New Syllabus M.sc. Biomed Sci 2019

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
MASTER OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
(MBS)
(Effective from Academic Year 2019-20)
PROGRAMME BROCHURE
XXXXX Revised Syllabus as approved by

Academic Council on XXXX
YYYYY Executive Council on YYYY
1
CONTENTS
Page
I. About the Department 3
II. Introduction to CBCS Scope & Definitions 4
III. M.Sc. Biomedical Scineces Programme Details 6-15
Programme scope, objectives and outcomes 6

Programme Structure 7
Eligibility for Admissions 11
Assessment of students Performance 12
Scheme of exams 12
Pass percentage and Promotion criteria 12
Semester to semester progression 13
Conversion of Marks into grades 13
Grade points 13
CGPA Calculation 13
Division of degree into classes 14
Attendance requirement 14
Span Period 14
Guidelines for the award of Internal assessment marks 14-15
IV. Course Wise Content Details for M. Sc. and M.Sc.- Ph.D. Combined
Degree Programme 16
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Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi
I. About the Department
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR) came into existence in
March 1991 with the foundation stone laid by the then Hon’ble Prime Minister of India
Sh. Chandra Shekharji, on the occasion of the birth centenary of Baba Saheb Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar. The mandate of the Centre is high quality postgraduate education and
research in Biomedical Sciences. The institute also has provision for doctoral and
postdoctoral training to young scientists at the start of their research career to gain the
skills and insights in frontier areas of Biomedical Sciences. During the last two
decades the Center has grown to a strength of 220, comprising faculty, students, Ph.D.
scholars and supporting staff.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR) is a unique center under
the University of Delhi wherein a multi-specialty group of scientists work as a
cohesive team and carryout active teaching and research. The absence of a formal
departmental setup provides an excellent environment where faculties interact with
each other freely that enhances better teaching and research in the complementary
areas. The emphasis of research investigations is mainly on chemistry and biology
and is being carried out in some of the frontline areas of basic and applied biomedical
sciences such as Drug Discovery and Drug Development, Medical Biotechnology,
Molecular Modeling and DNA Diagnostics, Molecular Oncology, Immunology,
Genomics & Proteomics, Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Genetics, Human Genetics
and Neuropharmacology. Within a small span of time, ACBR has earned its name and
fame both at the National and International level.
3
II. Introduction to CBCS (Choice Based Credit System)
Choice Based Credit System:
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses
comprising core, elective/minor or skill-based courses. The courses can be evaluated following
the grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks system. Grading
system provides uniformity in the evaluation and computation of the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in examinations which enables the student to
move across institutions of higher learning. The uniformity in evaluation system also enable the
potential employers in assessing the performance of the candidates.
Definitions:
(i) ‘Academic Programme’ means an entire course of study comprising its programme structure,
course details, evaluation schemes etc. designed to be taught and evaluated in a teaching
Department/Centre or jointly under more than one such Department/ Centre
(ii) ‘Course’ means a segment of a subject that is part of an Academic Programme
(iii) ‘Programme Structure’ means a list of courses (Core, Elective, Open Elective) that makes
up an Academic Programme, specifying the syllabus, Credits, hours of teaching, evaluation and
examination schemes, minimum number of credits required for successful completion of the
programme etc. prepared in conformity to University Rules, eligibility criteria for admission
(iv) ‘Core Course’ means a course that a student admitted to a particular programme must
successfully complete to receive the degree and which cannot be substituted by any other course
(v) ‘Elective Course’ means an optional course to be selected by a student out of such courses
offered in the same or any other Department/Centre
(vi) ‘Open Elective’ means an elective course which is available for students of all programmes,
including students of same department. Students of other Department will opt these courses
subject to fulfilling of eligibility of criteria as laid down by the Department offering the course.
(vii) ‘Credit’ means the value assigned to a course which indicates the level of instruction;
One-hour lecture per week equals 1 Credit, 2 hours practical class per week equals 1 credit.
Credit for a practical could be proposed as part of a course or as a separate practical course
(viii) ‘SGPA’ means Semester Grade Point Average calculated for individual semester.
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(ix) ‘CGPA’ is Cumulative Grade Points Average calculated for all courses completed by the
students at any point of time. CGPA is calculated each year for both the semesters clubbed
together.
(x) ‘Grand CGPA’ is calculated in the last year of the course by clubbing together of CGPA of
two years, i.e., four semesters. Grand CGPA is being given in Transcript form. To benefit the
student a formula for conversation of Grand CGPA into %age marks is given in the Transcript.
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III. M. Sc. and M.Sc.- Ph.D. Combined Degree Programme Details:
Scope
The overall objective of the program is to foster high-quality innovative research & teaching
program and interdisciplinary knowledge to develop specialist academicians and intellectual
leaders with excellent professional skills in biomedical sciences for better understanding and
management of human health and disease.
Programme Objectives (POs):
With this in mind the objectives of the M. Sc. and M.Sc.- Ph.D. Combined Degree
Programme are to develop a multidisciplinary knowledge Centre and provide high quality
world-class teaching and research in biomedical sciences. To educate and train a new
generation of young minds in biomedical sciences. To create a passion for research while
inculcating a scientific temperament and a knowledge inquisitive mind with the main aim of
contributing towards human health through basic cum applied research. Intellectual grooming
of each student to be a potential leader in biomedical sciences. To teach beyond textbooks and
rejuvenate the spirit of science.
Programme Specific Outcome
For achieving this, ACBR has structured its course amalgamating Biology and Chemistry in a
fine mix. This gives each student an in- depth view of biology via the prism of chemistry. This
includes aspects of cell and molecular biology, biotechnology, biochemistry, infection and
immunity, genetics, human physiology integrated with organic and medicinal chemistry,
biomedical techniques, pharmacology and toxicology. To this end the fourth semester
curricula has been designed to lay more emphasis on laboratory- oriented training with two
optional elective papers and project having 60% weightage.
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Programme Structure:
The M.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences programme is a two-year course divided into four-semesters.
A student is required to complete 98 credits for the completion of course and the award of degree.
Semester Semester
Part – I First Year Semester I Semester II
Part – II Second Year Semester III Semester IV
Course Credit Scheme
Semester Core Courses Elective Course Open Elective Course Total

Credits
No. Credits Total No. Credits Total No. of Credits Total
of Credits Of (L+T)+P Credits papers (L+T/P) Credits
papers (L+T/P) Papers
I 5 20L+ 6P 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
II 5 20L+ 6P 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
III 4 16L+ 6P 22 0 0 0 1 4 4 26
IV 0 0 0 3 $ 8L + 12D $ 20 0 0 0 20
Total
Credits (56L +
14 74 3$ 8L+12D$ 20 1 4L 4 98
for the 18P)
course
$ If a student does not wish do the dissertation project, he/she can take three more electives in
consultation with the faculty and out of the electives being offered.
 For each Core and Elective Course there will be 4 lecture hours of teaching per week.
 Open Electives to the maximum total of 4credits.
 Duration of examination of each paper shall be 3 hours.
 Each paper will be of 100 marks out of which 70 marks shall be allocated for semester
examination and 30 marks for internal assessment.
 L= Theory; P = Practical; D= Dissertation Project
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Semester wise Details of M.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences Course
Semester I/II/III/IV (individually for each semester)
Semester I
Number of core courses (5) Credits in each core course
Course Theory Practical Tutorial Credits
MBSCC-101
Biological Chemistry 1 4 0 0 4
MBSCC-102
Cell Biology 4 0 0 4
MBSCC-103
Biochemistry of Macromolecules 4 2 0 6
MBSCC-104
Concepts of Genetics 4 2 0 6
MBSCC-105
Medical Microbiology 4 2 0 6
Core courses ‘5’ (total number)
Total credits in core course 20 6 0 26
Semester II
MBSCC-201
Molecular Biology 4 0 0 4
MBSCC-202
Human Physiology I 4 0 0 4
MBSCC-203
Recombinant DNA Technology &
Biotechnology 4 2 0 6
MBSCC-204
Immunology 4 2 0 6
MBSCC-205
Biological Chemistry II 4 2 0 6
Semester III
MBSCC-301 4 0 0 4
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Principles of Medicinal Chemistry
MBSCC-302
Human Physiology II 4 2 0 6
MBSCC-303
Analytical & Biomedical:
Techniques & Instrumentation 4 2 0 6
MBSCC-304
Pharmacology & Toxicology 4 2 0 6
Number of Open Elective courses (1) Credits in each Elective course

Credits in each elective course Theory Practical Tutorial Credits
Open Elective 1 4 0 0 4
Total Open Electives 1
Total credits in open elective courses 4 0 0 4
Semester IV
Number of elective courses -3 Credits in each Elective course
Credits in each elective course Theory Practical Tutorial Credits
Elective course 1 4L 0 0 4
Elective course 2 4L 0 0 4
$
Dissertation Project (MBSDP-415) 0 12D 0 12
Total Elective courses ‘2’ + 1(Project*)
Total credits in elective courses 8L 12D$ 0 20
$
If a student does not wish to do the dissertation project, he/she can take three more electives
(Elective-3, 4 and 5) in consultation with the faculty and out of the elective being offered
OPEN ELECTIVES To be offered by ACBR (III Semester)

1. MBSOE-305 - Bioethics & Biosafety
2. MBSOE-306 - Application of statistics for Biology
List of ELECTIVE Papers (Choice based papers) for IV semester
1. MBSEC-401 - Molecular Oncology

2. MBSEC-402 - Stem Cell Biology For Development & Translational Research
3. MBSEC-403 - Medical Bacteriology and Parasitology
4. MBSEC-404 - New Methods In Organic Synthesis
5. MBSEC-405 - Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Drug Designing
6. MBSEC-406 - Genome Biology
7. MBSEC-407 - Advanced Immunology
8. MBSEC-408 - Advanced Concepts in Medicinal Chemistry
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9. MBSEC-409 - Clinical Pathophysiology
10. MBSEC-410 - Advanced Toxicology
11. MBSEC-411 - Medical Virology and Mycology
12. MBSEC-412 - Advances In Protein Science
13. MBSEC-413 - Neurobiology
14. MBSEC-414 - Drug Discovery and Process Development
Selection of Electives and open Elective Courses:
 Selection of Electives courses will be based on Merit cum choice basis out of the
electives offered by the faculty in IV semester. The marks obtained in Part I (I + II
semester) will be considered for merit.
 Students will be required to take either DISSERTATION PROJECT in any laboratory

or additional three Elective Courses (3, 4 & 5) of 4 credit each (IV Semester) out of the
electives offered by the faculty in IV semester. Selection will be once again based on
merit cum choice bases based on the marks obtained in Part I (I + II semester).
 Selection of Open Electives: The maximum number of seats for open electives will be
equal to number of student intake in M.Sc. Biomedical sciences (currently 51). The
selection of students shall be based on the merit prepared based on their marks obtained
in the M.Sc. First semester. Open elective will be offered in III semester only by the
Biomedical Centre.
Teaching:
The faculty of the Center is primarily responsible for organizing lecture work for M.Sc. and
M.Sc./Ph.D. combined degree programme in Biomedical Sciences. The instructions related to
tutorials are provided by the respective registering units under the overall guidance of the
Department. Faculty from some other Departments and constituent colleges are also associated
with lecture and tutorial work in the Department.
There shall be 90 instructional days excluding examination in a semester.

The dissertation projects are mainly carried out at ACBR under the mentorship of the faculty
of ACBR itself in the core area of research of the faculty (Drug Discovery and Drug
Development, Medical Biotechnology, Molecular Modeling and DNA Diagnostics, Molecular
Oncology, Immunology, Genomics & Proteomics, Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Genetics,
Human Genetics and Neuropharmacology). In addition, students can also join laboratories in
nearby Institutes or departments such as V. Patel chest, INMAS, DIPAS, IGIB.
During the dissertation, students are trained to design the experiments, carry out the research by
performing experiments independently, analyse the data and interpret the results. With the help
of the mentor, student is asked to compile the project report and finally defend their research
work in an open viva voce examination.
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Eligibility for Admissions:
Mode of admission
ONLY THROUGH ENTRANCE conducted by the University of Delhi.
Eligibility Criteria:
Bachelor's Degree in Science in any relevant subject from University of Delhi or any
other University whose Examination is recognized by the University of Delhi as
equivalent and fulfilling other conditions of eligibility.
Marks Requirement: 55% or above marks in aggregate or equivalent grade or as per

University rules.
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Assessment of Students’ Performance and Scheme of
Examinations:
1. English shall be the medium of instruction and examination.

2. Examinations shall be conducted at the end of each semester as per the Academic
Calendar notified by the University of Delhi.
1. The system of evaluation shall be as follows:
3.1 Each four credit course shall be evaluated for100 marks and will have two components:
i. Internal Assessment: 30 marks
a. Attendance: 05 marks
b. Test / Assignments/Seminar: 25 marks
ii. End of Semester Examination: 70 marks
3.2 Each two credit practical examination will be conducted at the end of the semester for
50 marks.
4. The scheme of evaluation for the candidate opting for a dissertation project (IV Semester)
shall be as follows:
4.1 Project work will begin from end of 2nd Semester and will be completed at the end of 4th
semester.
4.2. The evaluation criteria for project work will be for 300 marks (12 credits) which includes
internal evaluation by the concerned supervisor based on general performance in the laboratory
(for 100 Marks) and student seminar, Project work and viva-voce evaluated by a board of
examiners constituted by committee of courses of ACBR as per Delhi University Rules (200
Marks) as detailed below:
Attendance, experimental ability, notebook record keeping- 100 Marks (Internal assessment)
Data analysis and Project report 100 Marks
Presentation of work and Viva voce examination 100 Marks
5. Examinations for courses shall be conducted only in the respective odd and even Semester
as per the Scheme of Examinations. Regular as well as Ex-students shall be permitted to
appear / re-appear / improve in courses of Odd Semesters only at the end of Odd Semesters
and courses of Even-Semesters only at the end of Even Semesters.
Pass Percentage
Minimum marks for passing the examination in each semester shall be 40% in each paper and
45% in aggregate of a Semester. Details as per University of Delhi rules.
However, a candidate who has secured the minimum marks to pass in each paper but has not
secured the minimum marks to pass in aggregate may reappear in any of the paper/s of choice in
the concerned semester in order to be able to secure the minimum marks prescribed to pass the
Semester in aggregate.
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No student would be allowed to avail of more than two chances to pass a paper inclusive of the
first attempt.
Promotion Criteria
Semester to Semester:
Students shall be required to fulfil the Part to part Promotion Criteria. Within the same part,
students shall be promoted from a semester to the next Semester, provided she/he has passed at
least three out of the five theory examinations of the current Semester. However, passing in
practical is mandatory for promotion from one semester to the next. There shall not be any
repeat/improvement allowed for practical examination.
Part I to Part II Progression:
Admission to Part II of the programme shall be open to only those students who have successfully
passed at least 6 theory papers out of papers offered for the Part I courses comprising of Semester-
I and Semester-II taken together and two practical papers. However, she/he will have to clear the
remaining papers while studying in Part-II of the programme.
Conversion of Marks into Grades:
As per University Examination rules
Grade Points:
Grade point table as per University Examination rule
CGPA Calculation:
As per University Examination rule.
SGPA Calculation:
Grand SGPA Calculation:
Conversion of Grand CGPA into Marks
As notified by competent authority the formula for conversion of Grand CGPA into
marks is: Final %age of marks = CGPA based on all four semesters × 9.5
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Division of Degree into Classes:
Post Graduate degree to be classified based on CGPA obtained into various classes as
notified into Examination policy.
Attendance Requirement:
No student shall be considered to have pursued a regular course of study unless he/she is certified
by the Head /Director of the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of
Delhi, to have attended 75% of the total number of lectures and seminars conducted in each
Semester, during his/her course of study. Provided that he/she fulfils other conditions, the
Head/Director, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research may permit a student to the
next Semester who falls short of the required percentage of attendance by not more than 10% of
the lectures and seminars conducted during the Semester.
Span Period:
No student shall be admitted as a candidate for the examination for any of the Parts/Semesters
after the lapse of four years from the date of admission to the Part-I/Semester-I of the M. Sc. and
M.Sc.- Ph.D. Combined Degree Programme.
Guidelines for the Award of Internal Assessment Marks M. Sc. and M.Sc.-
Ph.D. Combined Degree Programme (Semester Wise)
Internal assessment will comprise 30% of the maximum marks in a specified paper. Internal
assessment will have several components like attendance marks, marks for mid-term
written test / assignment / seminar, marks for discipline and interaction in class, etc. as outlined
below semester wise. Marks for mid-term written test / assignment / seminar and attendance will
be discussed with the students and copies for written test / assignment will be returned to students
appropriately marked.
Attendance will be marked separately for each theory and practical papers as well as for
Dissertation as per the prevailing rules of the University of Delhi. Attendance marks will be
included as part of 30% internal assessment in each paper and marked in three tiers.
Internal assessment components for theory papers (4 credits, 100 marks) in Semester
I/II/III/IV: Attendance - 5 marks; Written test/ Assignment/ Seminar/ Viva-voce (with
documented evidence) – 25 marks; Total = 30 marks.
Internal assessment components for Practical papers (2 credits, 50 marks) in Semester

I/II/III: Attendance /Class interaction/ discipline – 5 marks; Notebook record keeping – 5 marks;
Experimental ability– 5 marks; Total = 15 marks. Rest 35 marks will be evaluated during end
semester practical examination
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Internal assessment components (100 marks) for Dissertation (12 credits, 300 marks) in
Semester IV:
Attendance/ Lab interactions / Discipline in lab – 30 marks;
Experimental ability & Notebook record keeping – 70 marks; Total = 100 marks.
NOTE:
The promotion/passing/attendance/other rules are subject to change from time to time by the
University, and the rules prevailing at that time will be applicable.
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IV: Course Wise Content Details for M. Sc. and M.Sc.- Ph.D. Combined
Degree Programme:
MASTER of Biomedical Sciences

BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY I
MBSCC-101
Marks: 100 marks (4 credits) Duration: 60 Hrs.
Course Objectives:
This course aims to bring together the various facets of introductory organic chemistry with a
small overview of its applications in medicinal chemistry and biology
Course Learning Outcomes:
 At the end of the course students will be able to appreciate the underlying chemistry of
many of the important biological processes.
 Students will develop understanding of chemical entities which can and those which
cannot be isolated such as carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.
 Student will learn reactions in organic chemistry with a concomitant understanding of
their stereochemistry.
 Students will learn heterocyclic chemistry with a view to understanding molecules
which make modern day medicines.
Contents:
Unit I: Reactive Intermediates in Organic Reactions
L1-2. Carbocation stability, formation and reactions with examples

L3-4. Carbanions, pKa values, methods of formation, stability, shapes and reactions
L5-6. Free radicals their stability, methods of synthesis and reactions
L7-8. Examples of reactive intermediates with applications to biological systems,
L9-10. Benzynes, carbenes, radical cations and radical anions,
Unit II: Stereochemistry of Organic compounds
The definition of the following terms with suitable examples:

L11. Elementary treatment of symmetric elements,
L12. Chirality, polarimetry
L13. Pprochirality (enantiomer, epimer, diastereomer),
L14. Absolute and relative configuration , R & S notation,
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L15-16. Enantiotopic and diastereotopic faces, endo and exo faces.
L17-18. Regioselective, enantioslective stereoselective and stereospecific reactions
L19. Conformation of 2,3-dibromobutane, E & Z notations,
L20. cyclohexane diols
Unit II: Mechanism and stereochemistry of following reactions
L20-21. Substitution reactions

L22. addition reactions,
L23. oxidation and reduction,
L24. Elimination reactions
L25. Ester formation and hydrolysis,
L26. Aromaticity,
L27-28. Aromatic and Nucleophilic substitution,
L29 -30. Woodward Hoffmann rules, photocyclization ,
L31-32 Concept of suprafacial and antarafacial
Unit III: Asymmetric synthesis
L33. Examples of Asymmetric synthesis involving active substrate

L34-35. Cram and Prelog rule,
L36. Examples of asymmetric synthesis involving active reagents
L37. Examples of asymmetric synthesis involving active catalysts
L-38-39. Chiral synthesis (with suitable examples)
L40. Asymmetric epoxidation
L41. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation
Unit IV: Heterocyclic chemistry
Structure, synthesis and reactivity of the following heterocycles and their significance in
biology and the synthesis of medicines
L42. furan and pyrrole

L43. thiophene and imidazole
L44. oxazole and thiazole
L45. carbazole and indole
L46. pyridine,quinoline and isoquinoline
L47. purines and pyrimidines
L48-53. synthesis of medicines involving some of the above molecules
Suggested reading:
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1. March’s advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure, Smith,
Michael B. and March, Jerry; Ed.7th; Wiley-Interscience; 2013
2. Guidebook to mechanism in organic chemistry; Sykes, Peter; Ed. 6th; Pearson; 2006
3. Asymmetric synthetic methodology; Ager David J. and East, Michael B; CRC Press;
1996
4. Stereochemistry: conformation and mechanism; Kalsi, P.S. Ed. 6th; New Age; New
Delhi; 2005.
5. Stereochemistry of organic compounds; Eliel, Ernest L and Wilen, Samuel H. and
Mander, Lewis N. John Wiley & Sons Inc.; New York; 2008
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CELL BIOLOGY
MBSCC-102
Course Objectives:
The unique preposition of this subject paper is that the students learn the advancement in basic
cellular biology aspect and to study in broad the functioning of tissues made by complex
population of cell under its microenvironment made controlled mechanism. The concepts of cell
biology are actually comprised of molecular biochemistry leading to understanding of the
survival of tissue under different genotoxic stress. Cell survival and cell death are the best
example to study cell biology in detail under this syllabus.
 Study more about human cells, and organelle structure and functions
 Elaborate study on types of human cells and the communication of signalling messages
between cells to develop understanding of the concept of tissues and organ
 Study the mode of cell-to-cell communication and responses that can also be interpreted
under signal transduction, cell senescence, cell adhesion etc.
 The course will help students to build the concept in complex diseases, diagnosis and
therapeutics
Contents:
(Unit wise details of course contents)
Unit I: Biomembranes
L1-L2. Basic structure, lipid and protein composition and their basic functions Transport
of molecules across membranes.
L3. Passive and active transport across membranes.
L4-L5. Factors regulating them, ion channels, ABC pumps of bacteria.
Tutorial and Class test
Unit II: Organelles of eukaryotic cells

L6-L12. Introduction basic structure and function of various organelles, ER, golgi bodies,
chloroplasts, mitochondria endosomes, lysosomes etc.
L13-L14. Separation and visualization methods of various cell organelles. Muscle &
Nerve Cells.
Unit III: Nucleus and Chromosome Structure
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L15-L17. Introduction: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genome and its organization,
eukaryotic chromosome.
L18-L19. Basic structure of DNA; hairpins and cruciform, Z-DNA, triple helix.
L20-L22. DNA Supercoiling: Histones, nonhistone proteins, topoisomerases and
telomerase and their functions in chromatin structure. Yeast artificial
chromosome.
Unit IV: The Cytoskeleton

L23. Cytoskeleton proteins, and Cell motility and shape,
L24. protein sorting, Transport of proteins.
L25. Microfilaments and actin filaments
Unit V: ECM Proteins and Cell Adhesion

L26. Cell-cell interaction, Cell junctions,
L27-L29. Adhesion proteins, Cell matrix interaction, Integrins, Functional role of
adhesion proteins.
Unit VI: Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

L30-L31. Cell cycle and its control: Loss of cell regulation by viral infection,
L32. checkpoints in cell cycle regulation.
Unit VII: Cell to Cell Signaling

L33. Introduction to cell surface receptors, and concept of receptors.
L34-L35. G-protein mediated signaling, cAMP, receptors tyrosine kinases, second
messengers
Unit IX: Cell death

