin spherical shell
Temperature is increased but the
• A is a solid sphere
rods are not allowed to bend.
• rA  rB A g
• Body B is being heated by a heater B
of constant power ‘P’
(A) > (B), Y(A) < Y(B)
Column II
(p) TA = TB Column-II
(q) TA < TB (p) Tensile stress is present at (A)
(r) Heat received by A is more than (q) Tensile stress is present at (B)
heat radiated by it at steady state. (r) Compressive stress is present at (A)
(s) Radiation spectrum of A & B (s) Compressive stress is present at (B)
is distinguishable (t) There is no elastic potential energy in rod
(t) Steady state can’t be achieved Having point (A)

5. Column-I shows various arrangements of rods Question Numerical Type Questions

having same cross sectional area and same 6. Two different rods A and B are kept as shown
length. In each figure two points A & B are in figure.
100°C 70°C 35°C
indicated by dots (). Young’s modulus and A B
thermal coefficient of expansion of the rod The variation of temperature of different cross
having point (A) are (YA, A) & having point sections is plotted in a graph shown in figure.
(B) are (YB, B) if (A) and (B) are in different Temp.(°C)

rods. Each arrangement undergoes various 100°

processes also mentioned in column-I.
70°
In column-II is written statements about the 35°
rods.
Match them correctly Distance
0 30 100 (cm)
Column-I Find the ratio of thermal conductivities of B to A.
(A) A single horizontal heavy rod is free
7. A metallic rod of cross-sectional area 20 cm2,
at one end & fixed at other. with the lateral surface insulated to prevent heat
B loss, has one end immersed in boiling water
g
A and the other in ice water mixture. The heat
[dotted line passes through the middle of conducted through the rod melts the ice at the
the rod and (A) is below the line and (B) rate of 1 gm for every 84 sec. The thermal
above it] conductivity of the rod is 160 Wm–1 K–1. Latent
(B) Two rods are joined together heat of ice = 80 cal/gm, 1 cal = 4.2 joule. What
and temperature is increased is the length (in m) of the rod?

102
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
8. Two rods shown in figure have identical 13. An astronomer observed with his telescope two
geometrical dimensions. They are in contact stars, A and B. Star A has a spectral peak at
with two heat bath at temperature 100°C and 3500 Å and star B has a spectral peak at 7000
0°C. The temperature of the junction is 70°C. If Å. If they appear equally bright (emitting equal
the rods are interchanged then temperature of
energy per unit time) what is the ratio of radius
the junction is found to be 10°C. Find the
value of . of the star B to that of A.

100ºC 0ºC 14. A system receives heat continuously at the rate

of 10W. The temperature of the system
9. Two identical plates of metal are welded end to becomes constant at 70°C when the
end as shown in figure (A), 20 cal of heat flows temperature of the surrounding is 30°C. After
through it in 4 minutes when the ends were the heat is switched off, the system cools from
maintained at different tempeatures. If the
50°C to 49.9 °C in 1 minute. Find the heat
plates are welded as shown in figure (B) and
the ends were maintain at same temperature as capacity of the system (in kJ/°C).
in first case, the same amount of heat will flow 15. A metal block is placed in a room which is at
through the plates in how many minutes ?
10°C for long time. Now it is heated by an
electric heater of power 500 W till its
temperature becomes 50°C. Its initial rate of
A B
10. A cylinder of radius R made of material of rise of temperature is 2.5°C/sec. The heater is
thermal conductivity K is surrounded by a switched off and now a heater of 100W is
cylindrical shell of inner radius R and outer required to maintain the temperature of the
radius 2R made of material of thermal block at 50°C. The heat radiated per second
conductivity 9K [see fig.]. The two ends of the when the block was 30°C is given as  watt.
combined system are maintained at different
temperatures. The cylinder is well lagged and 
Find the value of   . (Assume Newtons
the system is in steady state. The effective  10 
thermal conductivity of the composite cylinder Law of cooling to be valid)
of radius 2R is xK. Find the value of x.
16. The peak emission from a black body at a
certain temperature occurs at a wavelength of
6000 Å. On increasing its temperature, the total
11. An electric heater is used in a room of total radiation emitted is increased 16 times. These
wall area 50m2 to maintain a constant radiations are allowed to fall on a metal
temperature of 15°C inside when the outside surface. Photoelectrons emitted by the peak
temperature is –10°C. The walls have two radiation at higher temperature can be bought
different layers. The inner layer is of cement of
to rest by applying a potential equivalent to the
thickness 2 cm, while the outer layer is of brick
of thickness 10 cm. Assume that there is no loss excitation potential corresponding to the
of heat from the floor and the ceiling. Take the transition for the level n = 4 to n = 2 in the
thermal conductivities of cement and brick to Bohr's hydrogen atom. The work function of
be 0.2 W/m°C and 0.5 W/m°C, respectively. If 
another identical heater is now switched on, the metal is given by eV where  is the
1 00
along with the old heater, find the steady state
numerical constant. Find the value of . [Take :
temperature (in ….× 7°C) inside the room, after
a long time, if the outside temperature has now hc = 12420 eV-Å ]
dropped to –15°C. 17. The energy radiated by a black body at 2000 K
12. The filament of an incandescent lamp of power is found to have the maximum value at a
64 W is made of tungsten. The operation wavelength 1.5 µm. Its emissive power being
temperature of the lamp is 2000 K. Consider 8000 Wm2. When the body is cooled at a
the filament as a black body and find its radius temperature T the emissive power decreases to
(in mm)
500 Wm2. At this temperature T, the
[Given :  = 6 × 10–8 W/m2 & length of
10 maximum of energy distribution occurs at a
filament is cm] wavelength _____ µm.
3

