Applied Chemistry Suggestion (2023-24)

Contents
Sl No Chapters No. of Question PDF Page No.

1 Atomic Structure, 105 3
Chemical Bonding and
Solutions
2 Water 48 17
3 Engineering Materials 58 23
4 Chemistry of Fuels and 46 32
Lubricants
5 Electro Chemistry 46 38
Total Number of Question= 303
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⦿ Atomic Structure ⦿ Applied Chemistry Suggestion ⦿ 1st Semester ⦿ WB Polytechnic
Polytechnic 1st Semester 4. For M-shell the total number of electron is-
Applied Chemistry (a) 8
(b) 32
Unit 1: Atomic structure, chemical bonding
(c) 18
and solution (d) 50
(Most Important Questions)
Explanation:
The maximum no. of electrons = 2𝑛2
1. According to Bohr’s theory, the orbits in which Where 𝑛 denotes the shell number.
electrons move are- For M, the value of n = 3,
(a) elliptical So no of electrons = 2×32 =18
(b) cylindrical Therefore, the M shell can hold a maximum of 18
(c) circular electrons, but if it is the outermost shell, then it
(d) oval cannot hold more than 8 electrons.
Answer: (c)
Explanation: According to Bohr's atomic model,
electrons move around the nucleus at certain and 5. An orbital can accommodate maximum ___ number
definite energy levels represented as n=1,2,3,.... of electrons.
and electrons revolves around the nucleus in (a) 1
circular orbit. (b) 2
Answer: (c) (c) 3
(d) 4
2. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of alpha
particles showed for the first time that the atom has Explanation:
(a) electrons According to Pauli's Exclusion principle and spin
(b) protons quantum number, every orbital can have a
(c) nucleus maximum of 2 electrons only.
(d) neutrons Answer: (b)
Explanation: Rutherford observed that the 6. How many atomic orbitals are present in the forth
positively charged α-particles were repelled and energy level of an atom?
deflected by the positive charges in the atom. (a) 32
Rutherford's named this positively charged (b) 16
portion of atom as nucleus. (c) 8
Answer: (c) (d) 4
3. In Rutherford’s experiments of atomic model the Explanation: Total number of orbitals present in
screen behind the gold foil contains- any given energy level = 𝑛2 . Hence total number of
(a) CdS orbitals present in 4th energy level is = 42 = 16.
(b) 𝐍𝐢𝟐 𝐎𝟑 Answer: (b)
(c) 𝐙𝐧𝐒
(d) 𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐒
Explanation: Zinc sulphide ZnS is employed in α -

ray scattering experiments because of its ability to
produce light flashes after colliding with
an α particle.
Answer: (c)
7. Which quantum number represents shape of an 11. The number of electrons in the d orbital of an atom
orbital? of chromium of atomic number 24 is-
(a) Magnetic (a) 4
(b) Azimuthal (b) 6
(c) Principle (c) 5
(d) Spin (d) 3
Explanation:
Principal quantum number determines size of the Explanation: The electronic configuration of 𝐶𝑟 is
orbital. Magnetic quantum number determines 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑5 4𝑠1
orientation of the orbital. Azimuthal quantum ∴ total s-orbitals=4
number determines shape of the orbital. total p-orbitals=6
Answer: (b) total d-orbitals=5
Answer: (c)
8. Which quantum number indicates shell number?
(a) Azimuthal 12. The ion which contains d electron is-
(b) Spin (a) Mg2+
(c) Principle (b) Al3+
(d) Magnetic (c) Cl-
Explanation: The principal quantum number, n, (d) Cr3+
designates the principal electron shell. Because n
describes the most probable distance of the Explanation: The electronic configuration of 𝐶𝑟 is
electrons from the nucleus. 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑3
Answer: (c) Answer: (d)
9. Which of the following quantum numbers governs 13. The number of proton in Ca2+
the spatial orientation of an atomic orbital? (a) 18
(a) Principle quantum number (b) 20
(b) Azimuthal quantum number (c) 22
(c) Magnetic quantum number (d) 24
(d) Spin quantum number
Explanation: Calcium (Ca) has the atomic number
Explanation: The magnetic quantum number of 20, so every atom of calcium contains 20
describes the spatial orientation or distribution of 2+
protons. Ca has a deficiency of electrons relative
electron cloud.
The spin quantum number represents the to protons. Since the charge on this ion is +2, we
direction of electron spin around its own axis. have 18 electrons.
Answer: (c) Answer: (a)
10. The ion which contains 8 electrons in the outermost 14. Which one is isotope?
shell is- (a) 𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟐, 𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟑
(a) 𝑪𝒍+ (b) 𝑨𝒓𝟒𝟎 , 𝑪𝒂𝟒𝟎
(b) 𝑶𝟐− (c) 𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟒, 𝟖𝑶𝟏𝟔
(c) 𝑴𝒈+ (d) All of above
(d) None of these
Explanation: Explanation: 6𝐶 12 and 6𝐶 13 possess the same
The atomic number of O = 8 number of protons and electrons, but a different
So, number of electrons = 8 number of neutrons so they are isotope.
Number of electrons in 𝑂2− are 8+2=10 Answer: (a)
Electronic configuration: 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6
∴ Electron in outermost shell = 2 + 6 = 8
Answer: (b)
15. Which one has radioactive isotopes? 19. The shape of 𝑩𝑭𝟑 molecule is –
(a) sodium (a) tetrahedral
(b) calcium (b) trigonal planar
(c) uranium (c) square planar
(d) magnesium (d) linear
Explanation: The best known example of a Explanation: The 𝐵𝐹3 molecule exhibits a 'Trigonal
naturally-occurring radioisotope is uranium. All Planar' geometry. This plane seems like all
but 0.7 per cent of naturally-occurring uranium is peripheral atoms exist in one place. There are 120°
uranium-238; the rest is the less stable, or more bond angles on each of them that make them an
radioactive, uranium-235, which has three fewer equilateral triangle.
neutrons in its nucleus.
Answer: (c)
16. The effective number of Na+ and Cl- each ion in the
Answer: (b)
unit cell is-
(a) 1
(b) 3 20. Shape of ammonia molecule is -
(c) 4 (a) tetrahedral
(d) 2 (b) linear
Explanation: (c) triangular
Number of chloride ions in the unit cell (d) octahedral
1 1
=8×8+6×2=1+3=4
Number of sodium ions in the unit cell Explanation: NH3 (Ammonia) electron geometry is
1 1
=12 × + 1 × = 3 + 1 = 4 “Tetrahedral” but its molecular geometry is
4 1
“Trigonal Pyramidal”.
Answer: (c)
17. The hybridization of ‘B’ in 𝑩𝑪𝒍𝟑 , is-