L36. Apoptosis, Necrosis, Proapoptotic and Antiapoptotic proteins
L37. Mechanism of action of Autophagy,
L38-L40. Senescence, Cell death mechanisms in health and diseases.
L41-42. Cell Differentiation

Unit X: Cellular Stress Response
L43. Stress response proteins and pathways,
L44-L45. Post translational modifications in stress response,
L46-L47. General responses to hyperthermia nutritional deprivation and other stressors.
Suggested Reading:
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1. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, by Geoffrey M Cooper, Robert E Hausman, 15 Dec
2015
2. Molecular Cell Biology Hardcover –by Harvey Lodish (Author), Arnold Berk , Chris
A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Anthony Bretscher, 1 Apr 2016
3. Molecular Biology Of THE CELL: by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian
Lewis. Publisher Garland Science, December 2014
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF MACROMOLECULES
MBSCC-103
Course Objectives:
Understanding about protein structure, function and their relations has been key toward
understanding almost all biological processes as proteins and enzymes are machineries in the
cells. Moreover, contemporary biochemistry needs the thorough understanding of the basic
processes like transcription, translation and replication and how different protein complexes and
domains interact to perform these processes.
 Students will be able to have a comprehensive understanding of the diversities of protein

structure, mechanisms how enzymes work and also the structure function relation.
 Students will also develop ideas of how important the fidelity of protein folding in the
cells and its connectivity to the development of human diseases.
 The basic concepts of the protein biosynthesis, DNA replication and transcription will be
revised.
 The students will be able to learn various experimental techniques leading to the
development of these concepts. This will initiates the analytical and experimental
approach of solving any problem.
Contents:
Unit I: Protein Structure
L1-L2. Protein folding, Secondary and tertiary structure of protein: a helix, ß sheets,
examples of proteins, Ramachandran plot
L3. Factors effecting secondary and tertiary structure (disulphide bonds, heat,
organic solvents, detergents).
L4. Concept of Motiff and examples of some common structural motifs in proteins.
L5-L6. Domains, structural diversity of different domains with appropriate examples,
domain swapping with examples, Protein Dynamics: concept of macro states &
ensembles, how dynamics affects protein function
L7. Intrinsically disordered proteins, structure and function of alpha, beta and kappa
casein, functional and evolutionary significances, role in different multi-protein
complexes
L8. Structure and function of hemoglobin: conformational studies, binding of
oxygen and it's release, oxygen saturation curves.
L9. Structural proteins: structure of collagen, keratin and other fibrous proteins.
L10. Disorder of amino acid and protein metabolism.
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Tutorial & Class Test
Unit II: Enzymology
L11. Introduction: General characteristics of enzymes, definition of coenzyme,

holoenzyme, prosthetic groups, classification.
L12-L14. Enzyme Kinetics: Substrate, active site, transition state, activation energy,
equilibrium constant Km, Vmax, specificity, Michaelis-Menten equation.
L15. Reaction Mechanism: Acid-base catalysis and covalent catalysis (giving
examples).
L16-L17. Regulation of enzyme activity: Reversible and irreversible inhibition
(non-competitive, uncompetitive) and their effects on Km and Vmax, effect of
pH, heat, PMSF and other inhibitors.
L18. Models to explain their kinetic behaviour. Problems on enzyme kinetics:
L19. Determination of active sites and turnover number, factors affecting enzyme
functions
L20. Bi- substrate enzyme kinetics: ping-pong and sequential mechanism
Unit III: Protein purification, physical separation & Analysis

L21. Methods of protein production, isolation, purification strategies, concept of
inclusion body
L22. Chromatography (ion exchange, affinity, size exclusion),
L23. Dialysis, molecular sieving, PAGE, electro-focussing, FPLC
L24. Methods of protein sequencing: N and C-terminal analysis, Edman degradation
Unit IV: Regulation of protein function

L25. Concept of Structural allostery, examples of self-inhibited proteins, limited
proteolysis,
L26-L27. Post-translational modifications: enzymatic and non-enzymatic,
L28. Protein quality control system: ubiquitination, proteosomal and
Lysosomal mediated degradation,
L29. Molecular chaperones (structure and functional mechanisms of Hsp90, Hsp70,
Hsp60 & Hsp40)
L30. Chaperonin (structure of GroEL & GroES).
Unit V: DNA REPLICATION IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

L31: Concept of origin of replication, experimental evidence for bidirectional and
semiconservative replication
L32: Mechanism of DNA Replication: Structure and function of DNA polymerases.
Experimental approach to differentiate and identify replication proteins
L33: Role of helicase, primase, gyrase, topoisomerase and other proteins in DNA
replication in E.coli.
23
L34: Replication mechanism in viruses, mitochondrial DNA replication (D loop)
L35: Replication in eukaryotes, differences from prokaryotes, experiments to prove
the model of replication.
L36: Initiation of replication, proteins involved, their functions, Inhibitors of
replication
L37: Elongation and termination of DNA synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.,
L38-39: Replication at telomeres, Diseases associated with defective DNA replication.
Unit VI: Translation

L40. Translation in Prokaryotes-initiation:
L41. Activation of amino acid, role of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunits
L42. Role of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunits, initiation factors
L43-44. Shine-dalgarno sequences, Kozak sequences, selection of first AUG in
eukaryotic mRNA with experimental evidence.
L45. Elongation factors, peptidyl transferase termination signal, release factors.
L46-47. Inhibition of protein synthesis - by antibiotics and inhibitors of eukaryotic
translation
L48. Methods to determine Half-life of protein.
Practicals (2 credits)
1. Preparation of buffers and other solutions
2. Salting in and salting out of proteins.
3. Void Volume estimation
4. Desalting of proteins by dialysis
5. Desalting of proteins by Sephadex G-25
6. Protein estimation by Lowrys & Bradford methods. 7. Protein estimation by Lamberts & beer
law
8. Ion-exchange chromatography.
9. Affinity chromatography for protein: (i) protein induction & binding to affinity column (ii)
running gel & analysis
10. To check purity of protein & subunit structure by SDS page silver staining (i) reducing Gel
(ii) non reducing Gel
11. (i) Running Western blot of a specific protein: (i) SDS, transfer & blocking and
(ii) probing with antibodies & analysis of result
12. To run Native Gel of a protein/Far western blot.
13. Protein & Nucleic Acid blasts, Clustal W and sequence alignment etc.
14. Measurement of Enzyme activity parameters
15. Measurement of Enzyme inhibition mechanisms
Course (Practical) Learning Outcome
24
Practical part of the paper will help to develop skills on protein purification, analysis,
quantitation and checking purity by various techniques.
Suggested Readings
1. Proteins: Structure and Function; David Whitford; John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
2. Biochemistry by Donald Voet and Judith G. Voet; Ed. 4th; John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
2012.
3. Lehninger principles of biochemistry, International Edition by David L. Nelson and Michael
M. Cox; Ed. 7th; Macmillan Learning, 2017.
4. Proteins: structures and molecular properties by Thomas E Creighton; Ed. 3rd; Freeman, 2010.
5. Biochemistry by Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell; Ed. 8th; Cengage Learning, 2014.
6. Biochemistry by Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham; Ed. 6th; Cengage Learning, 2016.
7. Biochemistry by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer; Ed. 6th; W. H. Freeman,
2007.
8. Fundamentals of Protein structure and function, Buxbaum Engelberg; Ed. 6th; Springer, 2015.
25
CONCEPTS IN GENETICS
MBSCC-104
Course Objectives:
This course would be offered as compulsory course in the second semester for M.Sc.-Ph.D.
combined course in Biomedical Sciences. Most of the undergraduate courses have introduction
to Mendelian Genetics as a topic under their syllabus. But it is necessary in our experience to
refurbish this in the context of the molecular biology that has changed the implication and
meaning of genetic terminologies. Though Mendel’s work had a strong mathematical basis and
hence analytical, genetics often has the negative reputation of being loaded with terminology.
But the interface of molecular biology with genetics has changed this scenario thus making it
even more logical. This course is meant to highlight the basis of inheritance, the deviations from
Mendelian genetics and reflect the immense contribution of model systems to understand the
genetic basis of biological processes /systems.
Course Learning outcomes:

At the end of the course the students are expected to recognise the insight of Mendel, and his
successors, T.H.Morgan and his illustrious academic lineage, the intuition of Barabara
McLintock and the amazing superimposition of epigenetics over genetics. They should be able to
understand how the ratio of segregation and patterns of inheritance reflect the underlying
molecular logic and why it is unreasonable to expect a purely Mendelian pattern of inheritance
in any system given the molecular basis. The introduction to development as route to cellular
asymmetry in prokaryotes and yeast mating type.
1. The students will be able to understand genetic interaction in terms of molecular basis.
2. They will know the genetic basis of several chromosomal anomalies and syndromes.
3. The nature of novel mutational processes.
4. They will get an idea of mapping genes using model organisms like, Drosophila, yeast and
Neurospora.
5. The original experiments that led to the concepts of mutation occurrence and genetic
analysis of bacteria and their virus.
6. They will know the current concepts of epigenetics, dynamic mutations and sex
determination in humans and Drosophila.
7. They will be introduced to network and novel molecular processes in the regulation of gene
function in Yeast mating type switching and the phage lamda; as an evolutionarily
maintained theme of differential expression and its cascading effect on functional
specialization during development.
26
Contents:
Section A:
Unit I: Introduction to the Science of Genetics and Mendelian Basics
L1-4: Introduction to the Science of Genetics: Genetic terminology Impact of Genetics

on other disciplines. Mendelian Genetics: Mendelian Laws of inheritance, its
application in animal Genetics, analysis of results of Genetic crosses by various
methods.
Unit II: Chromosomal basis of inheritance and data analysis:
L5-7: Sex chromosomes in grasshopper, Development of the concept of co-linearity of

genes on chromosomes, Non-disjunction in Drosophila and its role in deciphering
chromosomal basis of inheritance. Analysis of patterns of inheritance, Punnett
square, statistical methods.
Unit III: Deviations from Mendelian Genetics I:
L 8 & 9: Codominance, incomplete dominance, RFLP markers, gene interactions, multiple

alleles, Understanding possible Molecular basis/biochemical basis of gene-
interaction.
Unit IV: Mutation and mutational analysis:
L 10- 13 : Spontaneous occurrence of mutations in bacteria Lederberg and Lederberg

experiment, Types of mutations i.e. point mutations, deletions, rearrangements,
insertions, dynamic mutations (repeat expansions) with appropriate examples,
Chromosomal anomalies and related syndromes.
L 14 &15: Mutation mapping using balancers, Clb technique in Drosophila.
Unit V: Linkage as a deviation from Mendelian Genetics:
L16 &17: Linkage as a deviation from Mendelian Genetics: Recombination, Gene

mapping using Drosophila as an example, experiments demonstrating physical
basis of recombination, crossing over. Gene mapping using special systems, yeast
and Neurospora.
Unit VI: Bacterial and Phage genetics:
L18 &19: Transformation, transduction, Conjugation, genetic map construction in E.coli.

Phage genetics, fine structure of rII region, work of Seymour Benzer., highlighting
the design of experiment and choice of the experimental model.
27
Unit VII: Genetic Variation
L20 & 21: Genetic Variation; transposition and its application in genetic studies. Extra
chromosomal inheritance, chloroplast and mitochondrial inheritance, mitochondrial
mutations in yeast, human genetic disorders related to mitochondrial inheritance.
Unit VIII: Deviations from Mendelian Genetics II
L22-24: Genomic imprinting in insects, mice and man, understanding molecular basis of
epigenetic inheritance, human disorders related to imprinting, Prader Willi and
Angelmen syndrome, Molecular basis of Epigenetic regulation in H19 and Igf2
region, histone modification marks, Position effect variegation.
Unit IX: Genetic control mechanisms and generation of cellular asymmetry:

L25 & 26: Genetic control mechanisms and generation of cellular asymmetry: The lambda
phage control of lytic and lysogenic phase, molecular basis of regulatory
mechanisms in phage lambda.
L 27-28. Mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a primer for generating

asymmetry during development
Unit X: Sex determination in Drosophila and humans:
L 29-30.Sex determination in Drosophila and humans: Chromosomal basis to genetic

basis, Linking sex determination and dosage compensation in Drosophila, genetic
and molecular basis. X inactivation in mammals and its molecular basis, role of
non-coding RNA.
Unit XI: Introduction to human Genetics:

L 31. Pedigree analysis and basic inheritance patterns in humans.
L32-33. Discussion of any 2 classical papers in Genetics.
Section B:
Unit XII: Population Genetics
L34-35. Definition, aim and scope of population genetics, population structure, factors
maintaining population boundaries, effective breeding size, gene pool.
L36-37. The Hardy–Weinberg Law and its application, factors affecting the Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium.
L38-41. Human polymorphism (transient and balanced), relationship between sickle cell
polymorphism and malaria, other polymorphisms that may be an adaptation to
malaria eg. G6PD deficiency. Duffy blood groups, thalassemia and haptoglobins. X
linked polymorphism (G6PD and colour blindness).
L42- 45. Natural Selection in Human Population. Non-random mating, inbreeding and its
28
consequences. Migration and Genetics, types of migration, models to study genetic
effects of migration, gene flow, effects of gene flow, admixture and natural selection,
calculation of admixture.
Tutorials and assessment: 3 hours.
Suggested Readings:
1. Principles of Genetics by D. Peter Snustad and Michael J. Simmons.Eddition 6th 2011

2. Principles of Genetics. Eldon J. Gardner and D. Peter Snustad, 8th Edition 2006.
3. Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Anthony J.F. Griffiths, Susan Wessler, Sean B.Carroll,
John Doebley. 11th Edition , 2015.
4. Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Anthony J.F. Griffiths; Susan R. Wessler; Richard C.
Lewontin, Sean B.Carroll. 9th Edition
5. Original papers and review articles for Genomic Imprinting and epigenetics (To be shared
with the students).
6. Genes , Benjamin Lewin (For molecular cascade in yeast mating type), 12th Edition, 2017.
7. Original papers and reviews for mating type switch in yeast, (To be shared with the students).
8. The genetics of human population. Cavalli-Sforza, LL and Bodmer. Revised edition, 2013
9. Human Population Genetics. Wiley-Blackwell Relethford, J.H. (2012 Ed)
Practicals for Genetics Course (2 credits)
29
Semester I: Genetics Practicals
Expt. Experiment Exercise

No.
I Selection based on Preparation of media for selection and plating
Phenotype: Yeast mutants
based on auxotrophy
II Selection (Contd) Observation & Interpretation
III.A Drosophila Genetics Fly media preparation, stages of life cycle, Observation
of mutant phenotypes and recognition of mutants
III.B Drosophila as a model Human disease models in Drosophila
IV C.elegans as a model Media preparation and observation of developmental

organism stages
V Sex determination in Induction of male development: molecular players to be

C.elegans explained.
VI Metaphase chromosome Demonstration of cell culture,
preparation Chromosome preparation, staining & observation.
Metaphase arrested cells to be provided to students.
VII Development in Drosophila Isolation of Imaginal disc from wild type Drosophila
Immunostaining of imaginal General staining and staining for homeotic gene
dics using primary Antibody expression
against homeotic protein
VIII Immunostaining (Contd) Secondary Ab. Treatment and observation under
florescent microscope.
IX Nucleosome Analysis Isolation of nuclei from Zebrafish using sucrose cushion
X Nucleosome analysis (Contd) Micrococcal Nuclease digestion & DNA extraction
Analysis by Agarose gel electrophoresis
XI Analysis of VNTR-Variable Prior consent of the individuals (Students) is obtained
Number of Tandem Repeats by IHEC cleared Consent form.
in human DNA (IHEC 50-100 microL of blood is taken by sterile pin prick.
cleared experiment) Genomic DNA extraction and estimation of
concentration.
XII VNTR expt.(Contd) Setting of PCR with VNTR primers and analysis by
Agarose electrophoresis.
30
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
MBSCC-105
Course Objectives:
Medical Microbiology course has been formulated to impart basic and medically relevant
information on the microbes (Bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites). The microbial
structure, growth and development, methods and sterilization techniques in the context
of study of microbes are included. The pathogenic microbes and the diseases caused by them
are included to broaden the perspective of the subject. Lastly the course deals with the
problem of emerging antimicrobial resistance with reference to known pathogens. The
course has been designed to get integrated practical based knowledge about medically
important bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. The students will be able to understand the
structure and function of medically important bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. In
addition they will also understand pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, virulence
factors and treatment strategies of medically important bacteria, fungi, viruses and
parasites.
 Medical Microbiology is one of the foundation courses for the biomedical sciences
students.
 Students will gain insights on the nature of various infectious agents and
diseases pathologies caused by common bacteria, fungi and viruses (for eg.
urogenital infections, Blood and CNS infections, fungi such as Candidiasis,
aspergillosis and viruses such as hepatits, Dengue, Zika)
Contents
UNIT I: Introduction and Techniques
L1-5. History and scope of medical microbiology; How bacteria are different in terms of
colony morphology and pattern of arrangement. Bacterial morphology: detailed
structural features of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Staining techniques for
identification of bacteria. Detailed structure and functions of various bacterial
organelles, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, flagella, spores, capsules, storage
components, quorum sensing.
L6-8. Techniques to study morphology of bacteria, Nutrition and condition requirements of
bacteria: Macro and micronutrients, growth of bacteria , temperature, moisture and
dessication, oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements of bacteria.
L9-10. Multiplication and bacterial growth and methods to study growth patterns in bacteria.
Aseptic techniques, methods for pure culture isolation. Cultivation methods for bacteria.
Types of Nutrient media for bacteria. Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods
L11-13. Identification of bacteria using biochemical methods.
31
L14-16. Microscopy: History, basic principles of microscopy. Bright field microscopy and phase
contrast microscopy. Florescence microscopy, Confocal microscopy, SEM and TEM.
L17-18. Disinfection and sterilization: definition, importance, Physical agents: autoclave, hot air
sterilization, incinerators, pasteurisation, tyndallisation, methods of quality check.
Disinfection and sterilization: Radiation and filtration techniques, Laminar flow hoods.
Disinfection and sterilization: chemical disinfectants, uses of halogen compounds,
alcohol based compounds, aldehydes, detergents, heavy metals. Methods for
developments and quality check of disinfectants, phenol coefficient test.
Unit II: Bacteriology
L19-20. Normal flora of human body and their significance. Nosocomial infections.
L21-23. GI tract infections: Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Helicobater pylori
L24-26. Microbial pathogenicity, virulence factors and their effect on pathogenesis.
Chemotherapy: structure and mechanism of action of Cell wall inhibitors,
antimetabolites. Antimicrobial chemotherapy, protein synthesis inhibitors, Nucleic acid
inhibitors.
L27. Methods for estimation of antimicrobial activity. Mechanisms of Antibiotic resistance.
Literature for new emerging antibiotics. Urinary tract infections.
L28-34. New and re-emerging diseases. infections of the respiratory system: commensals vs
infectious organisms, Diagnosis and prevalence of Cornybacterium diphtheriae,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae in
India and the world. Virulence factors, treatment regimes and immunity.
Unit III: Mycology
L35-45. Spore formation in fungi, Economic importance of fungi. Mycoses, Tenia Versicolor,
White Piedra, Black Piedra. Dermatophytes, Dermatophytidis, Candidiasis,
Cryptococcosis. Opportunistic Fungi, Ostomycosis. Fungal Contaminants.
Unit IV: Parasitology
L46. Medical parasitology overview and classification of medically important parasites.

Nematodes: Ascaris sp., Necator americanus.
L47-48. Lymphatic filariasis : Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Mansonia ozardi
L49-50. Cestodes: Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobotherium latum, Trematode:
Faciola hepatica, Faciolopsis buskii
L51-53. Medically important protozoans: Malaria, Medically important
protozoans:Trypanosoma , Leishmania
L54-55. Medically important protozoans: Giardia, Entamoeba , Toxoplasma , Trichomonas,
Cryptosporidium.
Unit V: Virology
L56-60. Shapes and structure of viruses, classification of viruses. Life cycle of various viruses
as per Baltimore system of classification.
L61-65. Arboviruses, their genetics, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical features
with emphasis on hepatits, Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya viruses.
32
Suggested Readings:
1. Medical Microbiology Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg (eds). 2016, 27th Edition.
McGraw.
2. Patricia Tille Ed. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 2017, 14th Edition
3. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity,
Laboratory Investigation and Control . Michael R. Barer, F R C Path and Will L Irving
Eds), 2018, 19th Edition.
4. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. K. Park Ed. 2017, 24th Edition.
5. Microbiology by Lansing M. Prescott and John P. Harley and Donald Klein; McGraw-
Hill Science, 10th Edition 2017.
6. Medical microbiology: a guide to microbial infections: pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnosis and control by David Greenwood and Richard C. B. Slack and
John F. Peuthere, ed. Churchill Livingstone; 18th Edition 2012.
7. Medical Microbiology by Geo. Brooks and Karen C. Carroll and Janet Butel and
Stephen Morse; McGraw-Hill Medical, 27th Edition 2016.
PRACTICALS (2 credits)
1-3. Demonstration of sterilization techniques related equipments and use of aseptic

techniques for preparation of pure cultures. Plating methods and identification of
colony morphology of key bacteria.
4-6. Demonstration of differential staining techniques like Gram’s staining, AFB staing,
sporestaining etc. Differentiation of flagellate vs nonflagellate bacteria.
7-8. Differential diagnosis of bacteria based on biochemical tests.
9-10. Spread plate technique and antibiotic sensitivity assay.
11-12. Identification of medically important fungi.
33
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MBSCC-201
Course Objectives:
Molecular Biology is a core course where in students will be explained the various basic
processes of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Several essential techniques used in
understanding its gene expression, DNA synthesis and translation will also be discussed.
Course Learning outcome:

 Student should be able to understand the differences and similarities in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic gene expression and its regulation.
 Student will be able to analyze the data on protein DNA interaction.
 He/She should be able to design experiments for testing whether a new protein is a
transactivator and how to identify the binding site on a promoter.
Contents
Unit I: TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
L1. Basic concepts of transcription in prokaryotes using E-coli as an example