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103
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
18. A highly conducting solid sphere of radius R 23. Two identical rods of mass M and length L0, an
density  and specific heat s is placed in an coefficient of linear expansion 1 and 2,
evacuated chamber. A parallel beam of thermal joined with each other and placed on
radiation of uniform intensity I is incident on its frictionless surface. After rise in temperature
surface. Assuming surface of sphere is  = 20°C, what will be the shifting of the
perfectly black and its temperature at t = 0 to be junction in mm? [Given : 2 = 1.5 × 10–4 / °C,
equal to T0, the maximum temperature of 1 = 0.5 × 10–4 /°C and L0 = 10 m]
sphere is given as 100 K. Fill the value of 
in your OMR sheet. Given   5.6  108 in SI
unit and I = 358.4 SI unit.
24. A bimetallic strip consisting of a brass strip and
19. The variation of lengths of two metal rods A a steel strip, each of length 1 m and each of
and B with change in temperature are shown in thickness 0.5 cm is clamped at one end as
figure. If the linear coefficient of thermal shown in figure. Calculate the depression to the
nearest integer (in cm) of the free end when it is
expansion of A is A and B is B. Then find the
heated by 100ºC. [Take : iron = 11 × 10–6 K–1;
value of A + B.
106 brass = 19 × 10–6 K–1]
clam ped f ree
B B rass
length(cm)

104
A O
100
I ron

0 T 25. A 30 cm long metal rod expands by 0.0650 cm

temp. (°C) when its temperature is raised from 0°C to
1000°C. A second rod of different metal and of
20. Two steel wires of same length but radii r and
the same length expands by 0.0350 cm for the
2r are connected together end to end and tied to
same rise in temperature. A thin composite rod,
a wall as shown.
A Radius = 2r
also 30 cm long, is made-up of pieces of each
Radius = r of the above metals placed ends to end and
F
L L expands by 0.0580 cm when temperature is
The force stretches the combination by 10 mm. increased from 0°C to 1000°C. Find the length
How far does the midpoint A move. (in mm) (in cm) of the shorter portion of the composite
bar in cm at 0°C.
21. A thermometer has a spherical bulb of volume
1 cm3 having 1 cm3 of mercury. A long 26. A rod has variable co-efficient of linear expansion
cylindrical capillary tube is connected to x
 . If length of the rod is 1m. Determine
spherical bulb. Volumetric coefficient of 5000
expansion of mercury is 1.8 × 10–4 K–1; cross- increase in length of the rod in (cm) on increasing
section area of capillary is 1.8 × 10–4 cm2. temperature of the rod by 100°C.
Ignoring expansion of glass, how far apart (in
cm) on the stem are marks indicating 1K x
temperature change.
27. A clock pendulum made of invar has a period
of 2 s at 20°C. If the clock is used in a climate
where average temperature is 40°C, what
correction (in seconds) may be necessary at the
end of 10 days to the time given by clock ?
(invar = 7 × 10–7 °C–1, 1 day = 8.64 × 104 s).
Give answer in nearest integer
28. Consider a light wire of length 1m and mass
10–2 kg hanged vertically between two perfectly
22. Steel wire of length ‘L’ at 40°C is suspended insulating junction P & Q initially in its natural
from the ceiling and then a mass ‘m’ is hung length as shown. The wire has Youngs modulus
from its free end. The wire is cooled down from of 1011 N/m2, cross section area 10–7 m2 and
40° to 30° C to regain its original length ‘L’. specific heat capacity 100 J/ (°C kg). A mass of
The coefficient of linear thermal expansion of 1kg is hanged to the free end of the wire. The
the steel is 10–5/°C, Young’s modulus of steel is temperature of the wire rises by  × 10–3 °C
1011 N/m2 and radius of the wire is 1 mm. when it has achieved equilibrium position and
Assume that L>> diameter of the wire. Then is at rest. Fill the value of  in OMR sheet.
the value of ‘m’ in kg is nearly (Assume no heat loss to the surrounding)