(a) 𝒔𝒑
(b) 𝒔𝒑𝟑 Answer: (a)
(c) 𝒔𝒑𝟐
(d) 𝒔𝒑𝟑 𝒅
21. Which of the following does not exhibit variable
valency?
Explanation: The type of hybridization that occurs
(a) Cu
in 𝐵𝐶𝑙3 is 𝑠𝑝2 hybridization. In BCl3 molecule,
(b) Fe
boron will be the central atom which contains
(c) Mn
three bonded atoms but no lone pair of electrons.
(d) Zn
Its steric number is also said to be 3.
Answer: (c) Explanation:
The electronic configuration of 𝑍𝑛 is 𝐴𝑟 3𝑑10 4𝑠 2 .
18. The bond angle of 𝒔𝒑𝟐 hybridized orbital is- Hence due to complete d-subshell, it does not show
(a) 180° variable valency.
(b) 90° Answer: (d)
(c) 120°
(d) 60°
Explanation: An 𝑠𝑝2 hybridized atomic orbital is
the mixing of 1𝑠 orbital and 2𝑝 orbitals. It has 3𝜎
bond so its molecular geometry
is trigonal with 120° bond angles.
Answer: (c)
22. Which one of the following elements exhibit oxygen atom to create a coordinate bond. As a
maximum number of valence electrons? result, 𝑂3 has one coordinate bond.
(a) Na
(b) Al
(c) Si
(d) P
Answer: (b)
Explanation: Sodium belongs to group 1 and has 1
valence electron. Aluminium belongs to group 13
and has 3 valence electrons. Silicon belongs to 26. Crystalline variety of carbon allotropy is-
group 14 and has 4 valence electrons. Lastly, (a) diamond
phosphorus belongs to group 15 and has 5 valence (b) graphite
electrons. Hence we can see that phosphorus has (c) charcoal
the maximum number of valence electrons. (d) coal
Answer: (d)
Explanation: The crystalline forms have definite
23. Which of the following used as semiconductor? geometrical shapes and regular arrangements of
(a) Cu atoms in their structure. Among the allotropes of
(b) Al carbon, diamond is crystalline.
(c) K Answer: (a)
(d) Si
27. Which one has highest electrical conductivity?
Explanation: Silicon is the most used (a) Diamond
semiconductor for discrete devices and integrated (b) Graphite
circuits. Silicon is less expensive due to the greater (c) Coke
abundance of an element. Silicon crystals are not (d) Gas
easily damaged by excess heat.
Answer: (d) Explanation: Graphite (allotrope of carbon) has
highest conductivity among all nonmetals. Reason
24. High boiling point of water is due to- behind this, like metals, free electrons are present
(a) ionic bond between hexagonal layers of graphite, so that
(b) H-bond graphite can conduct electricity even being a
(c) covalent bond nonmetal.
(d) co-ordinate covalent bond Answer: (b)
Explanation: Higher boiling point of water is due 28. In graphite, the layers are held by force called-
to hydrogen bonding. Several water molecules (a) hydrogen bond
associate through H-bonding. Large amount of (b) van der walls
energy is required to break this association. (c) covalent bond
Answer: (b) (d) co-ordinate bond
25. Number of coordinate bond in 𝑶𝟑 molecule is- Explanation: Graphite contains layers of carbon
(a) 0 atoms. The layers slide over each other easily
(b) 1 because there are only weak forces such as Van
(c) 2 der Walls force between them, which makes
(d) 3 graphite slippery.
Answer: (b)
Explanation: The ozone molecule contains three
oxygen atoms: The center oxygen atom makes a
double bond with one oxygen atom in this
structure but gives two electrons to the other
29. The C-C bond length is maximum in- 33. The secondary standard solution is-
(a) graphite (b) 𝐇𝐂𝐥
(b) diamond (c) 𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐂𝐎𝟑
(c) 𝑪𝟕𝟎 (d) 𝐊 𝟐 𝐂𝐫𝟐 𝐎𝟕
(d) 𝑪𝟔𝟎 (e) 𝐇𝟐 𝐂𝟐 𝐎𝟒 . 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎
Explanation: Bond length of C-C bond in diamond
is 154 pm and in graphite it is 145 pm. In diamond Explanation: A secondary standard solution is a
each carbon atom undergoes 𝑠𝑝3 hybridization chemical term that refers to a solution that has its
and linked to four other carbon atoms. concentration measured by titration with a
Answer: (b) primary standard solution. For example, making a
primary standard solution of Na2 CO3 and then
30. Very low density of ice compare to water is due to- titrating that to find the accurate concentration
(a) hydrogen bonding of HCl will make the HCl solution secondary
(b) ionic bonding standard.
(c) vander walls force Answer: (a)
(d) induced dipole
Explanation: When ice is formed, there remain 34. Methyl orange indicator is used for titration-
empty spaces in the structure of ice. These empty (a) 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 ∼ 𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐎𝐇
spaces are due to the directional hydrogen (b) 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 ∼ 𝐇𝟐 𝐂𝟐 𝐎𝟒
bonds. H2 O forms a cage-like structure in solid ice (c) 𝐊𝐎𝐇 ∼ 𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇
and density is reduced. (d) 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 ∼ 𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇
Answer: (a)
Explanation: In the titration of acetic acid
31. In ice, arrangement of 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 molecule is- CH3 COOH with a strong base such as sodium
(a) tetrahedral hydroxide NaOH the indicator used in the
(b) linear titration is methyl orange changed to yellow.
(c) triangular Answer: (d)
(d) square planner
Explanation: In ice, four hydrogen bonds optimally 35. For the titration of HCl and 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇, the suitable
arrange themselves tetrahedrally around each indicator is-
water molecule as found in ordinary ice. (a) methyl orange
(b) phenolphthalein
(c) erichrome black T
(d) none of these
Explanation: Both HCl and NaOH being strong acid