L2. Structure & function of RNA polymerases.
L3. Transcription initiation, proteins involved in initiation,
L4. Experimental evidence to check their function.
L5. Transcription elongation and termination.
L6. TUTORIAL
L7. Transcription in eukaryotes- differences and similarities, inhibitors of transcription
L8. Structure of TFIID, and other general transcription factors.
L9. Methods to identify the subunits of complexes.
L10. Post transcriptional regulation of transcription (polyadenylation, capping), mechanism
and their role in transcription
L11. Transcription regulation by methylation, acetylation of histones.
L12. TUTORIAL
L13. Inhibitors of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
L14. Determining the mRNA half life of mRNA.
L15. Promoter structure and Transcription by RNA polymerase I,
L16. Structure of Promoter and Transcription by RNA polymerase III
L17. TUTORIAL
L18. CLASS TEST
Unit II: Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes
34
L19. Coordinated control of clustered genes-operon model, with example of inducible systems
like Lac– Operon.
L20. Experimental proof for the operon, use of mutants of I gene, Oc mutants in understanding
operon function
L21. Role of cyclic AMP, catabolite repression and regulation by glucose.
L22. Repressible systems like Trp operon. Concept of attenuation
L23. Trp operon contd.
L24. Arabinose operon concepts of dual role of regulatory protein
L25. Arabinose operon contd
L26. Identification and understanding the role of sRNA in gene regulation in prokaryotes.
L27. Other regulatory pathways in prokaryotes
L28 Tutorial
L29: Test
Unit III: Regulation of Gene expression in Eukaryotes
L30. Introduction-Organization of genes in eukaryotic DNA Repetitive DNA sequences,

multiple regulatory sequences, activators, coactivators, repressors
L31. Activators contd, enhancers. Modular structure of transactivators (Zn fingers, HLH,
HTH etc).
L32. Repressor complexes, mechanism of their function in gene regulation.
L33. Regulation of gene expression by hormone receptors. Concept of half-site.
L34. Methods used to study protein-DNA interactions EMSA controls, supershift etc.
L35. DNA foot printing, reporter assays to prove binding.
L36. TUTORIAL
L37. Homodimers and heterodimers in differential gene regulation with examples. Diseases
linked with altered gene expression
L38. Methods used to study protein-protein interactions (i) yeast two hybrid, controls, library
screening to identify new interacting partners.
L39. (ii) Concept of co-Immunoprecipitation, uses, advantages and disadvantages of
two techniques
L40. Alternate splicing in gene regulation, mechanism.
L41. Alternate splicing contd. splicing factors etc, gene editing
L42. Ribozymes–Structure and mechanism of action.
L43. microRNA and its role in gene regulation (in brief).
L44. TEST
Unit IV: Chromatin remodeling
L45: Introduction to chromatin remodeling concepts and factors involved. Role of various
remodeling proteins such as NURF, ACF
L46: Role of DNA and histone methylation and histone acetylation in chromatin remodeling
and gene regulation.
L 47: Concept of insulators, nuclear matrix in gene regulation
L48: Methods to understand chromatin remodeling.
35
Suggested Reading
1. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S. L., Matsudaira, P.,
Baltimore, D. and James Darnell, J., Freeman, 7th edition 2013.
2. Biochemistry Voet, D. & Voet, J. G.. Wiley 4th edition, 2013
3. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. Biochemistry. Freeman, 7th edition, 2011.
4. Alberts, B. et al. Essential Cell Biology, Garland, 4th edition 2014.
5. Mathews, C. K. & Van Holde, K. E. & Ahern, K. G. Biochemistry. Addison Wesley, 4th
edition, 2012.
6. Jocelyn E Krebs; Elliott S Goldstein; Stephen T Kilpatrick Lewin"s Gene
XII, Burlington, MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2018]
36
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY-I (core paper)
MBSCC-202
Course Objectives: The goal of physiology is to explain the physical and chemical factors that
are responsible for the origin and sustainability of life. Each type of life, from the simple virus to
the largest tree or the complicated human being, has its own functional characteristics. Therefore,
the vast field of physiology can be divided into many divisions. In human physiology-I course, we
attempt to explain the various features and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living
being. The very fact that we remain alive is almost beyond our control, for hunger makes us seek
food and fear makes us seek refuge. Sensations of cold make us look for warmth. Thus, the human
being is actually an automaton, and the fact that we are sensing, feeling, and knowledgeable beings
is a part of this automatic sequence of life and these attributes of our being living propel us to
understand the various biological phenomenon and its alteration in the diseased state. This course
starts with the basic understanding of being living from the cell itself and in the process, course
through various organ systems and their functioning.
Course Learning Outcomes: This course is a part of core course offered in second semester.
On satisfying the requirements of this course, students will have the knowledge and skills to
 Describe the anatomy and histology of major organ systems.
 Explain the functioning of these organ system in maintenance of normal and

healthy individuals
 Narrate the contribution of each organ system to the maintenance of homeostasis.
 Interpret and analyze the human physiological data, and responses to
experimental conditions
 Understand the physiological processes accurately with relevant scientific
terminology and nomenclature leading to develop more consciousness towards a
healthy body.
 List the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of disease.
Contents:
UNIT 1: Membrane and muscle physiology: cell membranes are ubiquitous from cell organelle
to organ system so its imperative to understand the basic structure and function of membranes
and how they can modulate the function of an organ system as whole starting with the emphasis
on the nerve and skeletal muscle cell.
L1. Organization and functional systems of the cell with reference to nerve and muscle cells:
Fluid mosaic model of the membrane, Fluidity, Transport of ions and molecules through
37
cell membrane: diffusion and active transport.
L2. Concept of Membrane potentials: types of membrane potential, resting membrane

potential, graded and action potentials, methods to record and observe membrane
potential.
L3-6. Physiologic anatomy of skeletal muscle, neuromuscular transmission and excitation-
contraction coupling, Molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, Energetics of muscle
contraction, muscle fatigue, motor unit recruitment, size principle, muscle mechanics,
and Electromyogram.
Tutorial: Group discussion, Student seminar and test
UNIT II: Respiratory system
L7-8. Anatomy and Functions of respiratory passageways, pulmonary circulation, pulmonary

edema and pleural fluid.
L8-9. Pulmonary ventilation: mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary volumes and
capacities, alveolar ventilation.
L10-11. Physical principles of gas exchange, Diffusion of gases through respiratory membrane,
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and body fluids.
L12. Regulation of respiration: respiratory center, peripheral chemoreceptor system, central
chemoreceptor system and their regulatory function.
L13-14. Respiratory Adjustments in Health & Disease: Effects of Exercise, Other Forms of
Hypoxia, Oxygen Treatment, Hypercapnia & Hypocapnia, Effects of Increased Barometric
Pressure, Artificial Respiration, Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, Regulation of acid-base
balance.
UNIT III: Body fluid and excretory system
L15: Body fluid compartments: Basic principles of osmosis and osmotic pressure:
Extracellular and intracellular fluids, Interstitial fluid and edema with its etiology.
L16-18: Urine formation by kidneys: renal blood flow and their control, Glomerular
filtration, Determinants of glomerular filtration rate, Tubular processing of glomerular
filtrate, Reabsorption and secretion along different parts of nephron,
L19-21: Regulation of tubular reabsorption, Functions of kidneys in homeostasis, Diuretics,
Micturition and disorders of Non-excretory function of kidney
L22: Integration of renal mechanisms for control of blood volume and extracellular fluid
volume.
L23-24: Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration, Role of thirst
in controlling extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration, Renal regulation
of potassium, calcium, phosphate and magnesium.
38
UNIT IV: Gastrointestinal system
L25-26. Histology of Gut with Characteristic features and functioning of smooth muscle lining
the gastrointestinal tract.
L27-28. General principles of gastrointestinal function - motility, nervous control, and blood
circulation, Transport and mixing of food in the entire alimentary tract, sphincters of
gastrointestinal tract.
L29. Ingestion of food, vomiting, motor functions of stomach, Defecation and its control.
L30-32. Secretary functions of alimentary tract: Secretion of saliva, Gastric secretion,
pancreatic secretion, Secretion of bile by liver, Secretions of small and large intestine.
L33-34. Digestion and absorption in gastrointestinal tract, Digestion of various foods,
Neuronal regulation of feeding, obesity and starvation.
UNIT V: Reproductive system: Anatomical and functional aspects of human genital system
L35-36. Sex Differentiation & Development, Aberrant Sexual Differentiation, Embryology of

the Human Reproductive System, defects of reproductive system, Puberty: Precocious &
Delayed Puberty, Menopause
L37-38. Male: Gametogenesis, Development structure and function of testis with Ejaculation,
Control of Testicular Function, Abnormalities of Testicular Function,
L39-40. Female: Gametogenesis Development structure and function of ovary The Menstrual
Cycle, Control of Ovarian Function, Abnormalities of Ovarian Function
L41-42. Pregnancy: conception, fetal development, placenta, parturition, Lactation, fertility
and infertility, Physiological concepts for a planned family
UNIT VI: Endocrine system
L43-44. Anatomy and structure, formation, secretion and regulation of hormones, hypo- and
hyper secretions.
L45-46. Diseases of the following glands Thyroid, Adrenal, Parathyroid, Pituitary Thyroid
Anatomic Considerations, Formation & Secretion of Thyroid Hormones, Transport of
Thyroid Hormones, Effects of Thyroid Hormones, Regulation of Thyroid Secretion,
Clinical Correlates.
L47-48. Adrenal Medulla, Structure & Function of Medullary Hormones: Regulation of
Adrenal Medullary Secretion, Adrenal Cortex Structure & Biosynthesis of
Adrenocortical Hormones
L49-50. Effects of Adrenal Androgens & Estrogens, Physiologic, Pharmacologic & Pathologic
considerations
L51-52. Effects of Glucocorticoids, Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion,
L53-54. Effects of Mineralocorticoids, Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion, Summary of the
effects of Adrenocortical Hyper & Hypofunction in Humans.
39
L55-56. The Parathyroid Glands, Calcitonin, Effects of Other Hormones & Humoral Agents
on Calcium Metabolism, Posterior pituitary hormones Growth Hormone
Suggested Readings:
1. Textbook of medical physiology by Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall; Ed.13th & 14th
2016.
2. Review of medical physiology by William F. Ganong; Ed. 23nd; McGraw Hill; 2010.
3. Human Physiology by Gillian Pocock, Christopher D. Richards, and David A. Richards
Fifth Edition, 2017
4. Principles of anatomy and physiology by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson;
Ed.15th; John Wiley; 2016.
5. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach Plus Mastering A&P with Dee Unglaub
Silverthorn, 7th Edition, 2016.
6. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw-Hill Education; 14th edition, 2015.
7. Medical Physiology: A cellular and molecular approach by Walter F. Boron and Emile L.
Boulpaep; Saunders; Ed. 3rd, 2017.
8. Physiology by Robert M. Berne and Matthew N. Levy; Mosby; ELSEVIER, Ed.7th 2018.
9. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P with Pearson (7th Edition)
2016.
10. Exploring Anatomy & Physiology in the Laboratory, Morton Publishing Company; 3
edition (2017).
11. http://physiology.elte.hu/gyakorlat/jegyzet/Physiology_Pactical_(2013).pdf
40
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
MBSCC-203
CORE Course
Course Objectives: The unique preposition of this subject paper is that the students
learn the advancement in basic molecular techniques and different methodologies used
in the diagnosis and for the various human diseases therapeutics. The concepts of gene
cloning and its expression leading to desired gene product is explored.
Aims in the paper is to train students towards the advancement
 M.Sc student after attaining recombinant DNA technology course work, they are
then well versed with the knowledge and practical approach to pick out any gene
from cell or tissues using some potential technique using PCR technology, where
student can amplify the interested gene, and to clone this gene in any expression
vector to produce more protein, for functional studies.
 Cloning any gene of interest can help students to analyze the isolated gene and
complete sequencing, will help in disease manifestation.
 Applications of subject knowledge has commercial values
 Developing a diagnosis technique for the disease treatment, at low cost values
 Developing a efficient therapies against various diseases to work
Contents:
L(1-5). Prokaryotic Restriction Modification system, Types of Restriction

endonucleases & restriction maps, Endonucleases produces 3’ Overhang and
5’ Overhang, Producing new restriction endonuclease sites
L(6-9). Various RDT enzymes such as S1 nuclease, Alkaline phosphatases,
polynucleotide kinase, mung bean nuclease their mechanism and application
L(10-13). Vectors – Origin of cloning vectors and various modified versions of

vectors, Bacterial, yeast expression vectors, mammalian Expression vector
L14: Tutorial Class
L(15-18). Cloning vectors, Tetracycline regulated vectors, shuttle vectors, YAC &
BAC.
L(19-22). Principles of selection of gene cloning, preparation of probes, Blue white

selection, insertional inactivation, LacZ application, luciferase reporter system
41
L(23-27). Detection and identification of cloned DNA sequences, methods of DNA
sequencing, pyrosequencing, nanopore sequencing, Next generation sequencing
L(28-34). Application and principles of Polymerase Chain Reaction, RFLP analysis,

real time PCR, Disease diagnostics eg: genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis, sickle
cell anemia, hemophilia etc), detection of pathogenic strain, Single nucleotide
polymorphism in disease diagnosis
L 35: Tutorial class
L(36-42) : Gene Mutagenesis – Different methods used to generate recombinant

mutants (deletion and point mutations), exonucleases, S1 nuclease, Genome
editing system using ZFN, CRISPR, TALEN
L (43-47): Application of recombinant DNA technology, DNA fingerprinting in

forensic sciences
L (48-51): Biotechnology towards therapeutics, Gene therapy ( Viral or non- Viral),

Adenoviral vectors or Retroviral based gene therapy, Stem cell based disease
diagnosis and therapies
L52: Tutorial Class
L(53-55): Introduction to the concept of Regenerative Medicine, Advance Pleuripotent

stem cell derived therapies, Induced pleuripotent stem cell, mesenchymal stem
cell
L (56-57): Exosomes: Biomarkers, Cancer diagnosis, Tissue repair
L( 58-59): Bio-safety and ethics for recombinant DNA technology
L- 60 : Tutorial class
Suggested Readings:
1. Extreme Tissue Engineering: Concepts and Strategies for Tissue

Fabrication by Robert A. Brown, Hardcover, Wiley-Blackwell, January 2013
2. Perinatal Stem Cells, 2nd Edition by Kyle Cetrulo (Editor), Curtis L. Cetrulo,
Jr. (Editor), Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh (Editor), , Hardcover, Wiley-Blackwell,
March 2013
3. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 8th Edition, Sandy B.
Primrose, Richard Twyman, ISBN: 978-1-405-15666-0, Wiley-Blackwell, Nov
2016
4. Molecular Cell Biology Hardcover –by Harvey Lodish (Author), Arnold
Berk (Author), Chris A. Kaiser (Author), Monty Krieger (Author), 1 Apr 2016
Practical: Recombinant DNA technology and Biotechnology (2 credits)

42
1) Primer designing for gene amplification using PCR, and other types of primers for
real time PCR based detection or analysis
2) Preparation of Various solutions and Buffers, cell culture LB (Luria-Bertani)
media preparation, LB-Agar Plates, Ampicillin Antibiotics preparation,
autoclaving, sterilized surface, laminar flow operation.
3) Adopting calcium chloride methodology for Competent cells preparation,
4) Polymerase Chain Reaction based gene amplification and recombinant formation
using cloning vector
5) Recombinant Plasmid isolation and preparation
6) Recombinant restriction digestion of DNA and excision of DNA from Agarose gel
7) Heat shock methodology based recombinant transformation, competent efficiency
calculation and Blue white colony screening
8) Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction based infectious or non- infectious
disease diagnosis
9) Loop mediated isothermal amplification assay
10) Concept of cell culture (Demonstration)
43
IMMUNOLOGY
MBSCC-204
Course Objectives:
Immunology course has been formulated to understand the basics of vertebrate

Immune system at the molecular, cellular and organ system level and to know how
our body defends to the “Danger/ foreign” entities. The students will understand
primary and secondary lymphoid system in mouse and human system. The practical
and theoretical illustration of functions of cells of innate immune responses:
macrophages dendritic cells through estimation of reactive oxygen species, reactive
nitrogen species, malondialdehyde, protein- carbonyl adducts, process of
phagocytosis and activation of immune cells etc. Understand the mechanisms of cell
mediated and humoral immune responses at organ system , cellular and molecular
level.
Course learning outcomes

 Immunology is one of the foundation courses for the biomedical sciences
students.
 Students will gain insights on the immune system and the immune responses
at the molecular , cellular and organ system level.
 The students will be prepared to take further advanced courses/research
in immunology, immunodiagnostics, immunopathogenesis and
immunotherapeutics.
Contents
Unit I: Introduction to the Immune system
L1: History and scope of Immunology

L2: Introduction to Immune System, concepts of Innate and acquired Immune
responses , Active and passive Immunity , Natural and artificial immunity,
primary and secondary immune responses
L3: Lymphoid System- overview. Lymphatic system and lymphocyte traffic.
Lymphoid Tissue: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs. Anatomy and
functional significance of Thymus, Bone marrow
L4: Anatomy and functional significance of spleen ,various lymph
nodes, MALT,GALT, NALT,ILT
L5: Cells involved in the Immune Response : Structural and functional features of
cells involved in immune responses and their relative significance.
Lymphocytes (B& T lymphocytes), NK Cells
L6: Mononuclear Phagocytes, Antigen- presenting cells, Polymorphonuclear
cells, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells, Cluster designation Ag specific
receptors (comparison of Human and Mouse Lineages)
L7 is Tutorial
44
Unit II. Priming of the Immune response
L8: What is an immune response. Evolution of cells and molecules of the

immune system with associated functions. Dendritic cells: discovery types
and functions: DC1 vs DC2 vs Follicular DC.
L9: Antigen recognition processing, presentation and cross-presentation of
antigens by DC subsets
L10: DC priming of T independent antigens, DCs as immunotherapeutics
L11: Innate immune system: overview. Cells and receptors of the innate
immune system. Diversity in Antigen recognition receptors of innate
immunity
L12: Signaling from Toll Like Receptors
L13: Cell surface and intracellular antigen/pathogen recognition
systems: NOD/NLR/TLR9
L14: Secretory receptors of innate immune system and their functions
L15: Innate memory and danger hypothesis. Macrophages: types, location and
function. Neutrophils and NK cells: mode of action and neutralization of
pathogens
L16: is Tutorial/Test
Unit III. Antibody Generation, Structure and Function
L17: Antibody Generation, structure and Function: Over View of Humoral immunity,
Clonal Selection Theory, Immnoglobulins classes and their functions ,
Antibody Structure and Function
L18-19: Antibody Effector Mechanisms, Antibody Receptors, Basis of
Antibody Diversity, Mechanisms of Immunogolubin Gene
Recombination, and B cell development
L20: Mechanism and Effect of Somatic Mutations on the Antibody
Diversity, Mechanism of Ab Class switching.
L21: Antibody Responses in vivo, Enhanced Secondary Responses , significance
Isotype switching, Affinity Maturation and development of Memory responses.
L 22-23: Mechanism of Antigen-Antibody Interaction, Experiment based evidence
to calculate antigen binding sites, avidity, affinity. Immunological
Techniques: Principles, significance and methods; Agglutination(
Direct/Indirect), Precipitation(Radial and double immunodiffusion) and
Radioimmunoassay
Unit IV. Major Histocompatibility Complex
L24-25: Major Histocompatibility Complex overview and significance. Structure of

MHC Class I Molecules, Structure of MHC Class II Molecules,
L25: Genomic Organisation of the MHC locus in Mice and Humans, Diversity of
MHC molecules and their effect of immune response modulation.
L26: Gene polymorphism and polygeny on MHC locus and their effect in
the disease pattern with respect to resistance and susceptibility to
diseases.
Unit V. Antigen recognition, Presentation and Cell Mediated Immunity
45
L27-28: Antigen Recognition and Presentation overview: Structure and assembly of
MHC molecules/Peptide complexes. Mechanisms of Antigen Processing
(exogenous and endogenous antigens) and Presentation to T-lymphocytes
(CD4+ and CD8+).
L29-30: Complement System. Nomenclature of complement system, Classical, Lectin
and Alternative Activation of complement pathway, assays for complement
activation. Biological Effects of complement system , Regulation of complement
system. Complement system related diseases
L30 is Tutorial
L31-33: Cell Mediated Immune Response Overview, T lymphocyte classification,

lineage and Mechanisms of development of T cells in thymus. Structure of T
cell receptors , Mechanisms of recombination and diversity of TCR genes,
self tolerance mechanisms. Regulation of innate and humoral responses by T
cells. T cell APC interactions and modulation of Immune responses.
L34: T independent and T dependent Defense Mechanisms, Cell Mediated
Cytotoxicity. Idiotypic modulation of immune responses
Unit VI. Regulations of the Immune system: Pathology, Hypersensitivity and

Tolerance
L35-36: Regulation of Immune Response: Antigens, classification of antigens based

on their interaction and functions. Superantigens, interaction of Antigens
with Antigen Presenting Cells, Antibody, Lymphocytes. Idiotypic
Modulation of Response, Neuroendocrine Modulation of Responses, Genetic
control of Immune Response.
L37: Cell Migration and Adhesion. Patterns of Cell Migration, Structure and
function of various adhesion Molecules, Mechanism of Cell Migration and
their involvement in disease
L38-39: Immunopathology: overview Rh- blood groupings, Autoimmune Diseases,
Basis of breach of central and peripheral tolerance.
L40: Immuno-deficiencies, Genetic disorders congenital and acquired.
L41-42: Hypersensitivity Reactions (type I and type IV), Role of 1gE, Mast cells,
Genetic basis of Allergic Response and pathogenesis.
L43: Immune Tolerance overview: Self Tolerance, Transplantation and
Rejection mechanisms
L44 is Tutorial
Unit VII. Immunological techniques and Vaccines
L47: Immunological techniques : Immunoflorescence ( direct/ indirect) , Enzyme

linked Immunosorbent assay ( principles of various types of ELISA) and its
variants.
L48: Magnetic cell sorting, Flowcytometry, western blotting
L49 : Techniques for generation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
Hybridoma Technology for Mab Production.
L 50: Techniques for isolation of specific antibodies.
L 51: Gene Targeting: Knock out and Transgenic animals
46
L 52: Basis of Tumor Immunology
L53: Vaccines : History and overview , adjuvants, Immune responses
following vaccination
L54: Various types of vaccines and methods of their development with examples
L55: Tutorial L L56: Test
Suggested Readings
1. Fundamental Immunology William Paul (Ed) 2017. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
2. Kuby Immunology by Thomas Kindt and Richard A. Goldsby and Barbara A.
Osborne; Ed 6th. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York; 2007.
3. Cellular and molecular immunology by Abul K. Abbas and Andrew H.

th
Lichtman and Shiv Pillai; Ed. 6 ; Saunders, 2007.
th
4. Immunology; Ed.7 by David Male and Jonathan Brastoff and David B. Both
and Ivan Roitt; Mosby Elsevier; 2006
5. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease by Charles A.
th
Janeway and Paul Travers and Mark Walport and Mark J. Shlomchik; 7 Ed;
Garland Science; 2008.
6. Immunology of infection diseases by Stefan H. E. Kaufmann and Alan Sher
and Rafi Ahmed; ASM Press, Washington; 2002.
7. Essentials of immunology & serology by Jacqueline H. Stanley; DELMAR;
Australia; 2002.
47
Immunology Practical: (Credits 2)
1-3. To demonstrate that activation of peritoneal macrophages/ myeloid lineage cells by

lipopolysaccharides results in reactive oxygen production (RNS) and reactive nitrogen
species production. Estimation will be done by flowcytometry, Colorimetry and
microscopy assays.
3-6. The antigen antibody interaction mechanisms will be demonstrated by
precipitation and agglutination assays (octerlony, mancini methods and indirect
agglutination tests)
6-9. The T cell and B cell separation and their proliferation will be done using MACS and
FACS
10. Proinflammatory cytokine expression will be demonstrated in activated cells by
ELISA or immunofluorescence.
48
BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II
MBSCC-205
Course Objectives:
The course aims to impart to the students a thorough understanding of chemical

macromolecules found in biological systems. Synthetic macromolecules and their self-
assembly is also discussed as is the important area of nanotechnology. Carbohydrate
chemistry forms an essential part of this course. Enzyme and coenzyme catalysis is
thoroughly discussed.
At the end of the course students will be able to appreciate the underlying chemistry of many of
the important biological processes. They will also be trained in to the various methods used to
study the reaction mechanisms
Contents
Unit I: Molecules and macromolecules in biological systems
L1. Amino acids, peptides and proteins,

L2. Structure and Functions of proteins
L3. Formation of peptide bonds,
L4-5. Protecting groups and peptide bond formation,
L6-7. protein degradation and sequencing of amino acids,
L8. DNA and RNA bases,
L9-10. nucleosides and nucleotides, phosphodiesters
L11-12. formation of N- and C- glycosides,
L13-14. conformation and configuration of 5 carbon and 6-carbon sugars,
L15-16 . maltose, sucrose and lactose,
Unit II: Synthetic macromolecules and polymers in biology
L17-18. Building of macromolecules and molecular frameworks and their biomedical

applications.
L19. Synthetic strategies for artificial systems that mimic biological entities,
49
L20-23. applications of supramolecular principles to molecular diagnosis, therapeutic
applications of supramolecular chemistry.
L24-26. Nanotechnology and its applications in drug delivery and other biomedical
applications
Unit III: Mechanisms in Biological Chemistry
L27. Active methylene groups,