104
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION

P 31. A solid object has density , mass M, and

coefficient of linear expansion . At pressure P
Q the heat capacities Cp (at constant pressure) and
Cv (at constant volume) are related by
M
Cp – Cv = ( MP/.Fill the value of in your
29. Consider three rods of length L1, L2 and L3 OMR sheet.
respectively joined in series. Each has same
cross-sectional area with Young's moduli Y, 2Y 32. A thermally insulated vessels contains two
and 3Y respectively and thermal coefficients of liquids with initial temperature T1 and T2 and
linear expansions , 2 and 3 respectively. specific heats C0 and 2C0, separated by a non
They are placed between two rigid fixed walls. conducting partition. The partition is removed,
The temperature of the whole system is and the difference between the initial
increased and it is found that length of the temperature of one of the liquids and the
middle rod does not change with temperature temperature T established in the vessel turns
9L1 out to be equal to half the difference between
rise. Find the value of . the initial temperatures of the liquids.
L3
M1
30. A steel wire of length 1m, mass 0.1 kg and Determine the ratio of of the masses of
M2
uniform cross-section 1 mm2 is fixed rigidly at
both ends that there is no tension in the wire the liquids.
initially. The temperature of the wire is lowered
by 20ºC and vibrations are set up in the wire M1 , T1 M2 , T 2
such that three antinodes are formed between C0 2C0
the ends. An observer moving at 70 ms–1
towards the wire observes the frequency of
emitted sound to be 40 Hz. Find Young's
modulus of steel (in 1011 N/m2). The coefficient
of linear expansion of steel = 1.21 × 10–5 K–1
and the velocity of sound in air is 330 ms–1.

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105
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I

EXERCISE # 4
Question Previous Year (JEE Mains)
(A) (B)
1. Assuming the sun to be a spherical body of
radius R at a temperature of T K, evaluate the
total radiant power, incident on Earth, at a
distance r from the Sun. (earth radius = r0)
[AIEEE-2006]
2
R T 4
4r02 R 2 T 4 (C) (D)
(A) (B)
r2 r2
2 2 4
r R T r R T 4
2 2
(C) 0 2 (D) 0 6. The pressure that has to be applied to the ends
r 4 r 2 of a steel wire of length 10 cm to keep its
2. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a length constant when its temperature is raised
temperature T1 and the other at T2. The rod is by 100°C is :
composed of two sections of lengths L1 and L2 [JEE-Main 2014]
and thermal conductivities k1 and k2 (For steel Young's modulus is 2 × 1011 N m–2 and
respectively. The temperature at the interface coefficient of thermal expansion is 1.1 × 10–5 K–1)
of the sections is [AIEEE-2007] (A) 2.2 × 108 Pa (B) 2.2 × 109 Pa
7
(C) 2.2 × 10 Pa (D) 2.2 × 106 Pa
7. Three rods of Copper, brass and steel are
welded together to form a Y-shaped structure.
(K 2 L2 T1  K1 L1T2 ) Area of cross-section of each rod = 4 cm2. End
(A)
(K1L1  K 2 L 2 ) of copper rod is maintained at 100°C where as
(K 2 L1 T1  K1 L2 T2 ) ends of brass and steel are kept at 0°C. Lengths
(B) of the copper, brass and steel rods are 46, 13
(K 2 L1  K1L 2 )
and 12 cms respectively. The rods are thermally
(K1 L 2 T1  K 2 L1T2 ) insulated from surroundings except at ends.
(C)
(K1L 2  K 2 L1 ) Thermal conductivities of copper, brass and
(K1 L1 T1  K 2 L 2T2 ) steel are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12 CGS units
(D) respectively. Rate of heat flow through copper
(K1L1  K 2 L 2 )
rod is :
3. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of [JEE-Mains 2014]
its ends to the other end under steady-state. The (A) 1.2 cal/s (B) 2.4 cal/s
variation of temperature  along the length x of (C) 4.8 cal/s (D) 6.0 cal/s
the bar from its hot end is best described by
which of the following figures [AIEEE-2009] 8. A pendulum clock loses 12 s a day if the
temperature is 40° C and gains 4 s day if teh
temperature is 20°C. the temperature at which
(A) (B) the clock will show correct time, and the co-
efficient of linear expansion () of the metal of
the pendulum shaft are respectively :
[JEE-Mains 2016]
(C) (D) (A) 66°C ; a = 1.85 × 10–4/°C
x (B) 30°C;  = 1.85 × 10–3/°C
4. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is (C) 55°C ; = 1.85 × 10–2/°C
heated from 0ºC to 100ºC. Its volume changes (D) 25°C;  = 1.85 × 10–5/°C
by (given that coefficient of linear expansion
for aluminium AI = 23 × 10–6/ºC) 9. An external pressure P is applied on a cube at
[AIEEE 2011] 0°C so that it is equally compressed from all
sides. K is the bulk modulus of the material of
(A) 2.89 cc (B) 9.28 cc (C) 49.8 cc (D) 28.9 cc
the cube and  is its coefficient of linear
5. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  expansion. Suppose we want to bring the cube
and then allowed to cool ina room which is at to its original size by heating. The temperature
temperature 0, the graph between the should be raised by : [JEE-Mains 2017]
temperature T of the metal and time t will be P P 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3PK
closest to : [JEE-Mains 2013] 3 K K PK