and strong base respectively, an indicator
Answer: (a) like phenolphthalein can be used which becomes
colourless in acidic and neutral conditions and
32. The primary standard solution is – pink coloured under alkaline conditions.
(a) 𝐊 𝟐 𝐂𝐫𝟐 𝐎𝟕 Answer: (b)
(a) 𝐇𝐂𝐥
(b) 𝐊𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒
(c) 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇
Explanation: The primary standard is a compound
of sufficient purity from which standard solutions
of known normalities can be prepared by direct
weighing of it and diluting to a defined volume of
solution. Potassium Dichromate (K 2 Cr2 O7 ) is
suitable to be used as a primary standard.
Answer: (a)
36. If the mole fraction 4.5 mole of solute is 0.5, what is Rutherford’s Atomic Model:
the number of moles of solvent? 1) Nucleus: It is a small positively charged part of
(a) 9 the atom. It is situated at the centre and carries
(b) 4.5 almost entire mass of the atom. Nucleus
(c) 1.5 contains neutrons and protons.
(d) 3 2) Extra Nuclear Part: This part is empty part of
the atom. In this part electrons revolve at very
Explanation: high speed in fixed path, called orbits or shells.
Let number of moles of solvent = 𝑛
4.5 39. What are the drawbacks of Rutherford atomic
∴ 4.5+𝑛 = 0.5
model?
⇒ 2.25 + 0.5𝑛 = 4.5
Answer:
⇒ 0.5𝑛 = 2.25
Drawbacks of Rutherford Model: According to
⇒ 𝑛 = 4.5
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, the electrons
Answer: (b)
rotate around the positively charged nucleus in
circular orbits- the attractive force of the nucleus
37. The pH of N/10 sodium hydroxide solution is ___.
being balanced by the centrifugal force due to
(a) 12
rotation of the electrons.
(b) 2
But according to electromagnetic theory, a
(c) 1
rotating electron continuously emits radiations
(d) 13
and thereby, losses a part of its energy- the
equilibrium between the nucleus and electrons is
Explanation:
thus disturbed.
pOH = −log[OH − ] = − log 0.1 = 1.
Besides, in the event of rotating electrons
pH = 14−pOH=14−1=13
continuously, a continuous spectrum is expected to
The pH of N/10 sodium hydroxide solution is 13.
be given by an atom, but a discontinuous line
spectrum is actually produced.
38. Describe Rutherford’s experiments and atomic
40. Write the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model.
model.
Answer:
Answer:
Bohr’s Postulates or Bohr’s Atomic Model:
Rutherford’s Experiment 1911 : Rutherford
1) An atom consists of a dense nucleus situated at
carried out his experiment by bombarding a very
the centre with the electron revolving around
thin gold foil 0.0004 mm with high speed α
it. An electron cannot rotate about the nucleus
particles (He2+) emitted from Radium.
in any chosen orbit but in certain selected
Observations:
orbits only whose angular momentum is an
1) Majority of α-particles continued their straight
integral multiple of 𝑕/2𝜋 . ( 𝑕 = Plank’s
path without any deflection.
Constant).
2) Some particles deflected from their path
2) Each orbit corresponds to a definite energy.
through large angles.
The orbits or energy level are characterized by
3) Very few of them returned (1 in 20,000) in
the number 1, 2, 3…. or K, L, M… etc. and is
opposite direction.
known as Principal Quantum Number.
Conclusions:
3) When an electron rotates along any of the
1) The atom is largely an empty space, since most
selected orbit, it does not radiate energy at all.
of α particles pass through the atom.
These quantum selected orbits are called
2) The fact that very few α particles returned in
stationery orbits.
opposite direction, suggests that, whole of
4) If energy is supplied to an electron, it may
positive charge and mass is concentrated at the
jump from a lower energy level to a higher
central point of negligible space called nucleus.
energy level by absorbing energy. Similarly,
3) The negatively charged electrons remain
the excited electron jumps down to a lower
outside of the nucleus at relatively large
energy level by emitting energy.
distance and are moving in orbits around the
nucleus like planet around the sun.
41. What are the limitations of Bohr’s theory? 44. State De Broglie concept of electron.
Answer: Answer:
Limitation of Bohr’s Atomic Model: De Broglie Concept of Electron: De Broglie pointed
1) This theory cannot explain the spectrum of out that the electron, like light, exhibit wave as
atoms or ions containing two or more well as particle nature, i.e., electron has dual
electrons. character. This concept of dual character of matter
2) This theory failed to explain the splitting of gave birth to the wave mechanical theory of
some of the spectral lines into a group of finer matter, according to which the electrons, protons
lines under the influence of magnetic and and even atoms when in motion, possess all wave
electric field. properties.
3) Bohr considered a two dimensional model of De Broglie derived a relationship for the
the atom, but actually an atom is three calculation of wave length (𝜆) of the wave
dimensional. associated with a particle of momentum (𝑝) as
4) This is against Heisenberg’s Uncertainty given below:
Principle which states that it is impossible to 𝑕
𝜆=
determine simultaneously the exact position 𝑝
and momentum of electron.
45. What is quantum number?
42. What are the successes of Bohr’s atomic model. Answer:
Answer: Quantum Numbers: The numbers used for
Success of Bohr’s Atomic Model: completely characterizing each electron of an atom
1) Bohr’s theory for the first time could explain are known as Quantum Numbers. Four such
the hydrogen spectrum as well as the spectrum Quantum numbers are found to be necessary for
of hydrogen-like one electron species describing completely an electron. They are-
(𝐻𝑒 + , 𝐿𝑖 2+ , 𝐵𝑒 3+) 1) Principal Quantum Number
2) This theory enables one to calculate the radius 2) Azimuthal Quantum Number
of the various stationary orbits with one 3) Magnetic Quantum Number
electron system. 4) Spin Quantum Number
3) This theory for the first time introduced the
idea of Quantum Numbers and the electronic 46. What do you mean by principle quantum number?
transitions. Answer:
Principal Quantum Number (n): This number gives
43. State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. an average distance of the electron from the
Answer: nucleus and corresponds to the principal energy
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: According to level to which the electron belongs. Higher the
uncertainty principle, “It is impossible to measure principal quantum number, greater is its distance
simultaneously both the position and momentum from the nucleus, greater is its size and also higher
(or velocity) of a microscopic particle with is its energy.
absolute accuracy and certainty.” Principal Quantum Numbers are designated
Mathematically, This principle may be either as 1, 2, 3,…7 or K, L, M, …Q respectively. The
𝑕 maximum number of electrons in principal
expressed as: ∆𝑥. ∆𝑝 ≥ 4𝜋
quantum number is given by 𝟐𝒏𝟐 .
Where, ∆𝑥 =Uncertainty in position
∆𝑝 =Uncertainty in momentum
𝑕 =Plank’s Constant
47. What is azimuthal quantum number? 50. What is atomic number?
Answer: Answer:
Azimuthal Quantum Number 𝒍 : The main energy Atomic Number (A): Number of protons present in
levels are divided into sub-levels each being the nucleus is known as atomic number. No two
denoted by a subsidiary or azimuthal quantum elements have the same atomic number and hence,
number. It describes the shape of the orbital it is the fundamental property of an element.
occupied by the electron.
The azimuthal quantum number may have all 51. What is mass number?
integral values from 0 to (n-1) i.e. Answer:
𝑙 = 0 𝑡𝑜 (𝑛 − 1). Mass Number (Z): Sum of number of protons and
When, number of neutrons (N) is known as mass number.
𝑙 = 0(𝑠) the orbital is spherical shaped. ∴𝑍 =𝐴+𝑁
𝑙 = 1(𝑝) the orbital is dumb-bell shaped.
𝑙 = 2(𝑑) the orbital is double dumb-bell shaped. 52. Explain: isotopes, isotones, isobars, isoelectrons
𝑙 = 3(𝑓) a more complicated orbital is formed. with example.
Answer:
Isotopes: Atoms of same element having same
atomic number but different mass number are
called isotopes, which differ from each other in
their physical properties and number of neutrons.
Example: Protium 11𝐻 , Deuterium 21𝐻 , Tritium
2
48. What do you mean by magnetic quantum number? 1𝐻 .
Answer: Isotones: Atoms of different element having same
Magnetic Quantum Number 𝒎 : It determines the number of neutrons are called isotones.
preferred orientations of orbitals in space. 𝑚 may Example: 136𝐶 and 147𝑁 both have 7 neutrons.
have values- Isobars: Atoms of different elements having same
– 𝑙, … − 3, −2, −1,0, +1, +2, +3 … + 𝑙 mass number but different atomic number are
Therefore, 2𝑙 + 1 possible values for 𝑚. called isobars.
i.e 𝑚 = 2𝑙 + 1 Example: 40 40
18 𝐴𝑟 and 20 𝐶𝑎 .
Isoelectrons: Species having same number of
electrons are called isoelectrons.
49. What is spin quantum number? State its Example: 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ , 𝐴𝑙 3+
significance.
Answer:
Spin Quantum Number 𝒔 : The electron, while
53. State Pauli’s exclusion principle.
moving round the nucleus in an orbit, also rotates
Answer:
or, spins about its own axis either in a clockwise ↑
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an
direction or, in an anticlockwise direction ↓ .
atom can have all four quantum number the same.
Spin quantum number can have two values-
1 1
In other words, an orbital cannot have more than
+ 2 for clockwise and − 2 for anticlockwise two electrons and moreover, if an orbital has two
spinning. electrons, they must have opposite spin.
Spin quantum number is independent of other Therefore, the capacity of 𝑠, 𝑝, 𝑑, 𝑓 subshells to
quantum numbers. accommodate electrons is 2, 6, 10 and 14
Significance: This number gives information about respectively.
the direction of spinning of the electron present in
any orbital. This quantum number helps to explain
the magnetic properties of the substances.
54. What is atomic orbital? 58. Give one exception of Aufbau principle.
Answer: Answer:
Orbital: The three-dimensional region where the Exception of Aufbau Principle: The electron
probability of finding an electron is maximum configuration of chromium is 𝐴𝑟 3𝑑 4𝑠1 and not
5
around the nucleus, is known as orbital. 𝐴𝑟 3𝑑4 4𝑠 2 (as suggested by the Aufbau
Each sub shell contains a various number of orbital principle). This exception is attributed to several
and each orbital contains 2 elecrons. factors such as the increased stability provided by
Example: half-filled subshells and the relatively low energy
s-subshell contains 1 orbital, gap between the 3𝑑 and the 4𝑠 subshells.
p-subshell contains 3 orbitals,
d-subshell contains 5 orbitals, 59. State Hund’s rule of maximum spin multiplicity.
f-subshell contains 7 orbitals. Answer:
Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity: If two or
55. Name one element which has no neutron. more orbitals of equal energy are available,
Answer: Every element contains neutron except electrons will occupy them singly before filling
Hydrogen. Hydrogen is written as 11𝐻. It has mass them in pairs. It also states that half-filled or
number one and its atomic number is also one. It completely filled orbitals are much more stable
does not contain neutrons. It contains one electron than sub-filled orbital due to maximum
and one proton. multiplicity rule.
For example a 𝑝4 subshell arranges its electrons
56. Why Bohr’s atomic theory is not applicable for 𝑪𝒍− as ↑↓ ↑ ↑ rather than ↑↓ ↑ ↓ or ↑↓ ↑↓ [ ].
ion?
Answer: 60. Mention the differences between orbit and orbital.
Bohr’s theory is applicable only for hydrogen (H) Answer:
like atoms. 𝐶𝑙 − is not a hydrogen like atom. Differences between Orbit and Orbitals
Orbit Orbital
57. What is Aufbau principle? An orbit is the simple An orbital refers to the
Answer: planar representation of dimensional motion of an
an electron. electron around the
Aufbau Principle: According to this principle
nucleus in a three-
sublevels are filled up by electrons in increasing dimensional motion.
order in their energy i.e. lowest energy sub level is It can be defined as the An orbital can be defined
filled first then next higher and so on. path that gets established as the space or region
The order of increasing energies are as follows: in a circular motion by where the electron is
1𝑠 < 2𝑠 < 2𝑝 < 3𝑠 < 3𝑝 < 4𝑠 < 3𝑑 < 4𝑝 < 5𝑠 < revolving the electron most likely to be found.
4𝑑 < 5𝑝 < 6𝑠 < 4𝑓 < 5𝑑 < 6𝑝. around the nucleus
The shape of molecules The shapes of the
cannot be explained by molecules can be found
an orbit as they are non- out as they are
directional by nature. directional by nature.
A well-defined orbit goes An ideal orbital agrees
against the Heisenberg with the theory of
principle. Heisenberg’s Principles.
61. What is the value of magnetic quantum number for