L28-29. aldol and retroaldol reactions,
L30. schiff bases and enamine reactions,
L31-32. nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur ylides.
L33. Umpolung reaction,
L34. Michael addition,
L35. Polymer supported organic reactions,
L36-37. phase transfer catalysis, Equivalence of these reactions in biological system
Unit IV: Enzyme, Coenzyme systems and Mechanism of coenzyme catalysis
L38. Enzyme classifications, Inhibitors,

L39-40. Mechanisms of Enzymes.
L41. Coenzyme A,
L42. NAD+ and NADPH,
L43. FMN and FAD,
L44. biotin
L45. PLP
L46. TPP
L47. lipoic acid, tetrahydrofolate, ascorbic acid,
L48. cyanocobalamine and
L49. cytochrome P-450
Unit V: Hammett and Taft equation
L50. Steric and solvent effects,

L51. role of pH,
L52. role of reaction media on certain reactions
Biological Chemistry -2 (Practical) : 2 credits

1. Recrystallization and Melting Determination
2. Thin Layer Chromatography (mixture of 2 compounds)
3. Thin Layer chromatography (mixture of 3 compounds)
50
4. Claisen Schmidt reactions
5. Infrared spectroscopy (instrumentation and spectra analysis)
6. Cannizarro reaction
7&8. Optical activity by polarimetry of known optically active compound of known
concentration and hence to determine concentration of unknown sample
9. Column chromatography
10. Aldol condensation
11. Schotten Baumann reaction
Suggested Readings:
1. Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition 2013 CRC PRESS, Author: Guoyao Wu
2. Enantioselective Organocatalysed reactions II 2011 Springer, Author: Rainer Mahrwald
3. Introduction to nano: Basics to nanoscience and nanotechnology, 2015 Springer Author:
Amretashis Sengupta and Chandan Kumar Sarkar
4. Supramolecular chemistry 71: 1995 Associated Press, Author: Jean Marie Lehn
5. Carbohydrate Chemistry : Proven Synthetic Methods Vol 4 2017, Ed : Christian Vogel and
Paul Murphy
51
52
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
MBSCC-301
Course Objectives:
The course includes theoretical studies in the field of Medicinal Chemistry. This encompasses the
de-novo approach to design of drug candidates, the potential physico-chemical interaction between
low molecular-weight compounds and biomolecules such as proteins and DNA, plausible
biochemical transformations for elimination of small molecules. In addition, few examples of
rational drug design to target specific protein/ receptor for the human pathologies such as peptic
ulcers, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, neuronal pathologies etc. will be studied. Thus, the
course includes theoretical elements concerning the identification, design, synthesis and
evaluation of low molecular organic substances for specific pathological state from the perspective
of medicinal chemistry.
Course learning outcomes:
After completing the course, students shall be able to:

 describe the various steps involved in the design of a drug,
 describe the "interaction between ligand and receptor" concept
 identify and describe the connection between chemical structure and physical-chemical
properties
 describe the design of organic compounds, for example, statistical or structure-based
design in groups, plan and conduct a medicinal chemistry project.
 independently acquire and critically assess biological and medicinal information from
databases.
 actively participate in discussions during seminars and group exercises, present results
verbally and in writing, and communicate principles, problems and research results with
specialists and non-specialists on issues within the scope of the content of the course.
Unit I. Role of Medicinal Chemistry in discovery of drugs
L1- L2. Introduction to medicinal chemistry as a strategy to the design of new drug
candidates for the human pathologies.
Unit II. Drug Design

(a) Discovery of lead compound-
53
L3- L4 Serendipous, Random and Non-random screening, drug metabolism studies, clinical
observations
L5- L6 Rational approaches to lead discovery- Homologation, chain branching, ring-chain
transformations, bioisosterism.
(b) Lead modifications
L7- L8 Conventional drug screening and structural modifications, concept of isosteres and
bioisosteres, structure activity relationship,
L9-10 Quantitative structure activity relationships- Electronic effects: Hammett equation,
lipophilicity effects. Hansch equation, steric effects.
L11-12 Taft equation, mathematical method for denovo design, Mannual stepwise scheme 2D
QSAR; 3D-QSAR examples, CoMFA
(c) Introduction to molecular modeling and molecular graphics, pharmacophore
descriptors
L13. The classical mechanics model (e.g., MM1, MM2), Quantum chemical methods semi-
empirical and ab initio methods.
L14. Molecular graphics: View and manipulate molecular structures
L15-16. Pharmacophore descriptors: Based on Genetic Algorithms-Partial Least Squares
(GA-PLS) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to achieve a robust QSAR model
characterized by the highest value of cross-validated R2 (q2).
Unit III: Receptors
Chemical nature of receptors

L17-18. Covalent, ion-ion, ion-dipole, Hydrogen bonding, C-H hydrogen bonding,
dihydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interactions and the associated energies,
Chirality and receptor binding.
Drug receptor interactions
L19-20. Occupancy Theory, Rate Theory, Induced Fit Theory, Macromolecular perturbation
theory, Activation-Aggregation theory.
L21-22. Classification of receptors and receptor subtypes, Neurotransmitters and their
receptors, Receptor modulation and mimics, Receptor sites.
L23-24. Chirality and receptor binding, Signal transduction and second messenger systems.
L25-28. Active transport, affinity and efficacy, antagonism, partial antagonism, inverse
agonism, allosteric binding sites.
Unit IV: Introduction of various classes of drugs based on their interaction with target site
With suitable examples, the drugs interacting with
L 29-30 (i) Receptors-Rational design of agonist/antagonist
L 31-32 (ii) Enzymes Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, Electrostatic catalysis and
desolvation. Covalent catalysis, Acid-base catalysis, Strain / distortion in enzyme
catalysis. Coenzyme catalysis.
54
L 33-36 (iii) Enzyme Inhibition-Reversible and irreversible, rational design of various
enzyme inhibitors, Adverse drug reactions, Drugs acting on cell wall, Fungal
membrane and Nuclear membrane, Drugs inhibiting protein synthesis.
L 37-40 (iii) DNA- NA as targets for drug action. NA-interactive agents. Classes of drugs that
interact with nucleic acids. Intercalation, NA-alkylation, NA-strand breaking and
their importance in drug action,
L 41-42 (iv) Carbohydrates- development of glyco-conjugates in cancer models
Unit V: Structure activity relationship illustrated with examples from

L 43-44 Sulphonamides, b-lactams, Quinolones, Nucleosides and Alkaloids.
Unit VI. Drug Metabolism

L 45. (i)Biotransformations and their Mechanisms
L 46-48. (ii)Phase I and Phase II metabolism, Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis,
Deamination and Conjugation (GSH, Sulfate, Glucuronide and Amino acids)
L 48-50. (iii) Role of non-specific enzymes: Oxidases, Mono-oxygenases, Di-oxygenases
and Peroxidases, L 51-52 (iv) Biotransformations illustrated by suitable examples
of commonly used drugs, Chirality and drug metabolism.
L 53-60. Tutorials/ discussions
Suggested Readings
1. Organic chemistry of drug design and drug action by Richard B. Silverman; Ed. 2nd;
ELSEVIER; 2004.
2. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Thomas L Lemke and David A Williams;
Ed. 6th; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
3. Medicinal chemistry: principles and practice by Frank D. King; Ed. 2nd; The Royal
Society of Chemistry; 2002.
4. Introduction to Medicinal chemistry by Graham L. Patrick; Ed. 3rd; Oxford; 2006.
55
56
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY-II
MBSCC-302
Course Objectives:
In continuity to understand the physiology of various organ systems in Human physiology-II,

we ought to understand two of the vital organ system i.e. cardiovascular and nervous system.
These systems are vital as cessation in the functioning of any of these systems straight away
leads to death, therefore these system are dealt in detail along with their inter-relationship with
other organ systems.
Course learning outcome
Human physiology II: This course is a core course and continuation of Human physiology I to
be offered in third semester. On satisfying the requirements of this course, students will have the
knowledge and skills to:
 Describe the anatomy and histology of nervous system and cardiovascular system.
 Understand the indications for, interpretation of, and risks of the common cardiovascular
testing modalities for normal and diseased state
 Become familiar with the emergency sign and symptoms in case of cardiac/
nervous system dysfunction.
 Be aware of the i) symptom and approach knowledge, ii) disease based knowledge for
nervous system dysfunction
 Create awareness for the importance of healthy mind and heart.
Contents
UNIT I: Cardiovascular system
L1-4. Physiology of cardiac muscle (contractile and auto-rhythmic myocytes), Cardiac Cycle
Control and Regulation of excitation, contraction and conduction of heart pumping,
Heart sounds
L5-10. Characteristics of normal electrocardiogram, analysis of ECG for various myopathies,
Cardiac arrhythmias
L11-14. Physical characteristics and basic theory of circulation, Vascular dispensability and
functions of arterial and venous systems, Microcirculation and lymphatic system,
Capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid and lymph flow, Local control of blood flow
57
by tissues and humoral regulation, Nervous regulation of circulation, Cardiac output,
venous return and their regulation, coronary circulation.
L15-18. Blood and circulation: blood corpuscles, haemotopoiesis and formed elements, plasma
function, Hemostasis and blood coagulation, Blood banking, blood groups, and
Transfusion.
UNIT II: Overview of the Nervous System
L19-22. Neuron and classification of nerve cell, nerve fibers, nerve, intracellular trafficking of
neuron, Resting membrane potential of nerves, Nerve action potential,
neurotransmitters: synthesis, models of exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and its
inhibitors, synapse: types, pre and post synaptic regulation.
L23-25. Anatomical and functional division of nervous system, Spinal cord and cranial nerve,
Blood-Brain barrier, Cerebral Blood Flow, Regulation of Cerebral Circulation.
UNIT III: Motor System
L26. Motor Units, Motor neurons types and characteristic of upper and lower motor neuron,
lesions of upper and lower motor neuron. Muscle Receptors,
L27-29. Posture: Neural Systems Controlling Postural Orientation and Stability,
Automatic Postural Reactions, Postural Reflexes: Infant to Adult, Spinal Reflexes.
Grouping of Motor pathways: direct and indirect pathways, Cortical and brain stem
control of motor function.
UNIT IV: Cognitive System
L30. Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior & Emotions: Limbic Functions: behavior,
Sexual Behavior, Fear & Rage, Motivation
UNIT V: Learning and Memory
L31-33. Cerebral Cortex: Intellectual functions of brain, learning and memory, Physiologic
anatomy of cerebral cortex, Functions of specific cortical areas, Association areas,
58
Function of brain in communication - language input and output, Function of corpus
callosum and anterior commissure.
L34-35. Thoughts, consciousness and memory: Memory formation, types of memory,
molecular pathway of memory formation, Activating-driving systems of brain,
Functional anatomy and functions of limbic system and hypothalamus, States of brain
activity, Brain waves, Origin in brain of brain waves (EEG).
L36-37. Sleep: Slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, Basic theories of sleep and awake, Physiological
Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking, dreams sleep deprivation, Epilepsy, Psychotic
behavior and dementia - roles of specific neurotransmitter systems.
UNIT VI: Sensory Physiology
L38-39. Neuronal circuits for processing information, “Coding” of Sensory Information,

Electrical & Ionic Events in Receptors.
L40-41. Somatic sensations: Tactile and position senses, Sensory pathways for transmission of
somatic signals into the central nervous system, Sensory receptors, Transmission in
dorsal column – medial lemniscal system.
L42-43: Pain and thermal sensations: Pain receptors and their stimulation, Dual transmission
of pain signals into the central nervous system, Types of pain.
Special Senses
L44-45: Eye: The Image-Forming Mechanism (accommodation and visual acuity), Receptor
and Photochemistry of vision, Neural function of retina. Visual Pathways and effects
of lesions of these pathways
L46-47: Hearing and equilibrium: Tympanic membrane and ossicular system, Cochlea,
Central auditory mechanisms, directionality of sound, Vestibular sensations and
maintenance of equilibrium, auditory and vestibular reflexes, oculo-vestibular system
L48: Taste and smell: Anatomical aspects of olfaction and gustation, Receptors and sensory
transduction of olfaction and gustation & Neuronal Pathways of olfaction and
gestation
Tutorial: Group discussion, Student seminar and test.
UNIT VII: The Autonomic Nervous
L49. System Introduction Anatomic Organization of Autonomic Outflow Chemical

Transmission at autonomic Junctions Responses of Effector Organs to Autonomic
Nerve Impulses Cholinergic and Adrenergic Discharge.
59
Central Regulation of Visceral Function

L50. Hypothalamic Function: Autonomic Function, Cyclic Phenomena and circadian
rhythm, Hunger Thirst Control of Posterior Pituitary Secretion Control of Anterior
pituitary Secretion Temperature Regulation, fever.
Human Physiology Practical (2 credits)
Histopathology
 Demonstration of biological sample retrieval, sectioning (cryotome/microtome), fixation

and staining of various tissue types from rodent tissue sample.
 Study of various types of human tissues in normal and diseased condition from
permanent slides.
Blood physiology
 Preparation and staining of blood smear with Leishman’s stain and Identification of the
various types of blood cells.
 To record the Bleeding time, clotting time and determine the blood group from own
blood sample.
 To determine the total count of RBC and WBC from own blood sample.
Electrophysiology (using appropriate hardware and software)
 To observe, record, and correlate motor unit recruitment and muscle fatigue with
increased power of skeletal muscle contraction through Electromyogram (EMG).
 Measurement of forced expiratory volume (FEV) and Forced vital capacity (FVC).
 To observe rate and rhythm changes in the ECG associated with body position and
estimate the mean electrical axis of the QRS complex
 To measure reflex time of different nerves in the body under different conditions using
the reflex hammer.
 To record the Reaction time for various Short term memory test.
 To record an EEG of different areas of brain from an awake, resting subject.
60
 Record EOG on the horizontal plane and compare eye movements under the following
conditions: pendulum tracking, pendulum simulation, reading silently, reading aloud, and
reading challenging material or material written in an unfamiliar language.
 Assessment of cranial nerves functioning by the battery of non-invasive tests.
Suggested Readings
1. Textbook of medical physiology by Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall; Ed.13th & 14th,
2016.
2. Review of medical physiology by William F. Ganong; Ed. 23nd ; McGraw Hill; 2010.
3. Principles of anatomy and physiology by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson;
Ed.15th; John Wiley; 2016.
4. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology , McGraw-Hill Education; 14 edition, 2015
5. Medical Physiology: A cellular and molecular approach by Walter F. Boron and Emile
L. Boulpaep; Saunders; Ed. 3rd , 2017.
6. Physiology by Robert M. Berne and Matthew N. Levy; Mosby; ELSEVIER, Ed.7th
2018.
7. Principles of Neural Science, (Kandel) 5th Edition, 2013.
8. Fundamental Neuroscience, ELSEVIER 4th Edition, 2012
9. Neuroscience Online, an Open-Access Neuroscience ; Electronic Textbook
https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/
10. Neuroscience Fifth Edition Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick,
William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, and Leonard E. White, 2018.
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ANALYTICAL & BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION
MBSCC-303
Course Objectives:
The course on Analytical and Biomedical Techniques and Instrumentation will be offered as
CORE course in the 3rd Semester and covers various techniques used in analytical and Biomedical
analysis. The course will be able to make students understand theoretical basis of these techniques
as well as train them in handling various instruments and analysing the data. The students will be
given hands on training to learn these techniques and apply the knowledge in developing skills
which are essentially needed to work in clinical diagnostic and research laboratories in the field of
biology and analytical biochemistry. The course has been designed to make them gain theoretical
knowledge, practical handling of instruments and analysing the results obtained from these
techniques for biomedical research.
Course Learning Outcomes
 The students of the course will be able to learn theoretical basis of various analytical and
biomedical techniques. They will be trained in spectroscopic techniques such as UV-
Visible, Infrared, Fluorescence, Circular Dichroism and their applications in the field of
Biomedical Analysis.
 Students will learn analytical separation techniques such as Gas Chromatography, High
Performance Liquid Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.
 Students will understand theoretical basis of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) as
well as Imaging (MRI). They will be able to understand the application of NMR in the field
of drug analysis and diagnosis using MRI etc.
 Students will also learn about MASS spectroscopy and its application in the field of
analytical and biomedical research. Students will be able to solve structures of small drug
molecules based on analytical data based on IR, NMR and MASS spectroscopic
techniques.
 Students will be able to analyse and interpret results obtained from fluorescence assisted
flow cytometry (FACS), confocal microscopy and tracer techniques in this field.
Contents:
Introduction
L1 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Types of Instrumental Methods to be covered in the
course. Selecting an analytical method and developing a new Analytical Technique.
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Unit I: Optical Methods and their applications in Biomedical Sciences
L2-3. Ultraviolet / Visible molecular absorption spectroscopy, Theoretical basis, transitions,
Lambert’s Beers Law, factors affecting Absorption,
L4-5. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence (principle Jablonski diagram), Fluorescence
quenching (dynamic, static, Sterm volmer constant, FRET with examples from
Biomedical field.
L6-7. Biomolecular interactions using spectroscopic methods
L8-9. Infrared – vibrational spectroscopy introduction, Functional group identification,
Effects of various factors on IR frequencies and biomedical application.
L10. Concept of circularly polarized light and principles of CD
L11. CD instrumentation, concepts of band width, slit width, scan speed, and other factors
in getting proper resolution of bands
L12. Application of CD in macromolecular structure determination, binding studies and
other applications
Unit II: Separation Methods

L13–16. An introduction to chromatographic separation, Gas Chromatography,
Pressure Liquid Chromatography and FPLC, Supercritical fluid chromatography
Unit III: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
L17-19. Theory of NMR: Quantum description, Classical description – Processional motion,

Larmour frequency, Relaxation processes, T1 and T2 and their measurement. Fourier
Transform NMR: Pulsed excitation, FID, Types of NMR Spectra – Wild line and high
- resolution spectra.
L20-21. NMR Spectrometers: Instrumentation. Environmental Effects: Types, Chemical shift
theory, Magnetic anisotropy,
L22-24. Spin–spin splitting, first order and second order spectra, Double Resonance
Techniques, Proton on heteroatom. Application of proton NMR: Identification of
compounds.
L25-26. Introduction to 13C NMR: Proton decoupling: Broad band, off-resonance, Pulsed
decoupling, NOE, application to structure determination.
Unit IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

L27-28. The concept of MRI, BOLD imaging, fMRI,
L29- 30. Application in Muscle Physiology, functional mapping of brain.
L31-32. Other nuclei : 31P, 19F, 23Na, 15N, metabolomics studies using NMR
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Unit V: Mass Spectrometry
L33-35. Introduction to mass Spectrometry. Forming charged particles: Electron impact (EI)
and Chemical Ionization(CI), Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB), Field Desorption (FD),
Electrospray Ionization, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI).
L36-37. Mass Analyzers: Magnetic sector mass spectrometers, Double focusing mass
spectrometers, Quadrupole pole mass spectrometers, ion cyclotron resonance, Time of
Flight mass analyzers. Combine the mass spectrometer with Gas Chromatography
(GC/MS) and with liquid chromatography (LC/MS).
L38. Applications of mass spectrometry in Biomedical field- Peptide mass fingerprinting,
protein sequencing using MASS spectrometry.
Unit VI: Flow Cytometry, Magnetic Assisted Cell Sorting:

L39. Introduction to flow cytometer: Need and versatility of FACS. Fluidics and Optics in
FACS
L40 & 41. Filters and detectors in FACS: choosing the right fluorochromes, compensation of
overlapping emissions
L42. Plotting of data in various formats (Histograms/dot plots/ contour plots) Gating,
Principles of cell Sorting by FACS and MACS
Unit VII: Miscellaneous TECHNIQUES
L43. Confocal Microscopy: Applications in Cell Biology, Electron Microscopy,

L44-46. Tracer Techniques in Biology: tumor diagnosis and imaging, infectious diseases such
as tuberculosis.
L47-48. Biomolecular Structure determination techniques: X-Ray crystallography.
L49-60. Tutorial classes/class tests/ discussion periods
Suggested Readings:
1 Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by Robert M. Silverstein and Francis

X. Webster; Ed. 8th; John Wiley; 2015.
2 Principles of instrumental analysis by Douglas Skoog and F. James Holler and Timothy A.
Nieman; Ed. 7th; Saunders; 2018.
3 Contemporary instrumental analysis by Kenneth A. Rubinson and Judith F. Rubinson;
Prentice Hall 2000.
4 Organic spectroscopy by William Kemp; Ed. 3rd; Palgrave; 2008.
5 Basic one and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy by Horst Friebolin; Ed. 5th ; Wiley-
VCH; 2010.
6 Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy by Lacowicz, 3rd Ed. 2006, Springer US.
7 NMR and its applications to living systems by David G. Gadian; Ed. 2nd; Oxford; 1996.
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8 Structure determination of organic compounds: tables of spectral data by E. Pretsch and P.
Buhlmann and C. Affolter; Edn. 4th Springer; 2009.
9 HPLC: a practical user’s guide; Ed.2nd by Marvin C. McMaster; Wiley-Interscience; 2007.
ANALYTICAL & BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION (Practical)

Credits 2
1. To verify Lambert Beer’s law and calculating concentration of unknown analyte

a. using UV-VIS spectroscopy.
b. Fluorescence spectroscopy
2. To study interaction of intercalating agents like ethidium bromide with DNA using:
a. UV –visible spectroscopy.
b. Fluorescence spectroscopy.
3. Studying and analysing CD spectrum of a protein
4. To study the Conformation change of Biomolecule using CD spectroscopy.
5. Infra-red Spectroscopy. Recording and interpretation of IR of a metabolite.
6. HPLC- introduction to the working of the instrument and analysis of a sample. Calculating
concentration of unknow sample from standard surve
7. Separation of two samples using HPLC using isocratic and gradient mobile system.
8. Mass Spectroscopy: Identification of a biopolymer using MALDI/ LC-MS.
9. NMR: 1H and 31P spectroscopy of muscle physiology during exercise and calculation of
pH change from spectra.
10. Spectral Identification of a simple organic compound/metabolite/drug. (two examples)
11. Flow Cytometry:
a. Cell cycle analysis
b. To monitor real time influx in intercellular calcium levels
Course specific learning outcome (Practicals)
 At the end of this course student will be able to able to instruments such as UV-VIS,
Fluorescence and CD spectrophotometer.
 They will be able to analyse samples using HPLC and flow cytometer.
 The students will also learn how to analyse characterization data of given unknown
compound and interpret its structure from the data.
 They will also learn to study the biomolecular interactions using the spectroscopic
techniques, analysing secondary structure of a biomolecule etc.
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66
PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
MBSCC-304
Course Objectives:
In continuity to understand the physiology of various organ The course develops the understanding
of theoretical and practical studies in the field of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The course
involves the building up the knowledge of pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic profile of
drug, pharmacological classification and principle of drug action and the types of toxicity
assessments of various type toxicants of chemical and biological origin and environmental
pollutants on organ system and drug disposition.
After completing the course, students shall be able to:

 describe the various steps involved in the interaction of a drug to its target,
 Administer the drug through various routes to the rats or mice and do toxicity assays.
 describe the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic profile of the drugs and chemicals
respectively,
 Describe the design of treatment strategy - in animal group,
 plan and conduct a pharmacology project and toxicological assays,
 Independently acquire and critically assess Pharmacological and Toxicological information
from databases
Contents:
Unit I: Introduction to pharmacology
L1. Scope of pharmacology: Introductory class to define pharmacology, historical background

and limitations
Unit II: Pharmacokinetics
L2-L3. Absorption- Routes of administration of drugs, their advantages and disadvantages.