106
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
10 Temperature difference of 120°C is maintained 14. At 40ºC, a brass wire of 1 mm radius is hung
between two ends of a uniform rod AB of from the ceiling. A small mass, M is hung from
length 2L. Another bent rod PQ, of same cross- the free end of the wire. When the wire is
section as AB and length 3L/2 , is connected cooled down from 40ºC to 20ºC it regains its
across AB (See figure). In steady state, original length of 0.2 m. The value of M is
close to : (Coefficient of linear expansion and
temperature difference between P and Q will be
Young's modulus of brass are 10–5/ºC and
close to : 1011 N/m2 respectively; g = 10ms–2)
[JEE Main Online-2019] [JEE Main Online-2019]
L (A) 1.5 kg (B) 9 kg
4
A B (C) 0.9 kg (D) 0.5 kg
P L Q
L
2 15. A uniform cylindrical rod of length L and
(A) 60ºC (B) 75ºC (C) 35ºC (D) 45ºC radius r, is made from a material whose
Young's modulus of Elasticity equals Y. When
11. A heat source at T = 103 K is connected to this rod is heated by temperature T and
another heat reservoir at T = 102 K by a copper
simultaneously subjected to a net longitudinal
slab which is 1 m thick. Given that the thermal
conductivity of copper is 0.1 WK–1 m–1, the compressional force F, its length remains
energy flux through it in the steady state is : unchanged. The coefficient of volume
[JEE Main Online-2019] expansion, of the material of the rod, is (nearly)
–2 –2
(A) 90 Wm (B) 200 Wm equals to :
–2 –2
(C) 65 Wm (D) 120 Wm [JEE Main Online-2019]
2
(A) F / (3r YT) (B) 3F / (r2YT)
12. Two identical breakers A and B contain equal (C) 6F / (r2YT) (D) 9F / (r2YT)
volumes of two different liquids at 60°C each
and left to cool down. Liquid in A has density of 16. When m gram of steam at 100°C is mixed with
8 × 102 kg/m3 and specific heat of 2000 J kg–1 K–1 200 gm of ice at 0°C. it results in water at 40°C.
while liquid in B has density of 103 kg m–3 and Find the value of m in gram.
specific heat of 4000 J kg–1 K–1. Which of the (Given : Latent heat of fusion (Lf) = 80 cal/gm,
following best describes their temperature
versus time graph schematically? (Assume the Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv) = 540 cal/gm.,
emissivity of both the beakers to be the same) specific heat of water (Cw) = 1 cal/gm/°C)
[JEE Main Online-2019]
60°C 60°C
[January 2020]
T T
(A) B (B) A 17. A non-isotropic solid metal cube has coefficients
A B
of linear expansion as 5 × 10–5 /°C along the x-
t t
60°C 60°C axis and 5 × 10–6 /°C along y-axis and z-axis. If
T T
A
coefficient of volume expansion of the solid is
(C) A and B (D)
C × 10–6 /°C then the value of C is
B
t t [January 2020]

13. Two materials having coefficients of thermal 18. Three containers C1, C2 and C3 have water at
conductivity '3K' and 'K' and thickness 'd' and different temperatures. The table below shows the
'3d', respectively, are joined to form a slab as final temperature T when different amounts of
shown in the figure. The temperatures of the water (given in litres) are taken from each
outer surfaces are '2' and '1' respectively, containers and mixed (assume no loss of heat
(2 > 1). The temperature at the interface is : during the process)
[JEE Main Online-2019] C1 C 2 C 3 T
d 3d
1l 2l – 60 C
 3K 3K 1
– 1l 2l 30 C
 2  1 1 9  2 2l – 1l 60 C
(A) (B)

2 10 10 1l 1l 1l 
1 2  2  5
(C)  (D) 1  2 The value of  (in °C to the nearest integer) is.
3 3 6 6
[January 2020]

