C++ Introduction-

Reference: https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/
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What is C++?
C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance
applications.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language.
C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.
The language was updated 3 major times in 2011, 2014, and 2017 to C++11, C++14,
and C++17.

Why Use C++

C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and
embedded systems.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to
programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to
multiple platforms.
C++ is fun and easy to learn!
As C++ is close to C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or
vice versa
Everything in c++ is in the form of real world entity-objects
Create different objects and can use them in our program
Engine
Balance
Speedometer

Main

C C++
Dennis Ritchie and Kernighan Bjarne Stroustrup
At AT & T Bell Lab, California, USA At AT & T Bell Lab, California,
in 1960’s USA in 1970’s
Pop-Procedure oriented Oop- object oriented
programming programming
Top-down approach-sequential Bottom-up approach
structure Objects can be created
anywhere.
Functions and procedures or Functions are used
subroutines-small pieces of code
Functions can be reused Functions can be reused
 Reusability Objects
Modularity Classes
Encapsulation
Data abstraction
Data hiding
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Reusability
Modularity

Student-object
Features and functions to student-class-student class
Ug /pg Student

Id
Name
Age
Marks

Get_attendance()
Get_Marks()

Poly(many) + morphism(forms)

Operator overloading “+” addition /concatenation(joining)

Function overloading add(int a, int b),add(

C++ Get Started

To start using C++, you need two things:
A text editor, like Notepad, to write C++ code
A compiler, like GCC, to translate the C++ code into a language that
the computer will understand
There are many text editors and compilers to choose from. In this
tutorial, we will use an IDE (see below).

C++ Install IDE

An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is used to edit AND
compile the code.
Popular IDE's include Code::Blocks, Eclipse, TurboC++, BorlandC++
and Visual Studio. These are all free, and they can be used to both edit
and debug C++ code.
Note: Web-based IDE's can work as well, but functionality is limited.
We will use Code::Blocks in our tutorial, which we believe is a good
place to start.
You can find the latest version of Codeblocks at
http://www.codeblocks.org/downloads/26. Download the mingw-
setup.exe file, which will install the text editor with a compiler.

C++ Quickstart
Let's create our first C++ file.
Open Codeblocks and go to File > New > Empty File.
Write the following C++ code and save the file as
myfirstprogram.cpp (File > Save File as):
myfirstprogram.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Don't worry if you don't understand the code above - we will discuss it
in detail in later chapters. For now, focus on how to run the code.
In Codeblocks, it should look like this:
Then, go to Build > Build and Run to run (execute) the program.
Result:

Hello World!

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

Example explained
Line 1: #include <iostream> is a header file library that lets us work
with input and output objects, such as cout (used in line 5). Header files
add functionality to C++ programs.

Line 2: using namespace std means that we can use names for objects
and variables from the standard library.

Don't worry if you don't understand how #include

<iostream> and using namespace stdworks. Just think of it as
something that (almost) always appears in your program.

Line 3: A blank line. C++ ignores white space.

Line 4: Another thing that always appear in a C++ program, is int

main(). This is called a function. Any code inside its curly
brackets {} will be executed.
Line 5: cout (pronounced "see-out") is an object used together with
the insertion operator(<<) to output/print text. In our example it will
output "Hello World".

Note: Every C++ statement ends with a semicolon ;.

Note: The body of int main() could also been written as:
int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; return 0; }

Remember: The compiler ignores white spaces. However, multiple lines

makes the code more readable.

Line 6: return 0 ends the main function.

Line 7: Do not forget to add the closing curly bracket } to actually end
the main function.

Omitting Namespace
You might see some C++ programs that runs without the standard
namespace library. The using namespace std line can be omitted and
replaced with the std keyword, followed by the :: operator for some
objects:

Example
#include <iostream>

int main() {
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

It is up to you if you want to include the standard namespace library or

not.

C++ Output (Print Text)

The cout object, together with the << operator, is used to output
values/print text:
Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

You can add as many cout objects as you want. However, note that it
does not insert a new line at the end of the output:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

New Lines
To insert a new line, you can use the \n character:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World! \n";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

Tip: Two \n characters after each other will create a blank line:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World! \n\n";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

Another way to insert a new line, is with the endl manipulator:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}
Both \n and endl are used to break lines. However, \n is used more often
and is the preferred way.