the valence electron of sodium?
Answer: Sodium has 11 electrons, so the electronic
configuration of sodium is 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠1 . The
orbital is 𝑠 orbital, so the azimuthal and magnetic
quantum number will be zero.
62. What is the percentage of 𝒔 and 𝒑 character for 𝒔𝒑𝟑 67. What are the characteristics of covalent bond?
hybrid orbital? Answer:
Answer: Characteristics of Covalent Bond:
For 𝑠𝑝3 hybrid orbital, 1) Covalent compounds are volatile.
Percentage of 𝑠 character is 2) This type of compound generally insoluble in
1 1 water and in any other polar solvent but
= 1+3 × 100% = 4 × 100% = 25%.
soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
Percentage of 𝑝 character is
3 3 3) They are generally soft, posses low melting
= 1+3 × 100% = 4 × 100% = 75%.
point and boiling point.
63. What is octet rule? 4) In fused state or, in solution, they do not
Answer: conduct electric current.
Octet Rule: The tendency of atoms to have 8
electrons in their outermost shell is octet rule or, 68. What is allotropy?
rule of eight. Answer: Allotropy or allotropism is the property of
some chemical elements to exist in two or more
64. What do you mean by electrovalent bond? different forms, in the same physical state, known
Answer: as allotropes of the elements. Allotropes are
Electrovalent Bond: They are formed by transfer of different structural modifications of an element:
valence electrons from one atom to another. This the atoms of the element are bonded together in
type of bond unites two atom, one of which has different manners.
more electrons than the stable number (2 or 8) Example: Carbon has allotropes such as diamond
and the other has less electrons than the stable and graphite.
number as for example 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙.
𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑙 = 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐶𝑙 − = 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 69. Why diamond is extremely hard and possesses very
The oppositely charged ions are held together by high melting point?
electrostatic force of attraction. Answer: In diamond there is a three dimensional
network of strong covalent bonds. In this
65. What are characteristics of electrovalent bond? polymeric structure each 𝑠𝑝3 hybridised carbon is
Answer: linked to four other carbon atoms. Such a structure
Characteristics of Electrovalent Bond: extends throughout the entire crystal in three
1) This type of bond is formed when an dimensions, forming a giant molecule which makes
electropositive element (metal) reacts with an diamond very hard.
electronegative element (non-metal). As carbon atoms are held together by strong
2) Compounds having electrovalent bond are covalent bonds, a large amount of energy is
non-volatile. required to break 𝐶 − 𝐶 bonds. So melting point of
3) Electrovalent compound are soluble in water diamond is very high.
and in polar solvents and posses high melting
point. 70. Why graphite is a good conductor of electricity and
4) Their aqueous solution are good conductor of acts as a lubricant?
electricity. Answer: Different layers in graphite are held
66. What is covalent bond? together by inner planer forces. Due to its week
Answer: nature different layers can slide over each other.
Covalent Bond: Covalent bonds are formed by Consequently graphite acts as a lubricant. Each
mutual sharing of electrons. This type of bond carbon has one free 𝜋-electron which can move
unites two atoms both of which are short of through. Hence graphite is a good conductor of
electrons in comparison with electronic electricity.
configuration of inert gases. Example: 𝐶𝐻4 .
Covalent bonds are commonly found in organic
compounds. This type of bond formed when the
electronegativity of two interacting atoms is same
or, nearly same.
71. What is hydrogen bond? 75. Why HF is less acidic than HCl?
Answer: Answer: Acids which ionises completely into its
Hydrogen Bond: A weak electrostatic force of ions are called strong acids. A strong acid is one
attraction between a hydrogen atom and an which is virtually 100% ionised in
electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or solution. HCl dissociates completely to produce
fluorine, that comes from same molecule or many H + ions in water whereas HF produces very
another molecule. few H + ions in water due to the lesser stability
Example: 𝐻2 𝑂 exhibits hydrogen bonding. of F − as compared to Cl−. Hence, HF is a weak acid
while HCl is a strong acid.
72. Define inter molecular hydrogen bonding with
example. 76. What is hybridization of orbital?
Answer: Answer:
Inter Molecular Hydrogen bonding: The hydrogen Hybridization: When two atomic orbital combine
bonding is done between two or more to form a hybrid orbital in a molecule, the energy
similar/different molecules is called the of the orbitals of individual atoms is redistributed
intermolecular hydrogen bond. to give orbitals of equivalent energy. This is known
Example: The intermolecular hydrogen bonding as hybridization.
exists in a water molecule.  The hybrid orbitals are equivalent in symmetry
and shape.
 The energy of hybrid orbital is lesser than
participating atomic orbitals.
77. Give one example each of 𝒔𝒑, 𝒔𝒑𝟐 and 𝒔𝒑𝟑