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107
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
19. A leak proof cylinder of length 1m, made of a 26. A bullet of mass 5g, travelling with a speed of
metal which has very low coefficient of expansion 210m/s, strikes a fixed wooden target. One half of
is floating vertically in water at 0°C such that its its kinetic energy is converted into heat in the
height above the water surface is 20 cm. When bullet while the other half is converted into heat in
the temperature of water is increased to 4°C, the the wood. The rise of temperature of the bullet if
height of the cylinder above the water surface the specific heat of its material is
becomes 21 cm. The density of water at T = 4°C, 0.030 cal/(g–°C)
relative to the density at T = 0°C is close to :
[January 2020] (1 cal = 4.2 × 107 ergs) close to :
(A) 1.01 (B) 1.04 (C) 1.03 (D) 1.26 [September 2020]
(A) 83.3°C (B) 87.5°C
20. When the temperature of a metal wire is increased
(C) 119.2°C (D) 38.4°C
from 0°C to 10°C, its length increases by 0.02%.
The percentage change in its mass density will be
27. Two different wires having lengths L1 and L2,
closest to: [September 2020]
(A) 0.008 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.8 (D) 2.3 and respective temperature coefficient of linear
expansion 1 and 2, are joined end-to-end. Then
21. A bakelite beaker has volume capacity of 500 cc
the effective temperature coefficient of linear
at 30°C. When it is partially filled with Vm
expansion is : [September 2020]
volume (at 30°) of mercury, it is found that the
 L2 L1
unfilled volume of the beaker remains constant as (A) 4 1 2 (B) 2 12
temperature is varied. 1   2 (L2  L1 ) 2
If (beaker) = 6 ×10–6 °C–1 and 1   2 1L1   2 L2
(C) (D)
 = 1.5 × 10–4°C–1, where  is the 2 L1  L2
(mercury)
coefficient of volume expansion, then Vm
28. Three rods of identical cross-section and lengths
(in cc) is close to_____. [September 2020]
are made of three different materials of thermal
22. To raise the temperature of a certain mass of gas conductivity K1, K2, and K3, respectively. They
by 50°C at a constant pressure, 160 calories of are joined together at their ends to make a long
heat is required. When the same mass of gas is rod (see figure). One end of the long rod is
cooled by 100°C at constant volume, 240 calories maintained at 100°C and the other at 0°C (see
of heat is released. How many degrees of freedom figure). If the joints of the rod are at 70°C and
does each molecule of this gas have (assume gas 20°C in steady state and there is no loss of energy
to be ideal) ? [September 2020]
from the surface of the rod, the correct
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 7
relationship between K1, K2 and K3 is :
23. A metallic sphere cools from 50°C to 40°C in K1 K2 K3
300s. If atmospheric temperature around is 20°C, 100°C 0°C
then the sphere's temperature after the next 5 70°C 20°C
minutes will be close to : [September 2020] [September 2020]
(A) 33°C (B) 35°C (C) 31°C (D) 28°C (A) K1 : K3 = 2 : 3; K2 : K3 = 2 : 5
24. A calorimeter of water equivalent 20 g contains (B) K1 < K2 < K3
180 g of water at 25°C. 'm' grams of steam at (C) K1 : K2 = 5 : 2; K1 : K3 = 3 : 5
100°C is mixed in it till the temperature of the
(D) K1 > K2 > K3
mixture is 31°C. The value of 'm' is close to
(Latent heat of water = 540 cal g–1,
29. A rod CD of thermal resistance 10.0 KW–1 is
specific heat of water = 1 cal g–1 °C–1)
[September 2020] joined at the middle of an identical rod AB as
(A) 2.6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 3.2 shown in figure. The ends A, B and D are
maintained at 200°C, 100°C and 125°C
25. The specific heat of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1 and respectively. The heat current in CD is P watt.
the latent heat of ice = 3.4 × 105 J kg–1. 100 The value of P is _____. [JEE MAIN 2021]
grams of ice at 0°C is placed in 200 g of water at A B
25°C. The amount of ice that will melt as the
temperature of water reaches 0°C is close to (in 200°C C 100°C
grams) :
[September 2020]
(A) 61.7 (B) 63.8
125°C D
(C) 69.3 (D) 64.6