Add two numbers

#include<iostream.h>pre-processor directive
#include<conio.h>

void main( )
{
int a, b,c;
clrscr();
cout<<”enter the values of a and b”;
cin>>a; 10
cin>>b; 20
c= a-b;
 cout<<”the sum of a and b is =”<<c; 30
getch();
}

add.cpp
compile
compiled successfully
run
output screen visible

output
enter the values of a and b
10
20
the sum of a and b is =30

C++ Comments
Comments can be used to explain C++ code, and to make it more
readable. It can also be used to prevent execution when testing
alternative code. Comments can be singled-lined or multi-lined.

Single-line comments start with two forward slashes ( //).

Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by the compiler
(will not be executed).

This example uses a single-line comment before a line of code:

Example
// This is a comment
cout << "Hello World!";

This example uses a single-line comment at the end of a line of code:

Example
cout << "Hello World!"; // This is a comment

Single or multi-line comments?

It is up to you which you want to use. Normally, we use // for short
comments, and /* */ for longer.

Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */.

Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by the compiler:

Example
/* The code below will print the words Hello World!
to the screen, and it is amazing */
cout << "Hello World!";

C++ Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.

In C++, there are different types of variables (defined with different

keywords), for example:

 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as

123 or -123
 double - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99
or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are
surrounded by single quotes
 string - stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are
surrounded by double quotes
  bool - stores values with two states: true or false

Declaring (Creating) Variables

To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign it a value:

Syntax
type variable = value;

Where type is one of C++ types (such as int), and variable is the name
of the variable (such as x or myName). The equal sign is used to assign
values to the variable.

To create a variable that should store a number, look at the following

example:

Example
Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign it the value 15:

int myNum = 15;

cout << myNum;

You can also declare a variable without assigning the value, and assign
the value later:

Example
int myNum;
myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;

Note that if you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite
the previous value:

Example
int myNum = 15; // myNum is 15
myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10
cout << myNum; // Outputs 10

A demonstration of other data types:

Example
int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without
decimals)
double myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number (with
decimals)
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
string myText = "Hello"; // String (text)
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean (true or false)
You will learn more about the individual types in the Data Types chapter.

Display Variables
The cout object is used together with the << operator to display variables.

To combine both text and a variable, separate them with the << operator:

Example
int myAge = 35;
cout << "I am " << myAge << " years old.";

Add Variables Together

To add a variable to another variable, you can use the + operator:

Example
int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int sum = x + y;
cout << sum;

Declare Many Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-
separated list:

Example
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
C++ Identifiers
All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.

These unique names are called identifiers.

Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names

(age, sum, totalVolume).

Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create

understandable and maintainable code:

Example
// Good
int minutesPerHour = 60;

// OK, but not so easy to understand what m actually is

int m = 60;

The general rules for constructing names for variables (unique identifiers)
are:

 Names can contain letters, digits and underscores

 Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
 Names are case sensitive (myVar and myvar are different variables)
 Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !, #,
%, etc.
 Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such as int) cannot be used
as names

C++ Constants
Constants
When you do not want others (or yourself) to override existing variable
values, use the constkeyword (this will declare the variable as "constant",
which means unchangeable and read-only):

Example
const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15
myNum = 10; // error: assignment of read-only variable
'myNum'

you should always declare the variable as constant when you have values
that are unlikely to change:

 Example
const int minutesPerHour = 60;
const float PI = 3.14;

C++ User Input

You have already learned that cout is used to output (print) values. Now
we will use cin to get user input.

cin is a predefined variable that reads data from the keyboard with the
extraction operator (>>).