hybridization.
Answer:
73. Define intra molecular hydrogen bonding with Hybridization Example
example. 𝑠𝑝 Acetylene 𝐶2 𝐻2
Answer: 𝑠𝑝2 Ethylene 𝐶2 𝐻4
3 Methane 𝐶𝐻4
Intra Molecular Hydrogen bonding: Intra molecular 𝑠𝑝
hydrogen bonds are those which occur within one
78. Explain sigma bond and pi bond.
single molecule.
Answer:
Example: In Salicylicaldehyde, a hydrogen atom is
Sigma and Pi bonds: Sigma and pi bonds are types
present in between the two oxygen atoms.
of covalent bonds that differ in the overlapping of
atomic orbitals. Covalent bonds are formed by the
overlapping of atomic orbitals. Sigma bonds are a
result of the head-to-head overlapping of atomic
orbitals whereas pi bonds are formed by the
lateral overlap of two atomic orbitals.
Example: Ethylene is said to contain five sigma
bonds and one pi bond.
74. Why 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 is liquid but 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 is gas?
Ans: 𝐻2 𝑂 and 𝐻2 𝑆 have approximately equal
intermolecular attractive forces. But 𝑂 is more
electronegative than 𝑆. Hence 𝐻2 𝑂 forms hydrogen
bond.
Hydrogen bonds present in water increase its
molecular weight consequently increase its boiling
point. But in 𝐻2 𝑆 there is no hydrogen bond and its
boiling point is below normal temperature. So 𝐻2 𝑆
is gaseous in normal temperature.
79. Compare between 𝝈 bond and 𝝅 bond. 84. Give the orbital picture of methane (CH4)
Ans: Answer:
Comparison between 𝜎 bond and 𝜋 bond:
𝜎 -bond 𝜋 -bond
It is coaxial overlapping It is lateral overlapping of
of hybrid orbital hybrid orbital
Stronger and less Weaker and more
reactive. reactive. 109.28°
If have independent It exist along with 𝜎 -
existence. bond.
Example: Example:
Carbon-tetra- Acetylene 𝐶2 𝐻2
chloride 𝐶𝐶𝑙4
80. Why NaCl is an electrovalent compound? 85. Show the bonding in 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 .
Answer: The compounds which are formed by the Answer: Sulphuric acid contains covalent and co-
transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to ordinate bond.
the other atom present in the compound are
known as electrovalent compounds. Since NaCl
compounds are also formed by the transfer of one
electron thus, NaCl is an electrovalent compound.
81. Why 𝑪𝑪𝒍𝟒 is a covalent compound?

Answer: Carbon tetrachloride (𝐶𝐶𝑙4 ) is known as
a covalent compound because it contains four non-
polar covalent bonds between carbon and chlorine.
86. Show the bonding in CaO.

Answer: In calcium oxide, the bond formed is ionic
or electrovalent bond. Calcium atom loses two
82. Explain the hybridization of a methane molecule. electrons to form positively charged Ca2+ ion. O
Answer: The hybridization of methane molecules atom gains two electrons to form negatively
occurs by mixing one orbital with three 𝑝 orbitals. charged O2− ion.
Each orbital consists of one unpaired electron. The
𝑠 and three 𝑝 orbitals of carbon overlap with the
1𝑠 orbitals of hydrogen to form bonds. Thus
methane is 𝑠𝑝3 hybridized.
83. Show the bonding in 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟐 .

Answer: 87. Show the bonding in 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 .
𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟐 Bonding: Answer: Magnesium chloride 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 is formed
when oppositely charged magnesium and chloride
ions attract each other, so the product so formed
is 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 .
In the above molecules, polar covalent bond is
present between O and H and non polar covalent
bond is present between N and O.
88. Show the bonding in 𝑵𝟐 𝑶. 95. What is the oxidation number of carbon in
Answer: 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 ?
All gases are nitrogen and oxygen. Therefore, the Answer:
most common type of bonding will be covalent. Sugar is a neutral organic compound in nature.
Electrons are exchanged in a covalent bond Therefore the overall charge on Sugar =0
between two molecules. As per standard,
the oxidation number on Hydrogen (H) = +1
The oxidation number on Oxygen (O)= −2
The oxidation number on Carbon (C) = 𝑥
∴ 6 × 𝑥 + 12 × 1 + 6 × −2 = 0
89. What is the hybridization of 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 ? ⇒ 6𝑥 + 12 − 12 = 0
Answer: The hybridization of BeCl2 is 𝑠𝑝. ⇒ 6𝑥 = 0
⇒𝑥=0
90. What is the geometry of 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 ? ∴ The oxidation number of C in 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 is 0.
Answer: The geometry of 𝐵𝑒𝐶𝑙2 is linear.
96. State differences between ionic compound and
91. What is the bond angle of 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐? covalent compound.
Answer: Answer:
The bond angle of the 𝐵𝑒𝐶𝑙2 molecule is 180° Differences between ionic compound and covalent
compound:
92. How many bond pairs and lone pairs are present in 1) Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of
a 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 molecule? electrons that are positively and negatively
Answer: charged, whereas, covalent compounds are
There are two bond pairs and zero lone pairs in a formed by sharing the electrons.
𝐵𝑒𝐶𝑙2 molecule. 2) In an ionic compound, bonding involves a
metal and nonmetal, whereas, in the covalent
93. Show the bonding in 𝑩𝑪𝒍𝟑. compound, bonding is between nonmetals.
Answer: The type of hybridization that occurs in 3) Ionic compounds are more soluble in water
𝐵𝐶𝑙3 is 𝑠𝑝2 hybridization. In 𝐵𝐶𝑙3 molecule, boron than covalent compounds.
will be the central atom which contains three 4) Ionic compounds have definite shape whereas,
bonded atoms but no lone pair of electrons. Its covalent has no shape.
steric number is also said to be 3. 5) Ionic compounds are the good conductor of
electricity, whereas covalent compounds are
the bad conductor of electricity.
97. Write the electronic configuration of Ca, Cr, Cu, Cl,