Various processes of absorption of drugs and the factors affecting them
L4-L5. Metabolism i) Microsomal and non-microsomal mechanisms ii) Effect of Enzyme
induction and inhibition on drug metabolism and the factors influencing them.
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L6-L9. Distribution - i) distribution of drugs and the factors affecting them ii) Loading and
maintenance doses Excretion of drugs- i) zero order, first order and steady state
kinetics and half life of drugs, Numerical problems Pharmacodynamics: General
mechanism of drug action and the factors, which modify drug action. : i) Dose response
relationship curves and different types of antagonisms.
Unit III: Pharmacodynamics
L10-L12. i) General mechanism of drug action and the factors, which modify drug action
(signal transduction mechanisms in general. Dose-response relationship curves and
different types of antagonisms. ii) Drug receptor interaction and Theories.
Unit IV: Pharmacological classification of drugs; the brief introduction of drugs

should emphasize the ADME profile of following systems
L13-L14. Drugs acting on the central nervous system: Anesthetics- History, theory, mechanism
and stages of anesthesia, Drug classification based on mechanism of action of
anesthesia, Inhalation and general anesthesia; Local anaesthetics-classification and
mechanism of local anesthesia, adverse reactions of Anesthesia.
L15-L16. Pshycho-pharmacological agents: Sedatives, Hypnotics, anxiolytics, anti-maniac,
antidepressants
L17-L19. Drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system: Cholinergic drugs, anticholinergic
drugs, anticholinesterase drugs, dopaminergic drugs, Adrenergic drugs and adrenergic
receptor blockers, Neuron blockers and ganglion blockers, Neuromuscular blockers,
drugs used in myasthenia gravis.
L20-L21. Cardiovascular drugs, cardiotonics, antianginal agents, antihypertensive agents,
peripheral vasodilators and drugs used in atherosclerosis, coaogulants and
anticoaogulants.
L22-L26. Drugs acting on the respiratory system, Expectorants and antitussive agents, Drugs
acting on the digestive system, Drug acting on Renal system, Coaogulants and
anticoaogulants, Analgesics- Opiod analgesics (Morphine) and NSAIDs (Brufen)
L28. Hormones and hormone antagonists (Classification of hormones based on their
pharmacological and physiological action), Mechanism of hormonal action
(Hypothalamopituitary adrenal / thyroid axis).
L29-L30. TUTORIALS & CLASS TEST
Unit V: Principles of Toxicology
L31-L34. Definition, scope and different branches of toxicology. A brief review of toxic
substances: Synthetic organic compounds: Chemical additives in food, Chemicals
in the work place, Solvents, Pesticides, Cosmetics, Drugs of abuse. Inorganic
chemicals: Industrial and chemical environmental inorganic toxicants polluting
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air/ water/ food. Naturally occurring poisons: Mycotoxins, Bacterial toxins, Plant
toxins and Animal toxins.
Unit VI. Types of toxicity and its measurement
L35-L39 Acute, Sub-acute or Chronic and its manifestations. Acute toxicity: Mode of
application/ administration/ exposure, in-vitro tests, Dose response relationship,
Measurement of TD 50/ TC 50 and LD 50/ LC 50. Sub-acute and chronic
toxicity. Risk and safety analysis: Margin of safety, Therapeutic index, Ideal
therapeutic index. Inter-species extrapolation of dose-response data, NOEL,
ADI, TLV, WHO standards. Special toxicity studies: Carcinogenecity, \\
teratogenicity, in-vitro mutagenicity tests.
Unit VII. Epidemiology of toxicity
L40-L42. Cohort study, Retrospect study, Case-control study, Cross-sectional study,

Confounding.
Unit VIII: Pharmacokinetic aspects of toxicants
L43-L44. Site of metabolism, Metabolizing enzymes of liver, kidney, lung, GI tract, skin and
their role in activation and detoxification of drugs and chemicals. Physiological (route
of exposure, species, sex and age), Nutritional and environmental (temperature,
altitude and circadian rhythms related) factors affecting metabolism, detoxification
and toxic responses of drugs and chemicals.
Unit IX: Organ toxicities
L45- L48. Hepatotoxicity: A brief description of morphological and functional aspects of liver
with special reference to hepatotoxicity, various hepatotoxic agents, types of liver
injuries- Fatty liver formation, Necrosis, Cholastosis, Hepatitis, Fibrosis,
Cirrhosis, Carcinogenesis.
L49-L50. Nephrotoxicity: A brief description of morphological and functional aspects of
kidney in relation of nephrotoxicity, nephrotoxic agents, detailed mechanisms of
chemical induced nephrotoxicity.
L51-L52. Cardiovascular toxicity: A brief description of mechanisms of cardiovascular
toxicity and cardiotioxic agents- subcellular and biochemical mechanisms.
L53-L54. Neurotoxicity: A brief description neurotoxic agents and types of neurotoxic effects-
Axanopathy, Neropathy, Neuronopathy, Mylenopathy. Broncho-pulmonary
(inhalation) toxicity.
L55. Gastro-intestinal toxicity.
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L56. Skin toxicity/ photosensitivity.
Unit X: Tests for evaluation of toxicities in different organs
L57-L58.Therapeutic aspects: General measures and treatment of poisoning cases, Specific

antidotes, Agents of first choice, Contraindications.
L59-L60. TUTORIALS & CLASS TEST.
PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY (Practicals) Credits 2
1. CPCSEA guidelines for animal experiments, Animal handling and precautions.

2. To study the different routes of administration in different animal models.
3. Preparation of buffers and reagents require for the forthcoming experiments.
4. Topical application of Atropine and Pilocarpine on rabbit eye
5. Analgesic effect of diclofenac on mice/rat.
6. Study the effects of acetylcholine (Ach) and plot the dose-response curve.
7. Study the effect of general anaesthesia with ketamine in rat.
8. Study the haloperidol induced PD-like symptoms in mice.
9. To determine the effect of promethazine on phenobarbitone induced sleeping time in
mice.
10. To determine the acute toxicity of a given drug and calculate the LD50 value.
11. Detection of organophosphorous pesticides in biological sample.
12. To test the presence of paracetamol in the given biological sample.
13. To determine the lethal concentration of Arsenic in Zebra fish according to OECD
guidelines.
14. To determine the lethal concentration of Copper in Zebra fish according to OECD
guidelines.
15. To identify plants which are toxic to human and animals in a given set up of garden
or farm field.
Suggested Readings
1. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basisof therapeutics by Laurence Brunton and
John Lazo and Keith Parker; Ed. 11th; McGraw-Hill Professional; Ed 2011
2. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Brayfield, Alison,Thirty-ninth edition
3. Casarett and Dull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons by Curties D. Klaassen; Ed.
7th; McGraw Hill; New York; 2007.
4. Essential of medical pharmacology; 6thEd. By K.D. Tripathi; Jaypee Brothers;
5. Pharmacology H. P. Rang and M.M. Dale and J.M. Ritter and P.K. Moore; Ed. 5th;
Churchill Livingstone.
70
6. Integrated Pharmacology: With Student Consult Accessby Clive P. Page and M.J. Curtis
and M.C. Sutter and M.J. Walker and B.B. Hoffman; Ed. 3rd; Mosby; 2006.
7. Principles of toxicology by Karen E. Stine and Thomas M. Brown; Ed. 2nd; CRC Press;
2006.
8. Lu’s basic toxicology: fundamentals, target organs and risk assessment by Frank C.Lu and
Sam Kacew; Ed. 5th; Informa Healthcare; 2009.
9. Toxicology by Hans Marquradt and S.G. Schafer and R.D. McClellah and Academic Press;
1999.
10. Principles and practice of toxicology in public health by Ira R. Richards; Jones and Bartlett
Publishers; 2007.
11. Handbook of human toxicology, E.J. Massaro; CRC Press; 1997.
12. The Handbook of Clinically Tested Herbal Remedies, Marilyn Barrett, 2 Volume set 1st edition.
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72
BIOETHICS AND BIOSAFETY
MBSOE-305
Course Objectives:
Modern biotechnology and innovation-oriented scientific research have prompted formulation of

new policies and regulatory guidelines which would have a direct impact on protection against the
potential harms and/or exploitation of research participants. The establishment of a bioethics
framework involving biomedical scientists, religious scholars, physicians, philosophers, legal
experts, sociologists, and lay intellectuals would have a proactive directional impact on the inter-
relation of medicine, ethics, law and religion vis-a-vis existent ethical standards and futuristic
adaptability with the local/ state/ region/ international norms.
 Define the term “Bioethics”. Learn about gradation of moral and ethical norms from
simpler to higher levels for initiating right actions to ‘first do no harm’
 Learn about Prayers, Oaths, Covenants, Declarations, Guidelines and Codes which have
relevance to bioethics.
 Recognize the key features of the Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine.
 Outline the ethical and moral values as described in the authentic texts of Ayurveda, Siddha
and Unani systems of medicine.
 Clinical research and guidelines of ICMR for collecting clinical samples and drug trials.
 Rights of patients, responsibilities of doctors and legal justice.
 Understanding the biosafety rules in handling biological materials.
 Animal ethics and guidelines of CPCSEA.
 Precautions in use of recombinant DNA
 Disposal of hazardous reagents, biomolecules and biological materials.

Unit I: L1-L6: INTRODUCTION TO BIOETHICS, CODES, COVENANTS,

DECLARATIONS AND GUIDELINES
Defining Bioethics in relation to Profession, Society, and Biomedicine, need of bioethics.
Medical profession and biomedicine: Prayers and Oaths in Bioethics and Covenants in
Bioethics
Declarations: The Declaration of Geneva, WMA’s Declaration of Helsinki (DOH, 1964)
Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and Guidelines
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Codes of Bioethics
Unit II: L7-L10 ISSUES CONCERNING GOOD LIFE AND HEALTHY LIFE
Indian Philosophy of life, Various Philosophical systems, Issues in philosophy, Goals of life:
purusharthas. Dharma and other moral concepts.
Indian traditional systems of medicine and their ethical principles: Introduction, Ayurveda,
Siddha, Unani
Unit III: L11-L18: JUSTICE, LAW AND SOCIETY & LEGAL AND ETHICAL
ACCOUNTABILITY OF DOCTORS
Justice Law and Society: Introduction, Constitution of India,

Legal Framework: Substantive and Procedural, Legal System
We, Healthcare and Our Society, Doctor-Patient Relationship
Right to Health and Health Care: Judicial perspective
Essential information about COPRA, Legal and Ethical Accountability of Doctors: Premise
and Extent
Rights of patients who require critical care, Ethics, Triage, Futility (arguments in favour and
against futile intervention, solutions to dilemmas), Case studies.
Euthanasia: End of life care decisions, Killing or letting die, Principle of double effect, Case
studies.
Principle of ordinary vs. Extraordinary means: Withholding and withdrawal of treatment and
life support
The Indian society of critical care medicine guidelines for limiting life- support interventions
Policies in the ICU, Communication between the team and family, Handling the family,
Resolving conflict in ICU, Consideration at the time of death.
Situation in India, Procedure to be adopted by the high court when such an application is
filed. Case studies.
Unit IV: L19-L28. DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP

Introduction, Qualities of the patient, Negative & Positive rights, Patient’s Bill of rights
(AHA),
Qualities of the Doctor, Regulation, Types of doctor patient relationships
Qualities that patients expect from their doctors, Effects of an effective doctor-patient
relationships
Bed Side Manner, Analysis of doctor – patient relations:The activity-passivity model or
paternalistic model, the Guidance-Cooperation Model, the Mutual Participation Model -
Shared Responsibility
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Bargaining power of Patients and Physicians, Termination of relationshipSome terms used
in Doctor patient relationships (Veracity, Privacy, Professional fidelity, problems with
fidelity).
Conflict of interest, Dual roles of clinician and investigator
Factors that influence Doctor patient relationships: Drug industry, Advertisements,
Medical representatives, Gifts, Research, Case studies.
Doctor’s relationship with other doctors and institutions: Physician Advertisements, Fee
splitting
Religious and political affiliations, Health Professional & Torture.
Boundary violations: Non sexual boundary violations and crossing, Sexual boundary
violations
Sexual impropriety, Sexual transgression, Sexual violations, the Physical Examination
Prevention of Boundary Violations
Unit V: L29-L38: MEDICAL ERRORS AND NEGLIGENCE

Introduction, History of medical errors, Problem of medical errors
What is medical error? Types of medical errors, Person or system.
Type of action, Risk factors for medical errors, Prevention of medical errors, Ethical
dilemmas
Disclosure to the patient: Ethical duties of the Physician, need for disclosure, Fiduciary
obligations, Autonomy, Truth telling, Respect for the person, Justice & professional
standards
Dealing with medical error, Patient and family attitudes to medical error, Potential
advantages of disclosing medical error to Patient and health care personnel and Health care
system
Barriers to disclosing error: Attitudinal barriers, Helplessness, Uncertainties,
Fears/anxieties
How to disclose error, Effects of disclosure, Legal arguments against disclosure, Distress
among physicians,
Medical negligence, Profession and occupational Negligence, Elements of Negligence,
Duty of care, Standard of care.
Medical code and Negligence: Types of negligence, Relief for medical negligence
Legal positions: Medical council of India Civil courts, Approach High court
(Constitutional law and PIL), Criminal law, Consumer protection act, Compensation
Defensive medicine: Protection against medical negligence, Effects of medical negligence
litigation
Unit VI: LL39-L45-L29: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND ICMR GUIDELINES:
The General Principles: What is Informed Consent? Concept and Process.
75
Informed Consent in different settings, Waiver of Consent, Gatekeeper’s Consent/
permission, Children and Assent, Vulnerable population.
Guidelines for drug trials.
Unit VII L46-48 Introduction to animal ethics, CPCSEA guidelines, handling of animals and
guidelines for use of animals.
Unit VIII: L49-L60: BIOSAFETY

Use of recombinant DNA technology, manipulation of genes of bacteria, viruses and
human cells.
Transport, storage and precautions in use and disposal of clinical samples and biological
samples.
Biosafety levels: BSL1, BSL2 and BSL3 facilities.
Precautions associated with use of radioisotopes
Disposal of used reagents and chemicals
Disposal of biological material (bacterial culture, yeast cultures, cells, tissues and animals)
Suggested Readings:
Revised guidelines of ICMR will be provided to the students from time to time
Various case studies will be provided to the students
76
APPLICATION OF STATISTICS FOR BIOLOGY
MBSOE-306
Course Objectives:
Statistics plays a crucial role in data validation, analysis and interpretation, without which clinical,
social science research and other researches involving huge number of samples would not be
possible. The present course dealt with various common statistical methods involved in biological
science research like tools for describing central tendency, correlation, and regression analysis,
probability, hypothesis testing and methods of sampling of biological data.
Course Outcome
 Students will get skills on different ways of hypothesis testing and methods of sampling
of biological data sets.
 Additionally, they will be able to interpret and analyze data containing large pool of
biological samples to yield correlative insights.
Contents:
Unit I: Measures of central Tendency
L1-L3. Concept, calculation and biological significances of Mean, mode, Median, Graphical
representation of statistical data.
L4. Concept, calculation and biological significances of mean deviation, Standard
deviation, Covariance, Standard error.
Tutorial and class test
Unit II: Correlation and Regression analysis
L5-L6. Definition of correlations, Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of correlation, Co-efficient of

variation,
L7. Rank correlation, Tied ranks, Relation between two variables, Scatter diagram.
L8-L10. Definition of regression analysis, curve fitting (linear and nonlinear), principles of
least squares, two regression lines,
L10-L11. Definition of clustering, K-mean clustering, PCR analysis, Hierarchical clustering
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Unit III: Probability
L12-L14. Theorems on probability, Random experiments, sample space, conditional

probability, Bayes theorem
Unit IV: Probability Distribution
L15. Exponential distribution, Gamma distribution, Beta distribution,
L16-L18. Binomial, Poisson distribution, Normal distributions. Standard normal distributions

and Z score, applications.
Unit V: Methods of Sampling of biological data and analysis using

L19-L22. ‘t.’ and ‘Z.’ and ‘F.’ tests of significance for small and large samples (with
appropriate examples), Hypothetical tests, Parametric and Non-parametric tests, P-
value, Multiple testing.
#Each lecture will of two hours duration
Suggested Readings
1. Basic statistics by A. L. Nagar and R. K. Das; 2nd Ed.; Oxford; 2002.

2. Biostatistics: a manual of statistical methods for use in health, nutrition and anthropology
by K. Visweswara Rao; Jaypee Borthers, 1996.
3. Introductory statistics by Prem S. Mann; 5th Ed.; John Wiley; 2003.
4. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences by Wayne W. Daniel; 8th Ed.;
John Wiley; 2005.
5. John E. Freund.’s mathematical statistics with application by Irwin Miller and Marylees
Miller; Ed.7th; Pearson; 2006.
78
MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
MBSEC-401
Course Objectives:
With increase in incidence of cancer in our country, it is considered important to have a basic
background of molecular basis of cancer. The students will be taught various risk factors and
types of cancer. Basic concept of mechanism of carcinogenesis will be taught wherein important
proteins and pathways will be taught. At the end of the course some of the research papers related
to these topics will be presented and discussed in the class.
 By the end of the course students will be familiar with common carcinogens and how life
style can contribute to increase in cancer incident.
 They will also be aware of various steps and different mechanisms that form the basis of
differences in cancer progression and drug response.
 A basic understanding of various techniques that can be used so as to do decipher these
pathways and to identify the proteins involved in cancer will help them in pursuing research
in this important area.
Contents
Unit I: The Cancer Problem
L1: Introduction to Cancer, Global and Indian incidence, various types of cancers,
Epidemiology,
L2: Environmental carcinogens, chemical and physical carcinogens types with examples.
L3: Various risk factors, life style, changing patterns, the Indian scenario.
Unit II: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
L4: Various theories, multi-step and multistage processes, concept of transformation

L5: Initiation, Promotion and Progression of cancer.
L6: Role of DNA damage, repair and mutations by physicochemical agents and viruses,
L7: Interaction of various agents in cancer
L8: Differentiation: hyperplasia and precancerous lesions. Strategies of chemoprevention.
L 9: TUTORIAL CLASS
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L10: TEST (10marks)
Unit III: Tumor types and leukemia
L11: Benign and malignant tumors, localized and metastatic disease

L12: Schemes of classification, WHO classification, staging and grading, degree of
malignancy.
L13: Introduction to leukemia, Classification of leukemia, types of chromosomal
translocations. Examples of common types based on prevalence.
L14: Diagnosis of leukemia (Flow cytometric method, qPCR).
Unit IV: Modulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and cell death in cancer
L15: Cell cycle and check points, role of kinases,

L16: Mechanism of deregulation of cell cycle during cancer. Various proteins involved and
their mechanism
L17: Apoptosis, and Necrosis regulation in normal cell and dysregulation in cancer
L18: Proapoptotic and Antiapoptotic proteins and mechanism of action in controlling
apoptosis.
L19: Methods used to study apoptosis (western, Flow cytometry, tunnel assay)
L20: methods contd, Cellular senescence
L21: TUTORIAL CLASS
L22: CLASS TEST 2
Unit V: Cell-cell Interactions in Development of cancer
L23: Cell-cell interaction, integrins, and other proteins involved in cellular adhesion.
L24: Concept of invasion, changes in cellular proteins.
L25: Mechanism of invasion by cancerous cells.
L26: Metalloproteases and their role in cancer metastasis
L27: Methods to study invasion in vitro.
L28: Tumor microenvironment, interaction between malignant and normal cells
L 29: Research papers presentation
L30. Research Papers presentations and Discussion
L31: Test based
Unit VI: ANGIOGENESIS
L32: Angiogenesis and various factors involved in angiogenesis
80
L33: Molecular mechanism of angiogenesis
L34: Concepts and molecular mechanism of Neoangiogenesis in cancer
L35: Methods to study angiogenesis.
L 36: Tutorial Research papers discussion on angiogenesis
Unit VII: Tumor suppressor genes and Viral oncogenes
L37: Concept of tumour suppressor proteins and oncoproteins. transformed cells and immortal
cells.
L38: Mechanisms of action of P53 in cancer
L39: Mechanisms of action of P53 in cancer contd
L40: Role of other members of p53 protein in cancer
L 41: Tutorial on Research papers discussion related to P53 isoforms.
L42: Role of RB proteins in cancer
L43: Altered mechanisms of action of Rb protein in cancer cells
L44: Other tumour suppressor proteins, BRCA1, BRCA2, APC and WT1, Mismatch repair
proteins
L45: Oncoproteins and their examples, Basic concept of proto-oncogene, discovery, gain of
function mutations etc. methods to identify.
L46: Role and mechanism of viral oncogenes with 1-2 examples.
L47: understanding the role of large Tantigen, HPV in cervical cancer.
L48: Role of cellular oncogenes in altered gene regulation (basic mechanisms of action)
L49: Mechanism of action of oncogenes contd using specific examples: jun-fos, Ras
L50: condt. AML-ETO etc in gene regulation.
L51: Research paper presentations and discussion
L52. Research paper presentations and discussion
L53 Research paper presentations and discussion
L54. Test
Unit VIII: Growth factor-signalling pathways in cancer
L55: Relationship between oncogene products and growth factors,