In the following example, the user can input a number, which is stored in
the variable x. Then we print the value of x:

Example
int x;
cout << "Type a number: "; // Type a number and press enter
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keyboard
cout << "Your number is: " << x; // Display the input value

Good To Know
cout is pronounced "see-out". Used for output, and uses the insertion
operator (<<)

cin is pronounced "see-in". Used for input, and uses the extraction
operator (>>)

Creating a Simple Calculator

In this example, the user must input two numbers. Then we print the sum
by calculating (adding) the two numbers:

Example
int x, y;
int sum;
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> x;
cout << "Type another number: ";
cin >> y;
sum = x + y;
cout << "Sum is: " << sum;

C++ Data Types

As explained in the Variables chapter, a variable in C++ must be a
specified data type:

Example
int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number)
float myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number
double myDoubleNum = 9.98; // Floating point number
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean
string myText = "Hello"; // String

Basic Data Types

Data Type Size Description

Stores whole numbers, without decimals -32768 to 32767 Range

unsigned 2 bytes
int
4 bytes
long

float 4 bytes Stores fractional numbers, containing one or more decimals. Sufficient for
storing 7 decimal digits

double 8 bytes Stores fractional numbers, containing one or more decimals. Sufficient for
storing 15 decimal digits
 boolean 1 byte Stores true or false values

char 1 byte Stores a single character/letter/number, or ASCII values

The data type specifies the size and type of information the variable will
store:

Numeric Types
Use int when you need to store a whole number without decimals, like 35
or 1000, and floator double when you need a floating point number
(with decimals), like 9.99 or 3.14515.

int
int myNum = 1000;
cout << myNum;

float
float myNum = 5.75;
cout << myNum;

double
double myNum = 19.99;
cout << myNum;
float vs. double

The precision of a floating point value indicates how many digits the
value can have after the decimal point. The precision of float is only six
or seven decimal digits, while double variables have a precision of about
15 digits. Therefore it is safer to use double for most calculations.

Scientific Numbers
A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to
indicate the power of 10:
Example
float f1 = 35e3;
double d1 = 12E4;
cout << f1;
cout << d1;

Boolean Types
A boolean data type is declared with the bool keyword and can only take
the values true or false. When the value is
returned, true = 1 and false = 0.

Example
bool isCodingFun = true;
bool isFishTasty = false;
cout << isCodingFun; // Outputs 1 (true)
cout << isFishTasty; // Outputs 0 (false)
Boolean values are mostly used for conditional testing, which you will
learn more about in a later chapter.

Character Types
The char data type is used to store a single character. The character
must be surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c':

Example
char myGrade = 'B';
cout << myGrade;

Alternatively, you can use ASCII values to display certain characters:

Example
char a = 65, b = 66, c = 67;
cout << a;
cout << b;
cout << c;

Tip: A list of all ASCII values can be found in our ASCII Table Reference.
String Types
The string type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). This is
not a built-in type, but it behaves like one in its most basic usage. String
values must be surrounded by double quotes:

Example
string greeting = "Hello";
cout << greeting;

To use strings, you must include an additional header file in the source
code, the <string>library:

Example
// Include the string library
#include <string>

// Create a string variable

string greeting = "Hello";

// Output string value

cout << greeting;

C++ Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example
int x = 100 + 50;

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in
the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a
value, or a variable and another variable:

int sum1 = 100 + 50; // 150 (100 + 50)

int sum2 = sum1 + 250; // 400 (150 + 250)
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2; // 800 (400 + 400)
 Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical
operations.

Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.011 s

Press any key to continu

Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the
value 10 to a variable called x:

Operator Name Description Example

+ Addition Adds together two values x+y

- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x-y

* Multiplication Multiplies two values x*y

/ Division Divides one value by another x/y

% Modulus Returns the division remainder x%y

++ Increment Increases the value of a variable by 1 ++x x=x+1

-- Decrement Decreases the value of a variable by 1 --x

Example
int x = 10;
lhs=rhs+rhs+rhs

A list of all assignment operators:

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

&= x &= 3 x=x&3

|= x |= 3 x=x|3

^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
 >>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3

<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

e. Comparison/relational Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

Note: The return value of a comparison is either true ( 1) or false (0).

In the following example, we use the greater than operator (>) to find
out if 5 is greater than 3:

Example
int x = 5;
int y = 3;
cout << (x > y); // returns 1 (true) because 5 is greater than
3

A list of all relational operators:

Operator Name Example

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

 >= Greater than or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or
values:

Operator Name Description Example

&& Logical and Returns true if both statements are true x < 5 && x < 10

|| Logical or Returns true if one of the statements is true x < 5 || x < 4

! Logical not Reverse the result, returns false if the result !(x < 5 && x < 10)
is true

cnditi