94. What types of chemical bonds are present in S2-, K+, Fe2+, Fe3+.
𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍. Element Atomic Electronic
Answer: In 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 molecule, ionic bond is formed Or Ion Number Configuration
between 𝑁𝐻 +4 and 𝐶𝑙 − ions, 3 covalent bonds are Ca 20 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠 2
formed between N and three H atoms and one Cr 24 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑5 4𝑠1
coordinate bond is formed between N and 1 H Cu 29 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑10 4𝑠1
atom. Cl 17 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝5
S2- 16 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6
Coordinate bond
K +
19 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6
Fe 2+ 26 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑6
Fe 3+ 26 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑5
98. Which one is more stable between Fe2+ and Fe3+ 102. What is the pH scale?
and why? Answer:
Answer: 𝐹𝑒 3+ is more stable than 𝐹𝑒 2+. pH Scale: The pH is a measure of the concentration
Because, 𝐹𝑒 3+ has 3𝑑5 , half filled configuration, of hydrogen ions, the acidity or alkalinity of a
whereas 𝐹𝑒 2+ has 3𝑑6 configuration. solution. The pH-scale is normally between 0 and
Due to half filled , 3𝑑5 stable configuration. 14. Aqueous solutions at 25 °C with a pH of less
By the Aufbau principle, half filled and completely than 7 are acidic and basic or alkaline solutions are
filled d-orbitals are more stable than partially filled those with a pH greater than 7.
d-orbitals.
99. What do you mean by pH of a solution?

Answer: The measurement of hydrogen ion
concentration present in the solution is known as
pH. It is helpful in calculating the acidity and
basicity of the solution. The following equation is
103. What do you mean by primary solution? Give
used for the calculation of pH,
example.
𝑝𝐻 = − log 𝐻 +
Answer:
pH is a temperature-independent quantity. It is
Primary solution: A solution composed of primary
used the determination the nature of the solution.
standard substances. A primary standard is a high-
purity substance (99.9%) that can be dissolved in
100. Find out the relation between pH and pOH of a
a known volume of solvent to produce a primary
solution.
standard solution.
Answer:
Example: 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 , 𝐶2 𝐻2 𝑂4 , 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻2 etc.
Relation between pH and pOH:
Consider a reaction, 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇆ 𝐻 + + 𝑂𝐻 – 104. What do you mean by secondary solution? Give
For the above reaction dissociation constant, example.
𝐾𝑤 would be, 𝐾𝑤 = [𝐻 + ][𝑂𝐻 – ] Answer:
Here, 𝐾𝑤 refers to dissociation constant, and [𝐻 + ] Secondary Solution: A secondary solution is a
and [𝑂𝐻 – ] refer to hydrogen and hydroxide ion chemical term for a solution that is titrated with a
concentrations. primary standard solution to determine its
We are taking the negative logarithm of both sides. concentration. The secondary solution is
− log 𝐾𝑤 = − log 𝐻 + 𝑂𝐻 − composed of secondary standard substances for
⇒ − log 𝐾𝑤 = − log 𝐻 + − log 𝑂𝐻 − ……… 1 the specific analytical experiment.
We know that, 𝐾𝑤 = 10−14 at 298 K Example: 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻, 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 , 𝐾𝑂𝐻, 𝐻𝐶𝑙 etc.
and − log 𝐻 + = 𝑝𝐻, − log 𝑂𝐻− = 𝑝𝑂𝐻
Putting value in equation (1) 105. Explain the term molar concentration.
− log 10−14 = 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 Answer:
⇒ 14 = 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 Molar Concentration:
So, 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14 Molar concentration is the most effective way of
describing a solute concentration in a solution.
101. What instrument is used to measure pH of Molarity is described as the total number of moles
solution? of solute dissolved in per liter of solution, i.e.,
Answer: The pH meter is a device used for M = mol/L. All moles measurements are applied
measuring pH, which is either the concentration or to determine the volume of moles in the solution
the activity of hydrogen ions in an aqueous that is the molar concentration.
Amount in Moles
solution. It usually has a glass electrode plus a Molar Concentration =Volume of Solution
calomel reference electrode or a combination of an
electrode.
⦿ Water ⦿ Applied Chemistry Suggestion ⦿ 1st Semester ⦿ WB Polytechnic
Polytechnic 1st Semester 4. The indicator used in EDTA titration is-
Applied Chemistry (a) Phenolphthaleine
(b) EBT
Unit 2: Water
(c) EET
(Most Important Questions) (d) none of these
1. Which of the following compound produce Explanation: Calmagite and Eriochrome BlackT
temporary hardness of water? (EBT) are such indicators that change from blue to
(a) 𝑪𝒂 𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝟐 pink when they complex with calcium or
(b) 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 magnesium. The endpoint of a complexometric
(c) 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒 EDTA titration using either Calmagite or EBT as
(d) None of these the indicator is detected as the colour changes
from pink to blue.
Explanation: Temporary hardness is caused by the Answer: (b)
presence of dissolved bicarbonates of Calcium
𝐶𝑎 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 2 , Magnesium [𝑀𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 2 ], Iron and 5. Formula of calgon is –
other heavy elements. (a) 𝑵𝒂𝟔 𝑷𝑶𝟑 𝟔
Answer: (a) (b) 𝑵𝒂𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒
(c) 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
(d) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
2. Permanent hardness of water is produced by-
(a) magnesium carbonate
Explanation: The formula of calgon
(b) magnesium bicarbonate
is 𝑁𝑎2 [𝑁𝑎4 𝑃𝑂3 6 ]. Calgon is a trade name of a
(c) magnesium sulphate
complex salt, sodium hexametaphosphate. It is
(d) all of the above
used for softening hard water. Calgon ionizes to
Explanation: Permanent hardness in water is give a complex anion.
hardness due to the presence of the chlorides, Answer: (a)
nitrates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium,
which will not be precipitated by boiling. 6. Regeneration of permutit is done by-
Answer: (c) (a) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
(b) 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
3. The hardness of water expressed in- (c) 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑
(a) gm (d) 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑
(b) mg/litre
(c) gm/litre Explanation: Sodium chloride is used for
(d) mg regeneration of exhausted permutit. It is
regenrated by 10% NaCl solution.
Explanation: Hardness of water is expressed in Answer: (b)
terms of ppm of calcium carbonate 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . Parts
per million (ppm) is usually defined as 1 7. The regeneration of cation exchange column is done
mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . It is equivalent to mg/L without by-
chemical compound specified. (a) 𝑯𝑪𝒍
Answer: (b) (b) 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑
(c) 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
(d) 𝑯𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒
Explanation:
𝐻 + ions (from concentrted 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 solution)
replaces 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝐶𝑎2 , 𝑀𝑔2+ ions from exhausted
cation exchange resin to regenerate cation
exchange resin.
Answer: (c)
8. Bacteria free soft water may be obtained by- 12. The pH of drinking water should be-
(a) permutit process (a) 1 to 1.5
(b) calgon treatment (b) 6.5 to 8
(c) de-ionization (c) 13 to 14
(d) distillation (d) 4 to 5
Explanation: Water distillation is a process in Explanation: Water is neutral in nature. The pH of