108
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
30. Two thin metallic spherical shells of radii r1 and 34. As per the given figure, two plates A and B of
r2 (r1 < r2) are placed with their centres thermal conductivity K and 2 K are joined
coinciding. A material of thermal conductivity K together to form a compound plate. The thickness
is filled in the space between the shells. The inner of plates are 4.0 cm and 2.5 cm respectively and
the area of cross-section is 120 cm2 for each plate.
shell is maintained at temperature 1 and the
The equivalent thermal conductivity of the
outer shell at temperature 2(1 < 2). The rate at
 5
which heat flows radially through the material is: compound plate is 1   K, then the value of α
[JEE MAIN 2021]  
K (2  1 ) (r2  r1 ) 4Kr1r2 (2  1 ) will be _______.
(A) (B)
4r1r2 r2  r1
r r (    ) K (2  1 )
(C) 1 2 2 1 (D)
r2  r1 r2  r1
[JEE MAIN 2022]
31. Due to cold weather a 1 m water pipe of Question Previous Year (JEE Advanced)
crosssectional area 1 cm2 is filled with ice at –
35. Two rods one of aluminium of length l1 having
10°C. Resistive heating is used to melt the ice.
Current of 0.5 A is passed through 4 k coefficient of linear expansion a, and other
resistance. Assuming that all the heat produced is steel of length l2 having coefficient of linear
used for melting, what is the minimum time expansion s are joined end to end. The
required? expansion in both the rods is same on variation
(Given latent heat of fusion for water/ice = l
of temperature. Then the value of 1 is
3.33×105 J kg–1, specific heat of ice = 2 × 103 J l1  l2
kg–1 and density of ice = 103 kg/m3) [JEE' (Scr) 2003]
[JEE MAIN 2021] s s
(A) 35.3 s (B) 0.353 s (C) 70.6 s (D) 3.53 s (A) (B)
a  s a  s
32. If K1 and K2 are the thermal conductivities, L1
and L2 are the lengths and A1 and A2 are the cross a  s
(C) (D) None of these
sectional areas of steel and copper rods s
K2 A L
respectively such that  9, 1  2, 1  2 . 36. If emissivity of bodies X and Y are ex and ey
K1 A2 L2 and absorptive power are Ax and Ay then
Then, for the arrangements shown in the figure, [JEE' (Scr) 2003]
the value of temperature T of the steel-copper
junction in the steady state will be
[JEE MAIN 2022]
T
Furnace Ice box
Steel
450°C Copper 0°C
(A) ey> ex ; Ay> Ax (B) ey< ex ; Ay< Ax
(C) ey> ex ; Ay< Ax (D) ey = ex ; Ay = Ax
Insulating material
(A) 18°C (B) 14°C 37. Hot oil is circulated through an insulated
(C) 45°C (D) 150°C
33. Read the following statements: container with a wooden lid at the top whose
A. When small temperature difference between a conductivity K = 0.149 J/(m-°C-sec), thickness
liquid and its surrounding is doubled, the rate t = 5 mm, emissivity = 0.6. Temperature of the
of loss of heat of the liquid becomes twice. top of the lid in steady state is at Tl =127°. If
B. Two bodies P and Q having equal surface
areas are maintained at temperature 10°C and the ambient temperature Ta = 27°C. Calculate
20°C. The thermal radiation emitted in a given (A) rate of heat loss per unit area due to
time by P and Q are in the ratio 1 : 1.15. radiation from the lid.
C. A carnot Engine working between 100 K and 17
and 400 K has an efficiency of 75%. (B) temperature of the oil.(Given    10 8
3
D. When small temperature difference between a
[IIT-JEE 2003]
liquid and its surrounding is quadrupled, the Tl = 127°C
rate of loss of heat of the liquid becomes
twice.
Choose the correct answer from the options given T0
below [JEE MAIN 2022] Ta = 27°C
(A) A, B, C only (B) A, B only Hot oil
(C) A, C only (D) B, C, D only
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109
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
38. A cube of coefficient of linear expansion s is 42. Three graphs marked as 1, 2, 3 representing the
variation of maximum emissive power and
floating in a bath containing a liquid of wavelength of radiation of the sun, a welding
coefficient of volume expansion l. When the arc and a tungsten filament. Which of the
following combination is correct
temperature is raised by T, the depth upto [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
E
which the cube is submerged in the liquid
remains the same. Find the relation between s (3)
(2)
(1)
and l, showing all the steps. [IIT JEE -2004] 
(A) 1-bulb, 2  welding arc, 3  sun
39. Three discs A, B, and C having radii 2 m, 4 m (B) 2-bulb, 3  welding arc, 1  sun
(C) 3-bulb, 1  welding arc, 2  sun
and 6 m respectively are coated with carbon (D) 2-bulb, 1  welding arc, 3  sun
black on their outer surfaces. The wavelengths
43. In which of the following phenomenon heat
corresponding to maximum intensity are 300 convection does not take place
nm, 400 nm and 500 nm respectively. The [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
(A) land and sea breeze
power radiated by them are QA, QB and QC (B) boiling of water
respectively. [JEE' 2004 (Scr.)] (C) heating of glass surface due to filament of
the bulb
(A) QA is maximum (B) QB is maximum (D) air around the furnace
(C) QC is maximum (D) QA = QB = QC
44. A spherical body of area A, and emissivity
40. One end of a rod of length L and cross– e = 0.6 is kept inside a black body. What is the
rate at which energy is radiated per second at
sectional area A is kept in a furnace of temperature T [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
4
temperature T1. The other end of the rod is kept (A) 0.6  AT (B) 0.4  AT4
(C) 0.8  AT4 (D) 1.0  AT4
at a temperature T2. The thermal conductivity
of the material of the rod is K and emissivity of 45. In a dark room with ambient temperature T0, a
black body is kept at a temperature T. Keeping
the rod is e. it is given that T2 = Ts + T, where the temperature of the black body constant (at
T << TS, Ts being the temperature of the T), Sun rays are allowed to fall on the black
body through a hole in the roof of the dark
surroundings. If T  (T1 – Ts), find the room. Assuming that there is no change in the
ambient temperature of the room, which of the
proportionality constant that heat is lost only by
following statement(s) is/are correct?
radiation at the end where the temp, of the rod [IIT JEE- 2006]
(A) The quantity of radiation absorbed by the
is T2. [IIT-JEE 2004]
black body in unit time will increase.
TS
Insulated (B) Since emissivity = absorptivity, hence the
Furnace T2 quantity of radiation emitted by black body
T1 L
Insulated in unit time will increase.
(C) Black body radiates more energy in unit
41. 2 litre water at 27°C is heated by a 1 kW heater time in the visible spectrum.
(D) The reflected energy in unit time by the
in an open container. On an average heat is lost
black body remains same.
to surroundings at the rate 160 J/s. The time 46. Column I gives some devices and column II
required for the temperature to reach 77°C is gives some processes on which the functioning
[JEE' 2005 (Scr)] of these devices depend. Match the devices in
column I with the processes in column II and
(A) 8 min 20 sec (B) 10 min
indicate you answer by darkening appropriate
(C) 7 min (D) 14 min bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
[IIT JEE-2007]