L56: Understanding altered pathways using example of receptor kinases, Src, Wnt signalling
L57: Abl, cKit, Rho and Ras factors
L58: GAP and growth factors Tyrosine kinases and inhibitors.
L59: Effect of viral infection on signal transduction.
L 60: Research paper presentations and discussion
Suggested Readings:
81
1. Javier Camacho edt. Molecular Oncology: Principles and Recent Advances Bentham
Books. 2016
2. A Cittadini (Editor), R Baserga (Editor), H M Pinedo (Editor) Molecular oncology and
clinical applications I edition 2013
3. Weinberg, R. The Biology of Cancer. Garland Science, second edition 2014.
• Hesketh, R. Betrayed by Nature: The War on Cancer. MacSci, 2012
82
STEM CELL BIOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND TRANSLATIONAL
RESEARCH
MBSEC-402
Course Objectives:
This course is conceived in the light of relevance of stem cells to biomedical research. The natural
process of development is the journey of living organisms from totipotency to pluripotency and
further to differentiation towards functional specialization to make a complex and self-propagating
system. Therefore, the course begins with the concepts of developmental biology, the unification
of molecular mechanisms across phyla is emphasised. The course tries to bring out how this
knowledge also gives us the ability to reverse the process to address important aspects of human
health.
 The students will gain an understanding of common theme and the varied strategies of
development that nature has evolved by the comparison between different systems
 The students will be aware of the characteristics of stem cells and the limitations in the
use of stem cells.
 They will appreciate how nature has preserved the mechanisms invented at various stages
of evolution.
 They will be aware of the tools used in stem research, the ethical issues involved in the
application of stem cell usage in medical research.
 Throughout the course the students will be exposed to original papers that led to the
various discoveries that have kindled the enthusiasm and hope of use of stem cells in
health sciences.
Unit I: Introduction
L1 – 3. what are stem cells (embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, iPS), History of stem cell
research, Differentiated cell vs stem cells, What determines stemness, scope of stem
cells to cure disease, Early experiments on stem cell and regeneration. Cloning and
aging issues (Dolly, etc..), what we do not know about stemness (discussion to introduce
importance of learning developmental biology).
Unit II: Journey from stemness to differentiation I
83
L4- 5: Insights from Drosophila model: Early embryonic development, Maternal inheritance,
L6-8: Genetic basis of axis determination, pattern formation, regulatory cascade in development
in Drosophila,
L 9 & 10: Homeotic genes and their regulation.
L11-12-Student Seminar
Unit III: Journey from stemness to differentiation II
L13-14. Amphibian development: Xenopus development as a model, Salient feature of

amphibian development
L15. Positional information in development- the 'Organizer ' concept, cell-cell interaction in
development,
L16-17. Concept of morphogen gradients, their generation and effect on development.
Unit IV: Journey from stemness to differentiation III
L18-19. Mammalian development: Salient features of Mouse and Human embryonic

development as examples of regulated development, generation of mosaic embryos.
L20. Pattern formation example of limb development.
L21-22. Conservation of pathways of development and differentiation across phyla with
example; Notch, Wnt, Hippo, discovery and evolutionary conservation (the teacher
may choose one of the examples to illustrate the concept)
L23-25. Molecular basis of stem cell renewal and differentiation, Metaplasia and trans-
differentiation. Molecular basis of pluripotency and stem cell niche and
reprogramming.
L26-27 Student Seminar
L28-31. Reversing differentiation by reprogramming: (i) Developmental reprogramming,
regeneration "Young all the Time!"; Planaria, Hydra, earthworm. Induced pluripotent Stem
cells (iPSCs).
L32-35. Overview of tools for stem cell research: Isolation & characterizations, markers & their
identification, growth factor requirements and their maintenance in culture. Cell cycle
regulators in stem cells
L36-38. Ethical issues related to stem cell research; Ethics in use of stem cell, regulatory bodies
for use of material for human need, commercial developments and stem cell based
products, bio-vigilance, Stem cell regulatory aspects in international and Indian context.
L39- 42. Bench to Bedside using naturally occurring stem cells and induced pluripotent
stem cells – Discuss research papers on the advancements in the field
L43- 60: Group discussion on Topics discussed and Paper presentation by students
84
Suggested Readings
1. David Warburton, Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2015,
World Scientific.
2. Sell Stewart, Stem Cell Handbook, 2013, Humana Press.
3. R. Lanza, I. Weissman, J. Thomson, and R. Pedersen, Handbook of Stem Cells,
Volume 1-2: 2012, Academic Press.
4. R. Lanza, J. Gearhart et al (Ed), Essential of Stem Cell Biology, 2009, Elsevier Academic press.
5. A. Naggy, N. Habib, M.Y. Levicar, L.G. Jiao and N. Fisk: Stem Cell Repair and
Regeneration. Volume-2, 2007, Imperial College Press.
6. R. Lanza and I. Klimanskaya, Essential Stem Cells Methods. (2009), Academic Press.
7. Developmental biology by Scott F. Gillbert; Ed.10th ; Sinauer Associates; 2013
85
MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY
MBSEC-403
Course Objectives:
The course starts by recapitulating the various concepts of bacteriology and

parasitology taught in Medical Microbiology in I semester. The course builds on the concepts
learnt in the previous course and a detailed program on various aspects of bacterial and parasitic
infections will be covered. Articles published in various peer- reviewed journals related to
Bacteriology and Parasitology will be referred to. The course will be taught in an interactive
manner with lectures, seminars debates on selected topics.
At the end of the course the students will have:
1. A detailed knowledge of various virulence determinants of different infections and the

commonality and specificity pertaining to each infection.
2. Appreciated the regulation of expression of various virulence factors and their role in
pathogenicity and establishment of successful infections
3. Knowledge on the global and Indian prevalence of each pathogen and seasonal
patterns.
4. Knowledge of diagnosis of different infections by various tools and techniques.
5. Knowledge of the immune responses and current vaccines and those under
development to various infections.
6. Knowledge on the mechanisms of drug resistance and methods to overcome these.
Alternate approaches to treating drug resistant infections.
7. Thus, after finishing the course a student is well trained in all the aspects of
Bacteriology and Parasitology.
8. In combination with Medical Microbiology in the I semester and Medical Virology
and Mycology in the III semester, a student will have complete understanding of
Microbiology as a whole
Contents
Unit I: Bacteriology Introduction
86
L1–L3: Overview of the history, nomenclature and classification based on morphology,
scientific classification, Gram staining, 16s rRNA sequencing of Respiratory
(Diphtheria, TB, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bordetella, Klebsiella and Urino-
Genital (E. coli sp) infections; Gastro-Intestinal Tract (Salmonella, Vibrio Cholera
etc.) and blood (Sepsis) infections; Central Nervous System (Meningitis).
Unit II: Virulence determinants and their regulation
L4 – L5: Virulence factors: cell wall, exotoxins, endotoxins, toxin-anti-toxin systems,

adhesions, invasion, intracellular and extracellular lifestyles.
L6 – L7: Regulation of virulence factors, sigma factors, two-component systems,
quorum sensing of the virulence factors. Type I-IV secretion systems and their
regulation.
Unit III: Epidemiology and Modes of Infection and Diagnosis
L8 – L9: Epidemiology; prevalence and distribution of various bacterial infections.

Tools to study epidemiological data and their analyses.
L10 – L11: Modes of infection and sustenance of different bacterial and infections
of the human body.
L12 – L13: The conventional and current methods of diagnosis of various infections along
with the limitations. Alternative tools and technologies of diagnosis.
Unit IV: Therapeutics, Immunity and Drug Resistance
L14 – L16: The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Respiratory, Urinogenital and blood,
GI-Tract and CNS infections.
L17 - L19: Role of innate and adaptive immunity in bacterial infections.
L20 - L21: Treatment of various infections. New therapeutic regimes and strategies to
combat infections. Focus on host-mediated therapeutics and drug repurposing.
Unit V: Parasitology
L22: Overview of apicomplexan parasites: Babesia, Plasmodium sp., Current drug and
vaccine targets for malaria infections,
L23: Modern strategies to block malaria parasite escape and entry,
L24: Current trends in mosquito vector control
Unit VI: Pathophysiology of protozoan parasites:
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L25. Pathophysiology of plasmodium and its regulation
L26. Pathophysiology of Leishmania,
L27. Toxoplasma, Placental invasion and congenital transmission
L28: Trypanosoma , Placental invasion and congenital transmission.
Unit VII: Pathophysiology of Re-emerging protozoan infections
L29: Cryptosporidiosis,
L30: Pneumocystis carinii infections,
L31: Babesisosis, Amoebiasis
L32: Trichomoniasis
L33 – L37: Epidemiology, lifecycles, Pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapeutics of
Nematode infections : Intestinal, blood and tissue nematodes
L38 - L41: Epidemiology, lifecycles, Pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapeutics of key
trematode infections
L42 - L45: Epidemiology, lifecycles, Pathophysiology , diagnostics and therapeutics of
Cestode infections
L46: Gut protozoa: Friends or Foes to human gut microbiota: debate topic
The importance of gut microbiota on human health has sparked interest in study of
factors that shape the composition and diversity. Despite the growing evidence
suggesting that helminthes and protozoans interact with gut bacteria, microbiome
studies still focus on prokaryotes.
L47: Human interventions: Driving force for insect vector evolution: Debate topic
Widespread use of insecticides provides an opportunity to examine the adaptive
responses of the target species to human interventions. Rapid evolution of anopheles
mosquito represents a potential threat to any vector based malaria control strategy. The
genetic, behavioral and physiological mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance
will yield potential knowledge for vector borne disease control. Trends in parasitology
Vol: 34 issue 2, 2018
L48: Recent models and technologies to overcome Biological barriers to protozoan
parasite control: Debate topic
The current strategies of malaria control program encompass the integrated vector
management, new drug development and repurposing of drugs. The knowledge
gained through system biology approaches for parasite, definitive (mosquito) and
intermediate host (Human) as well as mechanisms involved in pathophysiology of
malaria can serve the effective malaria control programs. Advances in Parasitology
2017; Trends in parasitology issue 4, 2014; Acta tropica 2017
L49: Current epidemiological evidence for predisposition to high or low intensity helminthic
infections. Debate topic
L50-L60: Debates/Tests/Seminars/Discussions
88
Suggested Readings:
1. Medical Microbiology Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg (eds). 25th Edition.
McGraw.
2. Microbiology, Prescott, Harley and Klein (eds). Seventh Edition. McGraw Hill.
3. Review articles will to referred to students from time to time
89
NEW METHODS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
MBSEC-404
Course Objectives:
The course aims at understanding the methods by which chemically and biologically important
molecules and macromolecules are synthesized and characterized. This course includes an
overview of nucleotide synthesis, peptide synthesis alkene metatheis, green chemistry and total
synthesis of pharmaceutically beneficial compounds.
At the end of the course students will be well versed with the modern methods of organic
synthesis
Contents:
Unit I: Methods in nucleotide synthesis
L1 Advantage of chemical synthesis

L-2 Protecting groups
L-3-4 nucleoside3-phosphoramidates
L-5 solid phase synthesis
L-6 Oligonucleotide synthesis cycle
L-7 Automated oligonucleotide synthesizer
L-8-9 DNA microarrays
L-10 Light directed chemical synthesis
L-11 Microarray synthesis using micro mirrors
L-12 Structure validation
Unit II: Methods in peptide synthesis
L13-14 solid phase synthesis

L15 Protecting groups/deprotection
L-16 structure validation
Unit III: Alkene metathesis
90
L-17 Mechanism
L-18-L19 Metal carbenes
L-20 Schrock's catalyst
L-21 Grubb's catalyst
L-22 Ruthenium catalysts
L-23 Ring closing metathesis
L-24 Cross metathesis
L-25, L26 Polymerization
L-27 Ring closing metathesis of small rings
L-28 Ring closing metatheis of medium rings
L-29,L30 Macrocyclization
Unit IV: Green chemistry
L-31 Introduction
L-32. L33 Atom economy
L-34 Less Hazardous synthesis
L-35, 36 Designing safer chemicals
L-37, 38 Design for energy efficiency
L-39,40 Design for degradation
L-41-42 Relevant examples
L-43-45 Relevant examples of total synthesis
L-46-47 Tutorials/tests
L48-60 Research Paper presentation by students.
Suggested Readings:
1. Protocols for oligonucleotides and Analogs : Synthesis and Properties 1993
Methods in Molecular Biology Volume 20 Ed: Sudhir Agrawal Foreword by
Hargobind Khorana
2. Handbook of Metathesis Volume 2: Applications in Organic Synthesis Wiley VCH
2015, Author: Robert H Grubbs (Nobel Laureate)
3. Green Chemistry: An Inclusive Approach Elsevier 2017, Ed: Bela Torok and Timothy
Dransfield
4. Total synthesis to be taught from relevant research articles published in Journal of
Organic Chemistry
91
BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND DRUG DESIGN
MBSEC-405
Course Objectives:
This course has been designed for the students of Biomedical Sciences and related areas who are
interested to study various technologies and tools in Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and
Drug Design. The course has been designed to cater needs of students working in various
laboratories in the field of Biomedical sciences and the students entering into this much demanding
area of research. The aim of the course is to train the students in various tools available to aid
research in the area of Bioinformatics, computational Biology and drug design. The students will
be given training in the theoretical aspects of these methods and practical use of the computational
tools available to carry out research in Biology and Drug Design.
Course learning Outcomes
 Biological databases, Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis. Student will be

able to learn biological and bioinformatics databases, sequence alignments, scoring the
alignment, phylogeny analysis and basics of Next Gen sequencing techniques.
 Structural Biology: Student will learn various aspects of Protein structure. Students will
be familiarized with secondary structures elements, the visualization using various online
softwares, cavity analysis, methods of protein structure determination, predicting protein
secondary and tertiary structure, oligomeric proteins.
 Systems Biology: Student will learn basics of system biology networks, graph theory, uses
etc. Topology of networks, different types of networks, computational tools for analysing
networks, clustering etc,
 Molecular modelling and molecular dynamics: Student will learn how molecular
modelling methods have evolved and integrate into modern, multidisciplinary structure-
based design. Summarise the key concepts surrounding the potential energy surface,
including methods of energy calculation and exploration, and appreciate the advantages
and limitations of these methods, Describe various molecular dynamics methods.
 Drug design using case studies Describe computer-based 2D and 3D approaches to drug
design and discovery, including functional group mapping, virtual screening, de novo
design, quantitative-structure activity relationships and database analysis.
 Structure Activity Relationships. Compare and contrast 2D and 3D approaches QSAR
and other computer-aided drug design, giving examples of their use in drug discovery
projects.
92
Contents
Unit I: Biological databases, Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis

L1. Introduction to various databases and their classification (primary and secondary
databases).
L2. Local and global sequence alignments (Needleman-Wunsch and Smith-Waterman
algorithms), pair-wise (BLAST and FASTA algorithms) and multiple sequence alignment
(Clustal W) and its importance.
L3. BLAST score, amino acid substitution, matrices, s-value and e-value, calculating the
alignment score and significance of e and p value.
L4. Basics and tools for phylogenetic analysis, cladistics, tree-building methods (character
and distance - based methods),
L5. construction of phylogenetic trees (PHYLIP) and identifying homologs.
L6. Basics of Next Generation Sequencing and data analysis
Unit II: Structural Biology
L7. Folding and flexibility, Prediction, engineering and design of protein structures.
L8. Methods to identify secondary structural elements,
L9. Structure visualization using PyMol and VMD, active site determination, Cavity analysis
using CASTP or ACSITE or similar tools,
L10. Determination of protein structures by X-ray and NMR methods. Prediction of secondary
structure- PHD and PSI-PRED methods.
L11. Tertiary Structure: homology modeling, fold recognition and ab-initio approaches.
L12. Structures of oligomeric proteins and study of interaction interfaces.
Unit III: Systems Biology:
L13. Systems Biology Networks- basics of computer networks, Graph Theory, Biological
uses and Integration.
L14-17. Topology of biological networks: Random vs Scale-Free networks. Metabolic
networks, Signal transduction networks, Gene regulatory networks. Databases on
metabolic & signaling pathways.
L18. Introduction to computational tools for analysis (Network analysis & clustering) of high
throughput data from genomics (NGS), transcriptomics (Microarray/RNASeq),
proteomics & metabolomics.
L19 - 20. Creating networks and analysis, Cytoscape and Pajek, STRING, KEGGS and other
annotation tools.
93
Unit IV: Molecular Modeling and Molecular Dynamics
L 21-24. Molecular Mechanics:

Introduction, The Morse Potential, The Harmonic Oscillator Model for Molecules,
Comparison of Morse and Harmonic Potential, Types of Force Fields: AMBER,
CHARMM, Merck Molecular Force Field, Consistent Force Field, MM2, MM3 and
MM4 force fields.
L 25- 28. Potential Energy Surface

Convergence Criteria, Characterizing Stationary Points, Search for Transition States.
Optimization- multivariable Optimization Algorithms, level Sets, Level Curves,
Gradients, Optimization Criteria, Unidirectional Search, Finding Minimum Point,
Gradient based Methods-Steepest Descent and Conjugate Gradient Methods
L29 – 35. Molecular Dynamics Simulation:

Introduction, Radial distribution functions, Pair Correlation function, Newtonian
dynamics, Integrators- Leapfrog and Verlet algorithm, Potential truncation and shifted-
force potentials, Implicit and explicit Solvation models, Periodic boundary conditions,
Temperature and pressure control in molecular dynamics simulations
Unit V: Drug design using case studies
L 36. Drug discovery process. Target identification and validation, lead optimization and
validation.
L37–40. Methods and Tools in Computer-aided molecular Design, Analog Based drug design-
Pharmacophores (3D database searching, conformation searches, deriving and using 3D
Pharmacophore, constrained systematic search, Genetic Algorithm, clique detection
techniques, maximum likelihood method)
L41–43. Structure based drug design- Docking, De Novo Drug Design (Fragment
Placements, Connection Methods, Sequential Grow), Virtual screening.
Unit VI: Structure Activity Relationship:
L44. Introduction to QSAR, QSPR, Various Descriptors used in QSARs: Electronics;

Topology; Quantum Chemical based Descriptors.
L45-47. Regression Analysis, The Significance and Validity of QSAR Regression Equations,
Partial Least Squares (PLS) Analysis, Multi Linear Regression Analysis.
L48. Use of Genetic Algorithms, Neural Networks and Principle Components Analysis in the
QSAR equations.
94
L50-60 Student presentations, Seminar/tests/discussions
Suggested Readings:
1. Protein structure, stability and folding Ed KP. Murphy, Humana press. 2001.
2. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome analysis, 2nd edition (2004), David W. Mount,
Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press. ISBN-13: 978-0879697129.
3. Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins, 3rd edition (2004),
Andreas D. Baxevanis and B.F. Francis Ouellette, John Wiley and Sons. ISBN-13: 978-
0471478782.
4. Systems Biology: Definitions and perspectives by L.Alberghina H.V.westerhoff, Springer.
2005
5. The Process of New Drug Discovery and Development, 2nd edition (2006), C.G. Smith
and J.T. O’Donnell, Informa Healthcare, ISBN-13: 978-0849327797.
6. Cheminformatics: A textbook (2004), J. Gasteiger, Thomas Engel; Wiley-VCH. ISBN:
9783527618279.
7. Molecular modeling - Principles and Applications, 2nd edition (2003), A. R. Leach,
Pearson Education Limited, UK. ISBN 13: 9780582382107.
8. Cheminformatics in Drug Discovery (2006), edited by. T.I. Opera; Wiley Publishers,
ISBN: 9783527604203.
9. Molecular dynamics simulation: elementary methods (1997), J. M. Haile, Wiley-
Interscience, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0471184393.
10. Molecular Modelling for Beginners, (2nd Edition) by Alan Hinchliffe, John Wiley & Sons
Ltd. Edn, 2nd , 2008
95
96
GENOME BIOLOGY
MBSEC-406
Course Objectives:
This course would be offered as an optional course in the IV semester for M.Sc. Biomedical
Sciences. Students have a background in basic genetics and molecular biology. The course is
meant to communicate the excitement in modern biology attributable principally to the tools for
whole genome analysis and the genome sequencing that has come about over the last ten years or
so. It is well known from the beginning that biological systems are amazing network of interacting
molecules, macro and micro, but till recently it did not appear tractable for experimentation and
analysis. But there are a faint signs of this comprehensive understanding due to the various
technological advances, including the birth of “Systems Biology”. But so far the science of
Genome biology is in a phase of amassing large body of data using high-through-put techniques
at DNA, RNA and protein level. Along with high end computing this knowledge should logically
pave way to integration and hence to understand biological systems comprehensively. The
Genome Biology course is an attempt to induce the curiosity of the students to venture in to these
areas in their future research endeavours.
At the end of the course the students are expected to develop an appreciation for the groundwork
carried out in genome research so far, relate to how it has been built on the numerous genetic
studies carried out over decades on several model organisms that continue to contribute to the
understanding of relationship between genotype and phenotype. The time is poised for
understanding human as a model organism.
 The students will be able to understand the complexity of genetic inheritance in humans,
beyond Mendelian genetics.
 The dependence of human genetics on statistical analysis. They will be familiar with the
statistical tools used in genomic data analysis, linkage analysis by LOD score, association
studies.
 They will know the methods used for whole genome analysis and their applications
 The will be able to use various databases containing annotation, experimental data from
NGS, RNA seq and microarray and ENCODE.
 The students will be trained to read and critically evaluate research papers from journals.
97
Unit I: L1: Introduction:
Overview of genomics. To highlight how biology is a network of interactions direct and
indirect. What is the difference between genetics and genome biology? The transition from
reductionist to comprehensive approach in understanding biological systems.
Unit II: L2-L4: Human genetics in pre-genomic era: Pedigree Analysis and deviations from
basic pedigree patterns:
1. Pedigree analysis and its relevance;
2. Deviations from the basic pedigree patterns- non-penetrance, variable expressivity,
pleiotropy, late onset, dominance problems, anticipation, genetic heterogeneity,
3. Recapitulation of Genomic imprinting and Uniparental disomy and its implication on
genetic diseases, X-inactivation and its consequence on genetic disease inheritance.
4. Introduction to OMIM and its utilization.
Unit III: L5 & L6: Human Genome Project:

5. History, organization and goals of human genome project; Genetic and Physical map
6. Overview of outcomes of the project and ethical issues.
Unit III: L7-L10: Whole genome mapping strategies I: Constructing Genetic maps at whole
genome level.
7. Markers for genetic maps/meiotic maps
8. Linkage analysis in humans: LOD score based
9. Genotypic and Allelic frequencies.
10. Polymorphism screening (Genotyping of SNPs and Microsatellite markers)
11. Haplotype construction (two loci using SNPs and/or microsatellites)
12. Genetic maps; Marshfield and DeCode maps.
Unit IV: L11-12: Web based data analysis
L13-17: Whole genome mapping strategies I: Constructing Physical maps at whole

genome level.
13. Different types of Physical mapping: Restriction maps and cytogenetic maps
14. Radiation Hybrids in mapping.
15. Tools (Vectors- BAC, PAC, YAC and sequencing techniques) and approaches
(Hierarchical and Shotgun sequencing)
16. Visualizing genome maps using databases: UCSC and related browsers
17. Population polymorphism: 1000 genome project and its outcome
Unit V: L18-20: Organisation of the Human Genome:
98
18. General features: Gene density, CpG islands, RNA-encoding genes,
19. Gene clusters, Diversity in size and organization of genes
20. Pseudogenes, repetitive DNA.
Unit VI: L21-25: Functional Genomics I:
21. Identification of the genetic basis of diseases.

22. Top-down and Bottom- up approaches
23. Positional and Candidate Gene approaches, Positional- cloning approach
Examples- HD, CFTR.
24. Methods for whole genome expression analysis and proteome analysis.
25. Exome sequencing: methodology and one example of its application.
Unit VII: L 26-28: Functional Genomics II:
26. Manipulation of the unborn: Generation of transgenic animals: random integration,

Knock-outs, Cre-lox for tissue specific and stage specific knock outs and knock-in
models
27. Genome editing techniques: Zinc finger nuclease, TALENS and CRISPR-Cas
system.
28. Generating disease models using different tools.
L29- 31: Student seminar: Research paper presentation
L32-33: The ENCODE project and Epigenome analysis:

32. Phase I and Phase II ENCODE project: Theme, Tools and outcome.
33. Epigenome analysis in health and disease
34. Long-range interaction in genome architecture and their significance.
L35- 38: Genomics of model organisms and comparative genome analysis.

35. C.elegans
36. Drosophila melanogaster
37. Zebrafish
38. Mouse.
L39: Student Seminar (One disease model/fundamental discovery from each model system)
99
L 40- 41: Introduction to microbiomics:
40. Microbiome analysis

41. Microbiome as a modifier of disease phenotype, with one example.
L42- 44: Ayurgenomics:

Introduction to endophenotyping methods of individuals based on Ayurvedic principles
and exploring correlation of such classification with genomics. [This does not deal with
Ayurvedic medicines/mechanism of their action].
L45- 48; Implications of Genome Research:

a. Pharmacogenomics (Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism genes
e.g. CytP450 and GST and their effect on drug metabolism and drug response)
b. Diagnosis and screening of Genetic Disorders.
c. Implication of genomics on prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases.
L49-60: Student Seminar
Suggested Readings
Authors Title Publisher and Edition

1 Human Molecular
Strachan & Read Genetics John Wiley & Sons ; 4th Edition, 2010
2 Cantor and Smith Genomics John Wiley & Sons; Series
3 Genetics: From genes to
Hartwell et. al. genomes McGraw Hill; 6th Edition 2017
4 Sinauer Associates/Rastogi Publications ;
Mange & Mange Basic Human Genetics 2nd Edition
5 Molecular and Genetic
Analysis of Human
Maroni Traits Blackwell Publishers;1st Edition 2005
6 Nussbaum et al Genetics in Medicine Elsevier Publ ; 8th Edition, 2016
Reference book
8 M.R. Speicher, S.E.
Antonarakis Vogel &Motulsky's Human Genetics: 4th Edition Springer
A.G. Motulsky Problems and Approaches Verlag;2010
9 Original research papers and reviews
100
101
ADVANCED IMMUNOLOGY
MBSEC-407
Course Objectives:
The course on Advanced Immunology is offered as an Elective paper in the IV semester

that builds on the basics taught in the Immunology (MBS204) paper in the II semester. The course
begins with a recap on the basics of immunology and immune responses. Emphasis is laid on the
recent advances in each aspect of immunology by constant references to peer reviewed papers
published in high impact factor journals. Further, eminent scientists working in leading institutes
like NII, ICGEB and AIIMS are invited to give lectures on certain topics that have been
already covered by teachers.
Course learning Outcome

At the end of the course the student will have:
 A detailed knowledge of T cell differentiation, activation and regulation.