which water is boiled until it evaporates and pure water is 7. For drinking purpose, water
condenses, leaving behind impurities with having pH lesser than 6.5 or pH greater than 8 is
different boiling points. Distillation produces not recommendable as it has an adverse effect on
clean, pure water. It is an effective water treatment health. Therefore, the pH range for drinking water
method for removing contaminants like bacteria, is 6.5 to 8.
heavy metals, and chemicals. Answer: (b)
Answer: (d)
13. pH of acetic acid at 25℃ is
9. What is the role of chlorine in water treatment? (a) less than 7
(a) To remove hardness (b) greater than 7
(b) To remove ions (c) equal to 7
(c) Coagulant agent (d) none of these
(d) To remove bacteria Explanation:
Explanation: Chlorine is used to remove bacteria If pH is less than 7 and the solution is acidic.
from the water. The free chlorine in water should If pH is 7 and the solution is neutral.
not exceed 2 mg/L. In surface water, the chloride If pH is more than 7 and the solution is basic.
level is around 10 mg/L. Answer: (a)
Answer: (d)
14. Sodium ions contribute to which characteristic of
10. Compound used to remove bacteria from water is: the water?
(a) washing soda (a) pH
(b) baking soda (b) total dissolved solid
(c) alum (c) colour
(d) bleaching powder (d) suspended solid
Explanation: The compound used to remove Explanation: Sodium ions contribute to Total
bacteria from water is bleaching powder. Dissolved Solids. This is removed by the ion
Bleaching powder is a disinfectant. The exchange method. In sea water the Sodium
disinfecting action is due to free chlorine obtained chloride is > 25000ppm.
from bleaching powder. Chlorine destroys bacteria Answer: (b)
and prevents their re-growth.
Answer: (d) 15. In the zeolite softening process, the calcium and
magnesium ions present in water are precipitated
11. Permutit is the sodium salt of- as -
(a) Al, Si and O (a) insoluble carbonates
(b) B, Si and O (b) insoluble zeolites
(c) C, B and O (c) insoluble chlorides
(d) C and O (d) insoluble sulphates
Explanation: Explanation: Zeolite softening is done by the

Permutit is hydrated sodium aluminium ortho precipitating of the Calcium and Magnesium that
silicate 𝑁𝑎2 𝐴𝑙2 𝑆𝑖2 𝑂8 . 𝑥𝐻2 𝑂. Similar compounds are present in water as insoluble zeolites. In this
occur in nature as minerals known as the zeolites. process, there is an exchange of 𝐶𝑎2+ and 𝑀𝑔2+
Answer: (a) ions.
Answer: (b)
16. Which of the following salt is not present in soft 20. What is hard water? Give Example.
water? Answer:
(a) 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 Hard water: Water that contains bicarbonates,
(b) 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 chloride and sulphates of calcium and magnesium
(c) 𝑲𝑪𝒍 and does not produce good lather or foam with
(d) none of these soap and consume more soap is called hard water.
Example: Sea water, Deep tube well water.
Explanation: Salts of calcium and magnesium
dissolved in water produce hardness of water. 21. What is the cause of hardness of water?
Principally sulphates, bicarbonates and chlorides Answer:
of calcium and magnesium produce hardness of Cause of hardness of water: The cause of hardness
water. of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates,
Answer: (a) sulphates, and chlorides of calcium and
magnesium.
17. A 500 g toothpaste sample has 0.2 g fluoride
concentration. The concentration of fluoride ion in 22. Write down the types of hardness.
terms of ppm level is- Answer:
(a) 100 ppm There are two types of hardness-
(b) 200 ppm a) Temporary hardness
(c) 300 ppm b) Permanent hardness
(d) 400 ppm
Explanation: 23. Write down the reasons for temporary hardness.

Mass of solute = 0.2 g in 500 g Answer:
wt .of fluoride ion (g)
Concentration in ppm = × 106 Reason of Temporary Hardness: It is caused by the
wt of toothpaste (g)
0.2 presence of dissolve bicarbonates of calcium 𝐶𝑎 ,
= 500
× 106
magnesium 𝑀𝑔 in water which can be remove by
= 400 ppm
boiling the water. 𝐶𝑎 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 2 , 𝑀𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 2 in
Answer: (d)
water will cause temporary hardness.
18. Purest form of natural water is-