110
PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
Column-I Column-II 51. Two rectangular blocks, having identical
(A) Bimetallic strip (p) Radiation from a hot body dimensions, can be arranged either in
(B) Steam engine (q) Energy conversion configuration  or in configuration  as shown
(C) Incandescent lamp (r) Melting
(D) Electric fuse (s) Thermal expansion of
in the figure, On of the blocks has thermal
solids. conductivity k and the other 2k. The
temperature difference between the ends along
47. A metal rod AB of length l0x has its one end A the x-axis is the same in both the
in ice at 0°Cand the other end B in water at configurations. It takes 9s to transport a certain
100°C. If a point P on the rod is maintained at amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end
400°C, then it is found that equal amounts of
in the configuration . The time to transport the
water and ice evaporate and melt per unit time.
same amount of heat in the configuration is :
The latent heat of `evaporation of water is 540
[JEE Advanced -2013]
cal/g and latent heat of melting of ice is 80 Configuration II
cal/g. If the point P is at a distance of x from Configuration I
the ice end A, find the value of . 2k
[Neglect any heat loss to the surrounding.] k 2k k
[IIT JEE-2009] x
(A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s
48. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B
(radius 18 cm) are at temperature T1 and T2 52. Two spherical stars A and B emit blackbody
respectively. The maximum intensity in the radiation. The radius of A is 400 times that of B
emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in that and A emits 104 times the power emitted from
of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them to be B. The ratio ( A /  B ) of their wavelengths
black bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate
 A and B at which the peaks occur in their
of total energy radiated by A to that of B ?
[IIT JEE- 2010] respective radiation curves is
[JEE Advanced-2015]
49. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D
and E of different thermal conductivities (given 53. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and
in terms of a constant K) and sizes (given in RS, are soldered (joined) together. Initially
terms of length, L) as shown in the figure. All each of the wires has a length of 1 m at 10°C.
slabs are of same width. Heat ‘Q’ flows only Now the end P is maintained at 10°C, while the
from left to right through the blocks. Then in end S is heated and maintained at 400°C. The
steady state [IIT JEE- 2011] system is thermally insulated from its
Heat 0 1L 5L 6L surroundings. If the thermal conductivity of
1L A
B 3K E wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the
2K C 4K 6K coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ is
3L 1.2 ×10–5 K–1, the change in length of the wire
D PQ is [JEE Advanced-2016]
(A) heat flow through A and E slabs are same (A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm
(B) heat flow through slab E is maximum (C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
(C) temperature difference across slab E is 54. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is
smallest kept above the metal surface to read the power
(D) heat flow through C = heat flow through radiated (P) by the metal. The sensor has a
B + heat flow through D. scale that displays log2 (P/P0), where P0 is a
50. Three very large plates of same area are kept constant. When the metal surface is at a
parallel and close to each other. They are temperature of 487°C, the sensor shows a value
considered as ideal black surfaces and have 1. Assume that the emissivity of the metallic
very high thermal conductivity. The first and surface remains constant. What is the value
third plates are maintained at temperatures 2T displayed by the sensor when the temperature
and 3T respectively. The temperature of the of the metal surface is raised to 2767 °C?
middle (i.e. second) plate under steady state [JEE Advanced-2016]
condition is [IIT JEE -2012] 55. A human body has a surface area of
1 1 approximately 1m2. The normal body
 65  4  97  4 temperature is 10K above the surrounding room
(A)   T (B)   T
 2  4 temperature T0. Take the room temperature to
be T0 = 300 K. For T0 = 300 K, the value of
–2
1
T04 = 460 Wm (where  is the Stefan-
 97  4 1
(C)   T (D)  97  4 T Boltzmann constant). Which of the following
 2 options is/are correct? [JEE Advanced-2017]
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111
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I
(A) the amount of energy radiated by the body (A) Power radiated by the filament is in the
in 1 second is close to 60 Joules range 642 W to 645 W
(B) if the surrounding temperature reduces by a (B) Radiated power entering into one eye of the
small amount T0<< T0, then to maintain observer is in the range 3.15 × 10–8 W to
the same body temperature the same 3.25× 10–8 W.
(living) human being needs to radiate (C) The wavelength corresponding to the
W = 4 T 03 T0 more energy per unit time maximum intensity of light is 1160 nm.
(C) Reducing the exposed surface area of the (D) Taking the average wavelength of emitted
body (i.e. by curling up) allows human to radiation to be 1740 nm, the total number of
maintain the same body temperature while photons entering per second into one eye of
reducing the energy lost by radiation the observer is in the range
(D) If the body temperature rises significantly 2.75 × 1011 to 2.85 × 1011
then the peak in the spectrum of 59. A small object is placed at the center of a large
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the evacuated hollow spherical container. Assume
body would shift to longer wavelengths that the container is maintained at 0 K. At time
56. Two conducting cylinders of equal length but t = 0, the temperature of the object is 200 K.
different radii are connected in series between The temperature of the object becomes 100K at
two heat baths kept at temperatures T1 = 300K t = t1 and 50 K at t = t2. Assume the object and
and T2 = 100K, as shown in the figure. The the container to be ideal black bodies. The heat
radius of the bigger cylinder is twice that of the capacity of the object does not depend on
smaller one and the thermal conductivities of temperature. The ratio (t2/t1) is____.
the materials of the smaller and the larger [JEE Adv. 2021]
cylinders are K1 and K2 respectively. If the PARAGRAPH I (Q.60 & 61)
temperature at the junction of the two cylinders A cylindrical furnace has height (H) and diameter
in the steady state is 200K, then K1/K2 (D) both 1m. It is maintained at temperature 360
=__________. [JEE ADV. 2018] K. The air gets heated inside the furnace at
constant pressure Pa and its temperature becomes
Insulating material T = 360 K. The hot air with density  rises up a
T1 K1 K2
T2 vertical chimney of diameter d = 0.1 m and height
h = 9 m above the furnace and exits the chimney
L
(see the figure). As a result, atmospheric air of
L
density a = 1.2 Kg m–3, pressure Pa and
57. A container with 1 kg of water in it is kept in temperature Ta = 300K enters the furnace.
sunlight, which causes the water to get warmer Assume air as an ideal gas, neglect the variations
than the surroundings. The average energy per in  and T inside the chimney and the furnace.
unit time per unit area received due to the Also ignore the viscous effects.
sunlight is 700Wm–2 and it is absorbed by the [Given: The acceleration due to gravity g = 10
water over an effective area of 0.05 m2. ms–2 and  = 3.14]
Assuming that the heat loss from the water to
the surroundings is governed by Newton’s law
of cooling, the difference (in °C) in the
temperature of water and the surroundings after
a long time will be _____________. (Ignore
effect of the container, and take constant for
Newton’s law of cooling = 0.001 s–1, Heat
capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1)
[JEE Adv. 2020]
58. The filament of a light bulb has surface area
64mm2. The filament can be considered as a
black body at temperature 2500 K emitting Q.60 Considering the air flow to be streamline, the
radiation like a point source when viewed from steady mass flow rate of air exiting the chimney is
far. At night the light bulb is observed from a ____gm s–1 [JEE Adv. 2023]
distance of 100 m. Assume the pupil of the eyes Q.61 When the chimney is closed using a cap at the
of the observer to be circular with radius 3 mm. top, a pressure difference P develops between
Then (Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant the top and the bottom surfaces of the cap. If the
= 5.67 × 10–8 Wm–2 K–4, Wien’s displacement changes in the temperature and density of the hot
constant = 2.90 × 10–3m-K, Planck’s constant = air, due to the stoppage of air flow, are negligible
6.63 × 10–34 Js, speed of light in vacuum = then the value of P is ______Nm–2
3.00 × 108 ms–1) [JEE Adv. 2020] [JEE Adv. 2023]