 Appreciated the difference between systemic and mucosal immune responses.
 The ability to design experiments critically following the experience they have gained via
presenting papers in seminars.
 Knowledge of the nuances of immune responses to various infections and the qualitative
and quantum roles of inter-cellular and intracellular molecules.
 Understanding on the reasons of weaker immunity displayed by
aged individuals compared with young individuals to newer and older infections.
 Thus, after finishing the course a student is well trained in all the aspects of immunology
and how the body reacts and responds to invading pathogens and other antigenic
stimulations.
Contents
Unit I. Introduction and Recap of Basic Immunology
L1: Introduction to the Immune system

L2: Adaptive and innate immunity: regulation by Immunoglobulin gene expression,
Immunoglobulin loci, TLRs, complement, diversity via gene translocation at Ig loci
L3: Factors regulating immune effector functions
L4: Structure, Function & Antigen processing on MHC class I and MHC class II,
factors governing peptide binding, loading and presentation to T cells
L5: Pathogen Interface with Antigen Presentation
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Unit II. T Cell Differentiation, Activation and Functions
L6: Differentiation of T cells: TCR gene recombination, regulation and function

therein. Positive and Negative selection of T cells
L7: Factors regulating T cell diversity and cross-reactivity
L8: T cell migration and turnover
L9: Role of costimulatory molecules in T cell selection
L10: T cell functions during various immune responses
L11: Signaling from innate, B cell and T cell receptors: avidity vs affinity of the
interactions
L12: T cell response generation and magnitude of the immune response
L13: Heterogeneity in CD4 and CD8 T cell population. CD4 T cell subsets and functions.
TH1/TH2/TH9/TH17/Tfh subsets and functions in immunity and disease
L14: Hybridoma vs T cell clones vs transgenic vs Knockout mice: applications thereof.
L15: Regulatory T cells and fine-tuning of immune response L16:
Solutions and compromises of studying T cells response L17: T
cell memory and short-term and long-term immunity
Unit III: B Lymphocyte Differentiation, Activation and Functions
L18: Differentiation of B lymphocytes

L19: Activation of B cells by Antigens and modulations by costimulations
L20: Memory B cell responses, turnover and regulation
Unit IV. APC-T Cell Interactions via Costimulation and Immune Synapse
L21: Costimulatory networks in immune response building and maintenance

L22: Positive and negative costimulation by various molecules during building up,
maintenance and termination of immune response
L23: Immune synapse and regulation of immune response to pathogens
Unit V. Mucosal Immunity and Allergy
L24: Introduction to Mucosal immunity vis-à-vis systemic immunity

L25: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting immunity at mucosal surfaces
L26: Exploitation of gaps and weaknesses in the mucosal immunity by pathogens
L27: Mucosal vaccines and diseases
L28: Allergy and hypersensitivity reactions during an immune response
L29: Striking a balance between immunity to infections and allergy
Unit VI. Immunity to pathogens
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L30: Immunity to Mycobacterium
L31: Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumonia vaccines
L32: Immunity to HIV: Pitfalls of immune-deficiency
L33: Immunity to Salmonella: Current trends and future perspectives
Unit VII. Regulation and Deregulation of Immune Responses
L34: Systemic and organs specific Autoimmunity

L35: microRNAs in regulating immune responses and protozoan immunity
L36: Aging and Immunity and Immune-senescence
L37: Role of Autophagy in mediating immune responses
Unit VIII. Transplantation and Tumor Immunology
L38: Transplantation immunology and MHC restriction

L39: Immunity to cancers/tumors vs long-term persistent infections: similarities and
differences
Unit IX. Immuno-Therapeutics and Vaccines
L40: Alternative approaches to chemotherapy vis immune-therapeutics and tweaking of

the immune system.
L41: Vaccines: short-term and long-term protection: inbuilt mechanisms of innate and
adaptive memory.
Unit X. Organogenesis and Lymphoid Development
L42: Organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs: Overview of the immune system,

localization of the lymphoid organs in the body, mouse and human.
L43: The gross anatomy and functional relevance of lymphoid organs.
L44: Review of Timeline based experiments (literature) of development of Peyer’s
patches.
L45: Review of Timeline based experiments(literature) of development of lymph nodes.
L46: Literature review of Early and late patterning of lymphoid genes
L47: Lymphotoxin signalling and secondary lymphoid organ development analysis of
NALT, MALT, Peyer’s patches and lymph node.
L48-L60: Seminars/Tests/Discussions
Suggested Readings
104
1. Fundamental Immunology William Paul (Ed) 2017. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
2. Various review/articles will be referred to students from time to time. Names of few
Journals include: Nature Reviews Immunology, Nature Medicine, Nature
Immunology, Immunity, Cell Host and Microbe, PLoS Pathogens, PLoS One,
Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal of Immunology, Infection and Immunity,
Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal of Infection
105
ADVANCED CONCEPTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
MBSEC-408
Course Objectives:
This course has been designed for students with background in basic principles in Medicinal
Chemistry. The topics covered in the course starts with advanced topics in receptor chemistry and
biology, Students will be taught drugs acting through novel targets in various diseases. The
Biopharmaceutical agents and their mode of action will also be discussed with examples. Novel
metal-based agents will be discussed and new methods of combinatorial synthesis with case studies
are covered in detail. The course will cater to needs of students entering in the field of drug
discovery and development.
 Students will be able to understand how receptors function, their chemistry and how
understanding of the mechanism can be utilized for drug development.
 They will be able to learn novel drug targets emerging over last one decade in various
diseases. They will learn discovery of drugs against these targets from bench to bedside.
 The students will also gain knowledge about the emerging metal complexes and Bio-
pharmaceutical agents and their development.
 They will learn new methods of optimization of lead compounds through combinatorial
library development
 They will also learn about the basic concepts of personalized drug development.
 Students will be encouraged to present latest research papers in the field of drug discovery
and development.
Contents
Unit I: Receptor Chemistry and Biology:
L1. Chemistry of membrane and intracellular receptors;

L2. Isolation and characterization of receptors;
L3. Regulation of receptor number and affinity; Receptor cross-talk;
L4. Organ Receptors; Non-liganded and constitutive receptor activation;
L5. r -DNA receptor bioassays;
L6. Desensitization of receptors;
L7. Receptors as targets for vaccines and
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L8. Receptors for newer drug development.
Unit II: Drugs acting on Novel Targets (examples from past one decade or so)
L9. β-tubulin inhibitors and their mechanism.

L10. Kinase inhibitors e.g. AKt inhibitors, discovery of gleevac etc.
L11. HIV inhibitors: integrase inhibitors,
L12. CCR5 inhibitors
L13. New drugs developed for tuberculosis (e.g maraviroc) and other infectious diseases.
L14. Continued
L15. New drugs developed for cardiovascular disease Cholesterol, absorption inhibitors e. g.
ezetimibe,
L16. glycoprotein inhibitor e.g. abciximab,
L17. Renin inhibitors e.g. aliskerin
Unit III: Metal Complexes in Medicine
L18. Chemistry of Metal Species,

L19. Biochemistry of metals,
L20. Structure Activity Relationship.
L21. Complexes in Clinical Trial.
L22. Metal containing imaging agents
Unit IV: Role of Biotechnology in Drug Discovery

L23. The impact of biotechnology on small-molecular drug discovery and development.
L24. Examples of approved biotechnology based drugs: Monoclonal antibodies,
L25. Interferon alpha, Interferon beta, Interferon gamma, Inter leukins,
L26. Growth hormones,
L27. Antisense nucleotides,
L28. Newer developments in the field of Biopharmaceuticals
L29. Use of Transgenic animal models for drug evaluation
Unit V: Combinatorial Drug Synthesis:

L30. Combinatorial Chemistry: Methods of solid Phase synthesis- tBoc, fMoc, orthogonal
strategies
L31. General Methods of combinatorial Synthesis, Premixed, mixed methods
L32. Methods of synthesis continued , discuss examples from latest literature
L33. Techniques used in Parallel synthesis (tea bag method)
L34. Pin method, generation of a Combinatorial Library.
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L35. Photolithgraphic methods
L36. Methods of deconvolution of synthetic libraries,
L37. Methods of deconvolution of synthetic libraries continued
L38. methods of identifications of chemical libraries.
L39. Discuss application of combinatorial synthesis in drug development.
Unit VI: Personalised Drug Development-

L40. Basics of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
L41. Pharmacogenetics: Population variation in drug metabolism; genetic variability;
L42. polymorphism relating to receptors and genes in drug metabolism;
L43. molecular markers and Single nucleotide polymorphism as markers for emerging
concepts in pharmacogenetics.
L44. Ayurgenomics
L45-60 Students’ Seminar/tests/discussions
Suggested Readings:
1 An Introduction to medicinal chemistry by Graham L. Patrick, 6th Edn., Oxford University

Press, 2017
2 Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry: How drugs act and why by Alex Gningauz and
Bruce S. Burnham and Iris H. Hall; Ed. 2nd; Wiley-Interscience; 2007.
3 Organic chemistry of drug design and drug action by Richard B. Silverman; Ed. 3rd;
ELSEVIER; 2014.
4 Textbook of drug design and discovery by Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen and Kristian
Stromgaard and Ulf Madsen; Ed. 5th; CRC; 2016.
5 Biopharmaceuticals: Biochemistry and Biotechnology by Gary Walsh; Ed. 2nd;Wiley;
2013.
6 Combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity in drug discovery by Eric M. Gorden
and James F. Kerwin; Wiley-Liss; 1998.
Molecular diversity and combinatorial chemistry: principles and applications by Michael
C. Pirrung; ELSEVIER; 2004
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CLINICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MBSEC-409
Course Objectives:
Throughout the evolution of life almost all the living organism have succumbed to myriads of
illness but with the advancement in science and technology human have come to understand and
treat many of such dreadful diseases. This course is designed for the postgraduate students with
foundation knowledge of human physiology to appreciate and understand the various aspects of
the disease and enabling them to correlate with the normal physiology.

This course is an elective course offered in fourth semester which prerequisite human physiology
I & II. After completing this course the students will be able to:
 Effectively communicate case studies in pathophysiology through verbal, written

and multimedia means.
 Read, understand, and critically evaluate medical journals, health articles, and other
forms of data related to pathophysiology.
 Understand the basic laboratory tests and other diagnostic procedures.
 Understand how the various organ systems are interrelated, and use this understanding
to promote a holistic approach towards the identification of medical emergencies.
 Create awareness about healthy practices and support the treatment regime of patients at
home and community.
Contents
Unit I: General patient assessment

L1: General principles of history taking, General patient examination and differential
diagnosis
L2: Assessment in Women, Children and adolescents, Older people, Psychiatric
assessment, Patients presenting as emergencies, Patients in pain.
Unit II: Methods for patient assessment
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L3-4: Body temperature, pulse, blood pressure, blood profiles, disease specific blood test,
urine test sputum, stool test, precaution for the retrieval of various biological samples
from the patients,
L5-6: Radiology Test, their Application and Precautions to use (X-ray, CT-scan, PET
scan, MRI)
All the system specific diseases should cover following aspects: prevalence, significance,
pathology/etiology, clinical manifestation, disease management/ treatment strategy
Unit III: Genetic Diseases
L7: Pathophysiological aspects of Genetic Disease, Mutation Rate & the Prevalence of
Genetic Disease,
L8-9: Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases
Unit IV: Pulmonary disorder

L10-11: Obstructive Lung Diseases: Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema
L12-13-: Restrictive Lung Disease: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Pulmonary

Edema, pulmonary embolism,
Unit V: Cardiovascular Disorders
L14-16: Heart Disease: Heart failure, Arrhythmias, Valvular Heart Disease, Coronary
Artery Disease, Pericardial Disease
L17-19: Vascular Disease: Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, Shock,
L20-22: Blood Disorders: Blood cell disorders: red and white blood cell disorder,
platelets disorders, coagulation disorder.
Unit VI: Nervous System Disorders with case studies
L23-25: Mood Disorders: bipolar disorder, depression, Seasonal affective disorder

(SAD), obsessive compulsive disorder
L26-28: Anxiety disorder: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder
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L29-31: Trauma Disorders: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Reactive
Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Acute Stress
Disorder, Adjustment Disorders, Dissociative identity disorder
L32: Schizophrenia: Signs and Symptoms, risk factor, therapies
L33-34: Disorders of Impulse Control: Pathological Gambling, Kleptomania,
Pyromania, Trichotillomania, Intermittent Explosive Disorder,
Compulsive Sexuality
L35-37: Neurodegenerative disorder: Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s
disease, Huntington disease, Multiple Sclerosis & Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
L38-39: Substance Abuse: General Mechanisms, alcohol, nicotine and synthetic drugs
Unit VII: Endocrinal Disorders
L40-41: Pheochromocytoma, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal Gland

L42-43:Ovaries and Testis,
L44-45: Disorders of Thyroid
L46-47: Pituaitary Gland,
Unit VIII: Gastrointestinal Disease
L48-49: Disorders of Motility: Esophageal Achalasia, Reflux Esophagitis, Gastric

Ulcer, Gastroparesis,
L50-51: Disorders of Secretion: Cholelithiasis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Liver
Diseases:
Fatty Liver, Pancreatic Diseases, Diabetes \
L52-53: Disorders of Digestion & Absorption, GI Manifestations of Systemic Disease,
Unit IX: Renal Diseases

L54: Acute Kidney Injury, Chronic Kidney Disease,
L55: Glomerulonephritis & Nephrotic Syndrome, Renal Stones
Unit X: Disorders of Reproductive Tract
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L56-57: Female: Disorders of the Ovary, Disorders of the Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, &
Vagina, Disorders of Pregnancy, Disorders of the Breast, Disorders Of Sexual
Development
L58-59: Male: Male Infertility, Penile Erectile Dysfunction, Prostate Gland
Hyperplasia, Disorders of Sexual Development
Suggested Readings
1. Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine by Gary D. Hammer,

7th Edition. Lange Medical Books, 2014.
2. Understanding Pathophysiology by Sue E. Huether RN, 6th edition, Elsevier, 2017.
3. Essential of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered State by Carol Mattson Porth,
Glenn Matfin, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014.
4. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children by Kathryn L.
McCance, 7th Edition, 2015
112
ADVANCED TOXICOLOGY
MBSEC-410
Course Objectives:
Understanding about the basic toxicological principles, adverse drug reaction and therapeutic drug
monitoring, risk assessment/safety assessment, metabolism for inducing toxicity and different
mechanisms for drug, toxicological substances, heavy metal and pesticide. The student is expected
to own such knowledge and skills on completion of the course that she/he in an independent way
can process and present different problems within the subject area.
 After completion of the course students will be able to develop the awareness of general
principles of environmental, occupational toxicology including toxicovigilance;
demonstrate in-depth knowledge of the interaction between exposure to exogenous
chemicals and toxic effects in humans.
 Students will be able to demonstrate a good ability to independently find, summarize and
assess scientific information within the field of toxicology, and to be able to use this
information in other problems and in assessing the health risks of chemical substances.
 Students develop awareness about adverse drug reactions, therapeutic drug monitoring and
Forensic Toxicology.
Unit I: ADVERSE DRUG REACTION AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING
L1-L4: Classifications, adverse interactions, and pharmacokinetic drug interactions,

spontaneous case reports, and Adverse drug reaction reporting and management;
human risk assessment, Toxicological database. Need for Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring, factors to be considered during the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Adverse
drug reactions and therapeutic drug monitoring.
L5: General concepts of Toxicovigilance, National poison information centres and
poisoning management.
L6: Concepts of Toxicogenomics and personalized medicine
L7-8: TUTORIALS
Unit II: TOXICOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS
113
L9-L13: Source, exposure, absorption, target site interactions and health hazards of Metallic
Pollutants Mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, Chromium.
L14-L15: Mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity- Induction of metallothionein, heat shock
proteins, cytoskeletal effects, lipid peroxidation, Metal protein interaction, metal
nucleic acid interactions.
L16: Source, exposure, absorption, target site interactions and health hazards of Fluoride.
L17-L18: Source, exposure, absorption, target site interactions and health hazards of trace
elements- Iodine, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, molybdenum, and cobalt.
L19: Eco-toxicology of heavy metals- Case studies of Lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium.
L20-L21: TUTORIALS
Unit III: TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES
L22-L23: Pesticides: Brief classification with examples, residual and non-residual pesticides.
Mode of entry and mode of action of pesticides in target and non-target organisms.
L24-L25: Ecotoxicology: Impact of pesticides residues on ecosystems, non-target organisms;

Pesticide bioaccoumlation, biomagnification through food chain
L26-L27: Environmental alteration of pesticides - microbial and solar, fate and dissipation of
pesticides residue under tropical and temperature conditions.
L28-L29: Pesticide hazards to man Accidental and occupational exposure, entry through air,
food and water, Residue levels in man: Indian experience Vs developed countries;
Residues in tissues and organs – distribution and redistribution; Pregnancy and
transfer to fetus.
L30: Environmental problems by organochlorine pesticides- Case studies of DDT,
endosulphan, benzene hexachloride (Lindane).
L31: Environmental problems by organophosphate pesticides- Case studies of parathion,
and malathion.
L32: Toxicity of pesticides in man- Case studies, Handigodu syndrome, Benzene
Hexachloride poisoning in Turkey, and endosulphan toxicity in Kerala.
L33-L34: TUTORIAL
Unit IV: APPLIED TOXICOLOGY
L35-L36: Cosmetic toxicology (General overview): Toxicity of shampoos, conditioners,

bleachers, dyes, allergic and respiratory disorders.
L37-L38: Forensic toxicology (General overview): Specimen sample collection, types of
testing, detection of poisons, applications of forensic toxicology
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L39-L40: Toxicology of chemical warfare agents-(General overview): Chemical weapons,
mustard gas, lewisite, nerve agents, hydrogen cyanide, management of chemical
warfare agents.
L41: A brief review of Radioactive hazard
LL42: TUTORIAL
Unit V: OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
L43-L44: Brief review of Occupational hazards and diseases- Pneumoconiosis, silicosis,

asbestosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis, Farmers’ lung, Skin cancer, Lung
cancer, Bladder cancer, Leukemia.
L45: Industrial toxicology- History and basic features, Industrial hygiene, Risk assessment –
Risk assessment for industrial chemicals in EU, OECD and USA.
L46: Concepts of Industrial hygiene, Threshold Limit Value and Occupational Safety Health
Administration etc.
L47: Preventive toxicology- Bioremediation and Toxic site reclamation
L48: TUTORIALS
Unit VI: TOXICOKINETICS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY
L49-L50: Toxicokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of xenobiotics; metabolism

of pesticides, phase I and phase II reaction, elimination.
L51-L53: Molecular Mechanisms of toxicity– Reaction of toxicants with target molecules,
Toxicological consequences of oxidative stress, Oxidative stress and protein, DNA and
lipid damage, Disturbances in calcium homeostasis , Toxicological consequences of
increased intracellular calcium concentrations; Disruption of cellular energy
production – Mitochondrial targets, Inhibition of NADH production, Inhibition of
electron transport change; Brief description of Necrotic and apoptotic cell death
L54: TUTORIAL
Unit VII: DRUG SAFETY
L55-L56: Principles of risk assessment and the role of safety pharmacology in the drug
development process and the methodology associated with drug evaluation.
L57-L58: Regulatory toxicology: Regulatory agencies, Regulation of pesticides,
pharmaceuticals, and food additives; Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances Act-
1985 and Rules. Drugs and cosmetic acts; Food and Drug Administration,
Organization of Economic Corporation Development, International conference on
115
harmonization, Schedule Y: Design non-clinical toxicity studies and clinical
development. Clinical risk/benefit analysis.
L59-L60: Concept of Good Laboratories Practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, good
Clinical Practices.
L61: TUTORIAL
Suggested Readings
1. Casarett and Dull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons by Curties D. Klaassen; Ed.
7th; McGraw Hill; New York; 2007.
2. Toxicology by Hans Marquradt and S.G. Schafer and R.D. McClellah and Academic Press;
1999.
3. Principles and practice of toxicology in public health by Ira R. Richards; Jones and Bartlett
Publishers;2007.
4. Handbook of human toxicology by E.J. Massaro; CRC Press; 1997.
5. Toxicogenomics-Based Cellular: Alternatives to Animal Testing for Safety Assessment
Models, Jos Kleinjans, Academic Press, Ist Ed 2014.
6. OECD Guidelines.
7. Environmental Pollution: Health and Toxicology, S.V.S. Rana , Narosa Publishing
House2nd Edition 2011,
8. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Anil Aggrawal, Avichal Publishing
Company, 2017.
9. Biomarkers in Toxicology, Ramesh Gupta , 1st Edition, Academic Press, 2014
10. Goodman & Gillman's The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics, Laurence
Brunton, Bruce A. Chabner, McGraw Hill Education; 12 edition, 2011
11. Poisoning & Drug Overdose, Kent R. Olson, Ilene B. Anderson, Neal L. Benowitz et al,
McGraw-Hill Education, 2018
12. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies Hardcover, Lewis Goldfrank , Neal Lewin , Mc
Graw Hill Education/Exclusively distd. By Jaypee; 10 edition (2014)
116
MEDICAL VIROLOGY AND MYCOLOGY
MBSEC-411
Course Objectives:
Medical Virology and Mycology is one of the elective courses for the biomedical sciences
students. Students will gain insights on the nature of various infectious agents and diseases
pathologies caused by common fungi and viruses. In addition, they will also understand
pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, virulence factors and treatment strategies of medically
important fungi and viruses. The structure and function of medically important viruses such as
Dengue and Chikungunya viruses will also be studied. In addition the detail study of human
fungal infections such as fungal Eye, Nail and Skin Infections will be studied in detail.
Course outcome
 Students will gain insights on the nature of various infectious agents and diseases
pathologies caused by common fungi and viruses (for eg. Candidiasis, aspergillosis small
pox, HPV etc.).
 The students will be able to understand the structure and function of medically important
viruses such as Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses.
 They will also understand pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, virulence factors and
treatment strategies of medically important fungi and viruses.
Contents
Unit I: Introduction to medical virology
L1-2. Concept of viroids, virusoids, satellite viruses and prions. Theories of viral origin.
L3-10. Detail study of DNA Viruses: for eg. Small pox, Herpes viruses, Human Papilloma
viruses, Parvoviruses, adenoviruses, chickenpox, Papova viruses, Hepatitis virus
L11-17. Detail study of RNA viruses: for eg. HIV, Influenza virus, poliovirus, Reoviruses,
Rhinovirus, Ebola virus, Enterovirus.
L18-20. Zika virus, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses and emerging viruses will be studied.
Unit II: Reproduction and Growth of viruses
L21-22. DNA virus transcription and replication, Positive-strand RNA virus replication,
Negative-strand RNA virus replication.
117
L23. Regulation of retrovirus replication.
L24. Virulence factors and evasive strategies of viruses.
L25-26. Use of viral vectors in cloning and expression, current uses of viruses in gene therapy
and vaccine applications.
Unit III: Epidemiology and Pathogenicity of viruses
L27-28. The prevalence and distribution of various viral infections in the world will be covered.
Tools to study epidemiological data and their analyses will be discussed.
L29. Pathogenesis caused by structural, nonstructural and envelop proteins will be
discussed.
Unit IV: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of viruses
L30. The conventional and current methods of diagnosis of the infections will be discussed
along with the limitations. Alternative strategies towards developing newer tools and
technologies in developing diagnostic platforms will be covered.
L31. The current modes of treatment and alternative strategies to combat viral infections in
lieu of increased reports of resistance will be covered in detail.
L32-34. Antiviral compounds, interferons, designing and screening for antivirals, mechanisms
of action, antiviral libraries, antiretrovirals-mechanism of action and drug resistance.
Unit V: Immunity to viral infections
L35-36. The immune responses, both innate and adaptive will be extensively covered. As a
prelude the intricacies involved in host-pathogen interactions at the cellular and
molecular levels will be discussed in detail. This will include the involvement of cell
surface receptors on the pathogen and the host cell and their interactions.
L37-38. Signal transduction from the pathogen receptors and the immune evasion strategies
evolved by different viruses will be discussed.
Unit VI: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY
L39. Fungi and their significance, Relationship of fungi with plants and animals, Milestones
in mycological and pathological studies.
L40-41. Fungal cell-structure and composition, Physiology of fungal growth, Ecological
groups of Fungi, Fungal spores, Molecular method of fungal taxonomy, Fungi as
model organism for genetic studies.
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Unit VII: Detail study of human fungal infections
L42-50. Cryptococcosis, Candidiasis, Blastomycosis, Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis,

Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, Mucormycosis. Pneumocystis pneumonia
L51-52: Fungal Eye, Nail and Skin Infections, Central nervous system.
Unit VIII: Prevention and control of fungal diseases
L53-55. Antifungal Therapeutic Agents. Fungal allergies and types of Mushroom Poisoning
and other Mycotoxins. Prognosis and Treatment.
L56-60. Student seminar/Discussions/Tests
Suggested Readings:
1. Fundamental Virology: Fields and Knipe, ed. Raven Press, 2 Volume Set. 6th Edition 2013.
2. Vaccines. Stanley A. Plotkin, Walter A. Orenstein. Elsevier Health Sciences 7th Edition 2017.
3. Strauss, E. G. and Strauss, J. H., “Viruses and Human Disease”, Academic Press, 2nd Edition
2008.
4. Flint, S.J., Enquest, L.W., Krug, R. M., Racaniello, V. R., and Skalka, A. M., “Principles of
Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control”, ASM Press. 4th Edition 2015.
5. Antiviral Drug Discovery for Emerging Diseases and Bioterrorism Threats. Paul F. Torrence
(Editor), Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. 2007.
6. Microbiology by Lansing M. Prescott and John P. Harley and Donald Klein; McGraw-Hill
Science, 10th Edition 2017.
7. Medical microbiology: a guide to microbial infections: pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnosis and control by David Greenwood and Richard C. B. Slack and John F. Peuthere, ed.
Churchill Livingstone; 18th Edition 2012.
8. Essentials of diagnostic microbiology by Lisa Anne Shimeld and Anne T. Rodgers; Delmar
Publishers, 2016.
9. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections by Leslie Collier and Albert
Balows and Max Sussman; 8-Volume Set; A Hodder Arnold Publication, 10th Edition 2007.
10. Medical Microbiology by Geo. Brooks and Karen C. Carroll and Janet Butel and Stephen
Morse; McGraw-Hill Medical, 27th Edition 2016.
119
ADVANCES IN PROTEIN SCIENCE
MBSEC-412
Course Objectives:
Nowadays growing number of human diseases are due to protein misfolding. Mutations and
various unwanted post-translational modifications are known to cause aberrant protein folding.
Protein amyloidosis additionally covers a large bulk of human diseases due to protein misfolding.
Large spectrum of diseases again is due to defects in protein trafficking and translocation. Keeping
in mind that subtle alteration in the protein folding environment is crucial toward the proper
foldability of a protein, it is important to understand how protein folding, turn-over and quality
control system is finely tuned in the intracellular environment. Advances in Protein Science has
been designed specially to cover all aspects of protein folding to protein quality control system
and their inter-relations to human diseases. Extensive knowledge on protein aggregates or amylois
and their managements by the cellular systems have been largely dealt.
Course learning Outcome
 Students will have comprehensive understanding on cellular protein biochemistry

especially, the importance of the fidelity of protein folding and quality control system and
how they are linked with human diseases.
 Students will also develop skills on methods and treatment strategies of the large
spectrum of human diseases caused due to protein misfolding.
Contents
Unit I. Basic Principles of protein folding in cell
L1. Introduction to protein folding and its need, Levinthal paradox, protein folding problem,
models of protein folding
L2. Protein folding in Endoplasmic reticulum: Mechanism and recent advances, few examples
of proteins, folding in endoplasmic reticulum
L3-L4. Cytosolic protein folding, Co-translational protein folding: Mechanism and recent
advances, few examples of proteins, folding in cytoplasm
L5. Protein sorting and transportation, addition of signal sequences, protein glycosylation
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L6. Role of Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and Peptidyl proline isomerase (PPI) in protein
folding, Structrure and chaperoning mechanisms, examples of proteins that require PDI
and PPI assistance
L7. Protein folding in prokaryotes.
Unit II. Chaperones

L8-L9. Introduction to Chaperonin, structure of GroEL, GroES and their detail mechanism of
assisting protein folding,
L10. Structure and function of other chaperones including Prefoldin, and tubulin-specific
chaperones
L11. Introduction to inducible and house-keeping chaperones, examples of some housekeeping
chaperones: mechanisms and mode of action, important chaperones in endoplasmic
reticulum.
L12-L13. Introduction to small and large heat shock proteins, functional differences in terms of
chaperoning mechanism, other additional biological functions to some of the small and
large heat shock proteins, major chaperone systems in yeast and human.
L14-16. Small heat shock proteins (Hsp12, Hsp10, Hsp26, alpha-crystallin etc.): structure,
function and interactions based on yeast and human systems
L17-19. Large heat shock protein: Hsp70, Hsp60, Hsp90, Hsp104 structure, function and
interactions based on yeast and human system
L20-21. Role of chaperones in protein translocation, specific chaperones involved in protein
degradation (e.g. CHIP, Hsp90, Hsp26)
L22. understanding chaperone cross-talks/networks
Unit III. Protein Quality control

L23-24. Introduction to Protein degradation, Proteasomal-mediated protein degradation:
Ubiquitin dependent and independent pathways with examples, and lysosomal-mediated
protein degradation, introduction to some important proteases operating the cells.
L25. structure and function of proteosome, recognition mechanism and mechanism of
proteolysis
L26-27. Autophagy and its importance in many biological processes, advances in Autophagy
research Concept of degrons, protein arginylation, Conditions that lead to arginylation with
suitable examples
L28-29. Unfolded protein response and its role in stress response, protein quality control
system in yeast, bacteria, and humans and their role in stress conditions
121
L30. Protein half-life and methods of determination, factors affecting protein half life. Tutorial
and Class test
Unit IV. Protein misfolding and diseases

L31. Introduction to protein unfolding, chaperones involved in protein unfolding, protein
misfolding, Different causes of protein misfolding: mutation: how different mutation
affects protein function,
L32-33. mechanism of oxidative stress-induced protein misfolding, protein misfolding by
protein covalent modifications including homocystinylation, glycation, Understanding
the pathological consequences of the misfolding processes
L34. Fates of different misfolded proteins, and strategy how cells takes care of malfolded
proteins
L35-38. common human diseases associated with protein misfolding: Cystic fibrosis,
Huntingtin’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Cardiac amyloidosis, Cataract, Diabetes,
acute myloid leukemia and other cancers, cystic fibrosis, Pathophysiology and advances
in treatment strategies
L39-42. Protein misfolding in ER and consequences, and pathologies, trafficking defects in
various organelles, diseases associated with trafficking defects: tay sach disease,
emphysema, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, I-cell disease, Zellweger syndrome,
Primary hyperoxaluria.
L43-45. Common advances in protein misfolding rescue: pharmacological chaperones,
Chemical chaperones, Immunotherapy, proteostatic modulators (at least with two-three
examples each).
Unit V. Understanding Protein aggregation
L46-47. Pathways of protein aggregation, aggregation kinetics: nucleation phase,
oligomerization and fibrillation phase, aggregate morphologies, structure of protein
amyloids, different ways to induce protein aggregates or amyloids, co-aggregation
L48-49. Concept that protein aggregation is for a good cause, oligomer versus fibril toxicity
theory, Cellular mechanisms of aggregation mediated toxicity: Endoplasmic reticulum
dysfunctioning, Mitochondria injury, Proteasomal dysfunctioning, oligome and annular
ring
L50-52. tools to analyse in-vivo protein fibrillation: Electron microscopy, Confocal and
fluorescence Microscopy, NMR, different Fluorescent dyes and their properties, DLS.
L53-60 Research paper presentations by students, Tutorial and Class test
122
Suggested Readings
1. Biochemistry by Donald Voet and Judith G. Voet; Ed. 4th; John Wiley & Sons,
Incorporated, 2012.
2. Molecular cell biology by Harvey Lodish and Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, and Monty
Krieger; Ed. 8th; Macmillan Learning, 2016.
3. Proteins: structures and molecular properties by Thomas E Creighton; Ed. 3rd; Freeman,
2010.
4. Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts; Ed. 6th; Garland Science, 2017.
5. Proteostasis and Chaperone Surveillance by Laishram Rajendrakumar Singh, Tanveer
Ali Dar, and Parvaiz Ahmad; Ed. 1st Springer India; 2015.
6. Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis. F. Ulrich Hartl, Andreas

Bracher & Manajit Hayer-Hartl; Nature: 475(7356), 2011.
7. Protein Folding in the Cytoplasm and the Heat Shock Response. R. Martin Vabulas,
Swasti Raychaudhuri, Manajit Hayer-Hartl, and F. Ulrich Hartl; Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press: 2(12), 2018.
8. Aggresomes, inclusion bodies and protein aggregation by Ron R Kopito; Trends in Cell
biology: 524-530, 2000.
9. In vivo aspects of protein folding and quality control. Balchin, D., Hayer-Hartl, M., &
Hartl, F. U; Science: 353(6294), 2016.
123
NEUROBIOLOGY
MBSEC-413
Course Objectives:
Brain is the window of a person’s physical existence with surroundings and other people, it is the
medium through which a person is able to communicate and express oneself. Moreover, the brain
is the organ an organ which not only defines our physical identity but also makes each of us unique
human being, therefore it is imperative to understand the function of the brain and it is a very
complicated organ system about which we only have a superficial knowledge. This course has
been designed to provide the basic knowledge at both molecular and cellular level about the human
brain and it’s functioning and simultaneously laying the foundation in the young minds to explore
and solve the mysteries of the human brain.
This course is an elective course offered in the fourth semester which prerequisite
human physiology I & II. After completing this course the students will be able to:
 Demonstrate knowledge of, and recognize the relationships between, the structure and
function of molecules and tissues involved in neurobiological systems at all levels:
molecular, cellular, and organism.
 Perform basic laboratory techniques used in neuroscience research and understand and
apply principles of laboratory safety.
 Apply and integrate their knowledge of neuroscience to other areas of their studies and
to their everyday life
Contents:
UNIT I: Neural signaling at molecular level

L1: Wnt signaling, Notch pathway: Lateral inhibition,
L2: Helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins: proneural,
L3: Sox gene expression, Transcriptional networks and silencing
UNIT II: Neural Induction, Pattern Formation, and Cell Specification

L4-5: Neurulation, Neural induction in chicks and humans
124
L6-8: Morphogens, Sonic Hedgehog and neural patterning, Floor Plate patterning of ventral
cell types: Ventral Patterning, Wnt pathway and neural patterning, L9-10: Bone
morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the neuroectoderm, Retinoic Acid
Signaling,
L11-12: forebrain development, Midrain development, hindbrain development (spinal cord),
L13-16: neural patterning, Motor neuron specification in vertebrates, Axon Guidance
and Synaptogenesis
UNIT III: Cellular differentiation

L17-18: From Stem Cell to Unique Neuron (drosophila and human),
L19-21: macroglial lineage, dopaminergic retinal, haircell, olfactory, oligodentrocytes,

Schwann cell differentiation,
L22-25: Neuronal plasticity
L26-27: Synaptogenesis, plasticity for motor cortex, sensory system and higher brain
functions,
L28-29: Autonomic Neuroplasticity
UNIT IV: Neurogenesis, Neurotrophism, and Regeneration
L30-31: Neural cell division, CNS aging, neuronal programmed cell death,
autophagy, Neurotrophic factors,
L-32-33: Neuronogenesis and stem cells in normal brain aging, Axonal regeneration
and sprouting with emphasis on spinal cord injuries and brain trauma
UNIT V: Methods in neuroscience research
L-34-36: Brain tissue isolation and preparation for Immunohistochemistry, “Multi-omic”

Research
L37-39: “Multi-omic” approach for biomarker studies,
L40-42: Neuro-optogenetics,single-cell neuronal dissection and brain slice preparation
for electrophysiological studies, stereotaxic injections in various parts of the
brain,
L43-44: Animal models for neurological disorders,
L45-46: Isolation and culture of neural cell types from various model organisms
125
L47-48: In-vitro models for neuroscience
L49-50: Non-invasive neurophysiological imaging,
L51-L60 Group discussion, Student seminar, and test
Suggested Readings
1. Developmental Neurobiology by Greg Lemke - 1st Edition - Elsevier 2009.

2. Principles of Neural Science, (Kandel) 5th Edition, 2013.
3. Fundamental Neuroscience by Larry Squire, Darwin Berg, Floyd E. Bloom, Sascha du
Lac, Anirvan Ghosh, Nicholas C. Spitzer, ELSEVIER 4th Edition, 2013
4. Neuroscience Online, an Open-Access Neuroscience Electronic Textbook
https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/
5. Neural plasticity: the effects of environment on the development of the cerebral cortex.
Peter Huttenlocher - Harvard University Press – 2002
6. Current Laboratory Methods in Neuroscience Research by Huangui Xiong, Howard E.
Gendelman springer, 2013.
7. Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience, by Matt Carter Jennifer C. Shieh,
Academic Press, Second Edition, 2015
126
DRUG DISCOVERY AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT
MBSEC-414
Course Objectives:
This course will explore the process of drug development, from target identification to drug
development and registration. It will present the different stages of drug development such as target
identification, selection of lead module using computer-aided drug design and combinatorial
chemistry/ and synthesis and characterization of designed molecules and high-throughput
screening. It also covers the safety evaluation, bioavailability, pharamacokinetics clinical trials,
and the essence of patent law. The students will learn molecular recognition, computer aided drug
design, and toxicology as applied to the development of new medicines. The course covers the
drug development process from bench to bedside.
 Describe and justify the role and importance of the various disciplines involved in the
different phases of drug discovery and development
 Account for decision points in the drug development process
 Explain how methods for predictions are used to make early decisions in the drug
discovery and development
 Carry out searches to retrieve information relevant to the development of a new drug.
 Construct, review and evaluate preclinical and clinical pharmaceutical studies with a
general understanding of aim, choice of procedures, results, conclusions and importance.
 Evaluate scientific, ethical and market-related considerations of importance in the drug
development.
Unit I: Introduction to Drug Discovery as a Process
(i) Historical development of chemotherapeutics:

L1. Drug discovery starting from dyes to sulphones/sulphonamides and antibiotics.
(ii) Drug Discovery as a Process
L2-4 Target Identification and Validation: Genomics and chemoinformatics/bioinformatics

approaches in target selection, analysis of nucleic acid sequence, protein sequence and
structure, expression databases and functional pathway data in databases. Translational
127
medicines and Biomarkers to expedite the discovery of new diagnostic tools and
treatments leveraging new technology and data analysis tools.
Unit II: Pre-Discovery Process

L5-6. Understanding of pathophysiology of disease and molecular pathways (eg. Neuronal
disorders, cancer, respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune
diseases, anti-microbial infections).
Unit III. Drug target identification

L7-8 (i)the advantages and disadvantages of membrane proteins such as receptors, ion
channels and transporters as drug targets, increased challenge due to the difficulty in
obtaining pure, correctly-folded protein in sufficient quantity for functional or structural
assays.
L9-10 (ii) the advantages and disadvantages of nucleic acids such as DNA, messenger RNA,
and ribosomal RNA as molecular targets in the chemotherapy of cancer, viral, and
microbial diseases.
L11-12 (iii) Rational approaches to the design of sequences specific DNA binding agents and
the gene-specific inhibitors of transcription.
L 13-16(iv) Design of the drugs selectively blocking mRNA to inhibit gene expression at the
level of translation through (a) the antisense oligonucleotides, (b) the ribozymes that
selectively cleave designated mRNAs, and (3) the small inhibitory RNAs, known as
siRNAs, in post-transcriptional gene silencin
L 17-18 (v) Stimulating or blocking of selected Proteins ( enzymes /receptors) as drug targets
Unit IV: Drug target Validation

L 19-20 In silico methods and in vitro and vivo tools using radioligand binding, ELISA,
Western blots etc. for validation of target.
Unit V: Computer-Aided Drug Design

L 21-24 Methods for geometry optimisation, molecular dynamics simulation, and
conformational searching. Ligand-based Drug Design to improve the properties of a
potential drug, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and pharmacophore
determination. Structure-based Drug Design: the 3-dimensional structure of the
receptor, generally a protein, a nucleic acid, a protein-nucleic acid complex focusing on
X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
Unit VI: Lead Identification
L 25-30 (i)Synthesis, characterization (IR, NMR, MS) of small molecules, and lead
identification through virtual screening using in silico methods and High Throughput
128
Screening. Advantages of High Throughput Screening. Types of assays and the
advantages and disadvantages of each assay type, assay development and the screening
assay.
L 31 (ii)Biologics or therapeutic proteins: antibodies, replacement or modulators of enzymes
and of cell surface receptors.
L 32 (iii) Introduction of combinatorial methods of general organic synthesis, natural
products and their analogues.
Unit VII: Drug Delivery
L 33-38 Introduction to drug formulations and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism

and Excretion) processes, their impact on drug’s bioavailability. Pro-drugs and Drug
Delivery to enhance delivery and / or therapeutic effect
Unit VIII. Pre-Clinical Toxicology and Clinical testing

L 39-42 (i) Pre-clinical Toxicology : In vivo toxicity tests required by the world’s regulatory
bodies; genotoxicity, acute and short-term toxicity tests, tests for carcinogenic
potential, Q-T prolongation and others as required by chemical class - the theory and
methodology underlying various in vivo toxicology tests - the ethics of in vivo toxicity
testing and the potential for replacement by in vitro models.
L 43-46 (ii) Clinical Trials: The regulation of therapeutic products and the phases (I-IV) of
clinical trial that a drug must pass through before registration, Clinical Trial Design-
aims, design, controls and placebo, blinds, randomisation procedures, sample size,
statistics, endpoints and ethics.
Unit IX: Ethics of Human and Animal Experimentation
L 47-50 Testing of drugs in animals and humans under strict regulation to limit any harm and
distress to the research subject - the ethical conduct of biomedical research, including
the policies governing biomedical and animal research in India. The role of
institutional human ethic committees and what constitutes informed consent. The
general principles for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes and the 3 R’s,
replacement, reduction and refinement and the role of institutional animal ethics
committees.
Unit X: Intellectual Property
L51-56 The basic principles underlying the protection of intellectual property focusing on the
legal issues relevant to the patenting of pharmaceutical agents according to the
relevant sections of Indian Patent Law, the types of patents available and what can be
protected, non-patentable inventions, the notions of invention disclosure and prior art,
129
prior art searches, patentability assessment, challenges of pharmaceutical patenting,
elements of a patent application and claim drafting.
Unit XI. Commercial Considerations in Drug Development

L 57-60 From target discovery to clinical trials and marketing (Lab to market), various steps
from discovery to market including regulatory compliance, how and when to make
Go/No-Go decisions, time-scales of various steps, program planning and the
interactive perspectives of different groups involved in drug development in small and
large pharmaceutical companies.
Suggested Readings:
1. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III 3rd Edition by Samuel Chackalamannil David
Rotella Simon Ward; Elsevier; Published Date: 15th June 2017
2. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action by Richard B. Silverman, 3rd
Edition ( 2014); Elsevier
3. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Thomas L. Lemke PhD, David A. Williams
PhD, Victoria F. Roche PhD, S. William Zito PhD, Seventh EditionSeventh Edition
Copyright © 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business 351 West
Camden Street Two Commerce Square Baltimore, MD 21201 2001 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
4. Drug Discovery and Development by Williams, Michael, Malick, Jeffrey B, Springer
Science & Business Media, Dec 6, 2012, (1st Edition in 1987)
5. Case Studies in Modern Drug Discovery and Development by X Huang and RG Aslanian
2012 (1st Edition ) Willey
6. Real World Drug Discovery, RM Rydzewski Published: 10th September 2008; Elsevier
Science,
7. The Process of New Drug Discovery and Development, Second Edition / Edition 2
by Charles G. Smith, James T. O'Donnell CRC Press; 2 edition (23 Jun. 2006)
130
131

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UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

MASTER OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

(Effective from Academic Year 2019-20)

XXXXX Revised Syllabus as approved by

I. About the Department 3

II. Introduction to CBCS Scope & Definitions 4

III. M.Sc. Biomedical Scineces Programme Details 6-15

Programme scope, objectives and outcomes 6

I. About the Department

II. Introduction to CBCS (Choice Based Credit System)

Choice Based Credit System:

(ii) ‘Course’ means a segment of a subject that is part of an Academic Programme

III. M. Sc. and M.Sc.- Ph.D. Combined Degree Programme Details:

Programme Objectives (POs):

Programme Specific Outcome

Part – I First Year Semester I Semester II

Part – II Second Year Semester III Semester IV

Course Credit Scheme

Semester Core Courses Elective Course Open Elective Course Total

Semester wise Details of M.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences Course

Semester I/II/III/IV (individually for each semester)

Number of Open Elective courses (1) Credits in each Elective course

OPEN ELECTIVES To be offered by ACBR (III Semester)

List of ELECTIVE Papers (Choice based papers) for IV semester

1. MBSEC-401 - Molecular Oncology

Selection of Electives and open Elective Courses:

 Students will be required to take either DISSERTATION PROJECT in any laboratory

There shall be 90 instructional days excluding examination in a semester.

ONLY THROUGH ENTRANCE conducted by the University of Delhi.

Marks Requirement: 55% or above marks in aggregate or equivalent grade or as per

1. English shall be the medium of instruction and examination.

Part I to Part II Progression:

Conversion of Marks into Grades:

As per University Examination rules

Grade point table as per University Examination rule

As per University Examination rule.

As per University Examination rules

Grand SGPA Calculation:

As per University Examination rules

Conversion of Grand CGPA into Marks

Internal assessment components for Practical papers (2 credits, 50 marks) in Semester

MASTER of Biomedical Sciences

Marks: 100 marks (4 credits) Duration: 60 Hrs.

Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit I: Reactive Intermediates in Organic Reactions

L1-2. Carbocation stability, formation and reactions with examples

Unit II: Stereochemistry of Organic compounds

The definition of the following terms with suitable examples:

Unit II: Mechanism and stereochemistry of following reactions

L20-21. Substitution reactions

Unit III: Asymmetric synthesis

L33. Examples of Asymmetric synthesis involving active substrate

Unit IV: Heterocyclic chemistry

L42. furan and pyrrole

Marks: 100 marks (4 credits) Duration: 60 Hrs.

Course Learning Outcomes:

(Unit wise details of course contents)

Unit II: Organelles of eukaryotic cells

Unit III: Nucleus and Chromosome Structure

Unit IV: The Cytoskeleton