112
 PHYSICS-X I HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D D D C C A B A A D B A A B A B B A D
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D B D B D C D C C D A C D B D C A C D B
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. A B B D C D A A A B D D C C D C A B A C
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. B C B B A A A B B A C D D B A B A A B C
Qus. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Ans. C A B B B C B C D C C C B D

EXERCISE-2

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A,D A,B,C,D A,D A,D A,B A,D B,C A,C A,B A,C,D A,B B,D A,B A,C,D A,C,D
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A,B,C A,D D B A A A A C B A D B C D
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Ans. D C B B D B A D B A B B B

EXERCISE-3
1. (A) (r) (B) (s) (C) (q), (D) (p)
2. (A) (p,s) (B) (t) (C) (q,r), (D) (t)
3. (A) (p) (B) (q,r,t) (C) (p), (D) (q,r,st)
4. (A) (q,s) (B) (p) (C) (s), (D) (q,s)
5. (A) (q,r) (B) (t) (C) (r,s), (D) (q,r)
6. [2] 7. [8] 8. [3] 9. [1] 10. [7] 11. [5] 12. [1]
13. [4] 14. [3] 15. [5] 16. [159] 17. [3] 18. [2] 19. [5]
20. [8] 21. [1] 22. [3] 23. [5] 24. [8] 25. [7] 26. [1]
27. [6] 28. [5] 29. [5] 30. [2] 31. [3] 32. [2]

EXERCISE-4
1. [C] 2. [C] 3. [A] 4. [D] 5. [C] 6. [A] 7. [C] 8. [D] 9. [A]
10 [D] 11. [A] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [B] 15. [B] 16. [40] 17. [60] 18. [50]
19. [A] 20. [B] 21. [20] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [B] 25. [A] 26. [B] 27. [D]
28. [A] 29. [2] 30. [B] 31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [21.00]35. [A] 36. [A]
37. (A) 595 wAtt/m2; (B) T0 420 K
K
38. l = 2s 39. [B] 40. 41. [A] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [A]
4eLTS3  K
45. [A,D] 46. [A  q,s; B q; C p,q; D q,r or A  s; B  q; C  p; D  r]
47. [9] 48. [9] 49. [A,C,D] or [A,B,C,D] 50. [C] 51. [A] 52. [2] 53. [A]
54. [9] 55. [C] 56. [4.00] 57. [8.33] 58. [B,C,D] 59. [9]
60. [47.10] 61. [18.00]

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113
NOTES