(a) lake water
24. Write down the reasons for permanent hardness.
(b) sea water
Answer:
(c) river water
Reason of Permanent Hardness: This type of
(d) rain water
hardness is caused by the presence of chloride and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium. It cannot be
Explanation: Rainwater is the purest form of
remove by boiling the water. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 , 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 , in
natural water. It is formed naturally by
water will cause permanent hardness.
evaporation followed by condensation of water
vapour. Underground is next to rainwater in terms
of purity as it contains dissolved impurities
25. What is soap?
followed by river and ocean water.
Answer:
Answer: (d)
Soap: Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of
long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in
19. What is soft water? Give example.
water. They are used as cleansing agents to
Answer:
remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes.
Soft Water: Water that does not contain minerals
salts and easily forms lather with soap is called
soft water.
Example: Rain water, Distilled water.
26. What is the action of soap on hard water? 30. Which type of water should be used for boiling
Answer: purpose and why?
Action of soap on hard water: When soap is added Answer: Soft water should be used for boiler
to hard water, the 𝐶𝑎2+ and 𝑀𝑔2+ ions present in purpose. Because, Hard water is made up of
hard water react with soap. The sodium calcium and magnesium salts. It is not used in
salts present in soaps are converted to their industrial boilers, as it forms insoluble salts of
corresponding calcium and magnesium salts which calcium and magnesium. As a result, they produce
are precipitated as scum. The insoluble scum sticks scales on the inner walls of the boilers which
on the clothes and so the cleaning capacity of soap reduce the heating efficiency. They also cause
is reduced. corrosion in the boilers.
𝐶17 𝐻35 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶17 𝐻35 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶𝑎 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
31. How hardness of water is measured and how it is
27. What are disadvantages of hard water? expressed in unit?
Answer: Answer:
Disadvantages of Hard Water: Expression for Hardness of Water: Both temporary
1) When hard water is heated, lime scale forms and permanent hardness generally occur
and is deposited in particular places. simultaneously in a sample of natural water and
Appliances for heating water and water pipes the combined effect is referred to as the total
both have furring. hardness of water.
2) The buildup of deposits in pipes and Hardness of water is generally expressed in
appliances can result in blockages, and in parts per million (ppm) unit. It is the part of
appliances, it can reduce energy efficiency and 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 or its equivalent other salts present in 106
shorten life. parts of water.
3) Can make garments appear dull and grey,
losing all of their colours. 32. What is permutit?
4) With soap or detergents, lathering is Answer:
challenging. Additionally, using hard water Permutit: Permutit is a zeolite of an artificial
increases the likelihood of scum buildup, source. It is an orthosilicate of sodium aluminium
which wastes soap. compound with the chemical formula
5) Hard water can cause dry skin and hair in Na2 Al2 Si2 O8 . xH2 O. Chemically, it is hydrated
people, among other effects. sodium aluminium orthosilicate.
28. Write the steps of municipal water treatment. 33. State the basic principles of removal of hardness by
Answer: Steps of municipal water treatment are- permutit process.
1) Screening Answer:
2) Coagulation Permutit Process: A tall cylinder is loosely filled
3) Sedimentation with lumps of permutit. Ions get exchanged when
4) Filtration hard water containing calcium and magnesium
5) Disinfection ions percolates through these lumps. Sodium
permutit is slowly changed into calcium and
29. Why hard water is not suitable for boiler? magnesium permutit, and the water becomes soft
Answer: with the removal of calcium and magnesium ions.
Hard water is not used in boilers because very firm
layers (bad conductor of heat) coating is produced
by the precipitation (insoluble 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 , 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ) of
the mineral matters, upon the surface of the
boilers. Due to these coating-
a) Huge heat is required for heating up boiler.
b) Increase fuel expenses.
c) Cause corrosion in the boiler
34. What is deionized water? 39. Write down the full name of EDTA.
Answer: Deionized water, also called deionised Answer: Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid
water, DI water, or demineralized water. It It has a chemical formula C10 H16 N2 O8 .
is water that has had ions removed. Ions are
molecules with a positive or negative electrical
charge. In water, they appear as dissolved mineral
salts. EDTA
35. State the differences between distilled water and 40. How EDTA is used to determine the total hardness
deionized water. of water?
Answer: Answer:
Differences between distilled water and deionized EDTA Method: To quantitatively analyse the total
water: Deionized water is water that has been harness of water, we titrate the sample of water
purified in such a way that (most of) its mineral- using EDTA as the titrant, implying that EDTA is
and salt ions are removed. Distilled water is drop wisely poured from the burette untill the
purified by boiling and re-condensing. In this way color of the indicator signals the perfect end-point
salt ions are being removed. of the titration. Usually EBT indicator is used to
Distilled water usually has less organic detect the end-point. At the end-point all of the
contaminants. Deionized water most times has less metals are complexed by the fully deprotonated
mineral ions. Deionisation does not remove EDTA with the aid of the addition of the buffer
uncharged molecules such as viruses or bacteria. solution with the pH of 10, to ensure that the EDTA
is completely deprotonated in order to be easier
36. Is distilled water hard or soft water? Why? for it to complex with different metallic ions that
Answer: ‘Hard water’ is the term applied to water are responsible for the hardness of water. Lastly,
that has minerals in it. Usually, they are calcium, stoichiometric calculations are performed, which
magnesium and even barium, which have marginal are easy to handle, because the ratio of the
solubility and thus are easily precipitated. Water complexed metal with the completely
having over 100 ppm equivalent calcium may be deprotonated EDTA is 1.
classified as ‘hard’. Distilled water does not have
such minerals, so it is ‘soft’. 41. Discuss modern method for the removal of
hardness of water.
37. Which type of water suitable for drinking? Answer:
Answer: Water which is suitable for drinking is Ion exchange method:
called potable water. Potable water has been The hardness of water is due to the presence of
filtered, cleaned, or treated to meet the standards a number of ions such as chloride ions, sulfate ions,
for drinking water, meaning that it is reasonably and bicarbonates ions of calcium or magnesium
clear of contaminants and harmful bacteria. metal these ions are present in the water.
Therefore, the ion exchange method is used to
38. What is the criteria that a sample of water may be remove the hardness of water, different ions which
fit for drinking? is responsible for causing the hardness of water
Answer: Specification of Drinking Water by WHO: are substituted with less damaging ion, ion
Characteristics(mg/L) Max. permissible limit exchange is of two types namely inorganic ion
TDS 500 exchange or organic ion exchange.
pH 6.5-8.5 For example, in order to remove the hardness
Total Hardness 300
of ion by inorganic ion exchange hard water is
Iron 0.3
poured into the tank which has hydrated sodium
Chloride 250
Sulphates 150 aluminium silicate as an exchanger which reacts
Fluoride 0.6-1.2 with the calcium ion of hard water to form calcium
Arsenic 0.05 zeolite. Na2 Z + Ca+2 → CaZ + 2Na+
BOD 3.00
COD 4.00
42. Mention two reactions of hard water using cation 47. A water sample contains 12.6 gm 𝐂𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒 and 9.3
exchange resin. gm 𝐌𝐠 𝐇𝐒𝐎𝟒 𝟐 per million parts of water. Find the
Answer: When hard water is passed through cation total hardness.
exchange resin, 𝑆𝑂42− and 𝐶𝑙 2− ion water are Solution:
replaced by 𝐻 + ions from the resin. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = 12.6 gm/million parts of water
2𝑅 − 𝑁𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑆𝑂42− → 𝑅𝑁𝐻3 2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑂𝐻 − Mg HSO4 2 = 9.3 gm/ million parts of water
40+32+4×16
𝑅 − 𝑁𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝑙 − → 𝑅𝑁𝐻3 𝐶𝑙 + 𝑂𝐻 − Equivalent weight of 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = = 68
2
24+ 1+32+4×16 2
Equivalent wt. of Mg HSO4 2 =
43. What is calgon? 2
Answer: Calgon is the trade name for complex salt, = 109
40+12+3×16
Sodium hexametaphosphate NaPO3 6 . This Equivalent wt. of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 2
= 50
method is used for softening the hard water. ∴ 68 gm 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = 50 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
50
⇒ 1 gm 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = 68 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
44. State principle of calgon process. 50
Answer: ⇒ 12.6 gm 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = × 12.6 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
68
Calgon Process: In this process, when Calgon is = 9.26 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
added to hard water, it causes the magnesium and Similarly,
calcium ions present in hard water to displace 109 gm Mg HSO4 2 = 50 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
sodium ions from the anion complex of Calgon. It 50
⇒ 1 gm Mg HSO4 2 = 109 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
means a complex anion is formed when Calgon 50
⇒ 9.3 gm Mg HSO4 2 = 109 × 9.3 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
ionizes. The chemical reaction is as follows:
2CaCl2 (aq) + Na2 [Na4 (PO3 )6 ](s) = 4.26 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
→ Na2 [Ca2 (PO3 )6 ](aq) + 4NaCl(aq) Total amount of salt in sample = (9.26+4.26) gm
2MgSO4 (aq) + Na2 [Na4 (PO3 )6 ](s) =13.52 gm
→ Na2 [Mg 2 (PO3 )6 ](aq) + 2Na2 SO4 (aq) ∴ Total hardness = 13.52 ppm. (Ans.)
It results in the elimination of magnesium and
calcium ions from hard water with Calgon. When 48. 1 litre of sample of hard water contains 0.0111 gm
water is softened then sodium ions are released in 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 and 0.0120 gm 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 . Calculate the
the water. amount of hardness in ppm.
Solution:
45. Calculate the pH of 0.0001(N) HCl solution. 1 litre of water contains,
Answer: 0.0111 gm 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 =11.1 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = − log 0.0001 0.0120 gm 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 12 mg 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
= − log 10−4 Molecular weight of,
=4 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 40 + 2 × 35.45 = 111
∴ 𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 𝑝𝑂𝐻 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 24 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 120
= 14 − 4 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 40 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 100
= 10 (Ans.) So,
110 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ∼ 100 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100
46. 10 liters of hard water requires 0.28 gm of lime ⇒ 1 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ∼ mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
110
(CaO) for removing hardness. Calculate the 100
⇒ 11.1 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ∼ 111 × 11.1 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
temporary hardness of the water sample in ppm.
= 10 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
Solution:
Similarly,
Given concentration of lime = 0.28g/10lit
120 mg 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∼ 100 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
=280mg/10lit 100
=28mg/lit ⇒ 1 mg 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∼ 120 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100
1ppm=1 part of CaCO3 in 106 parts of H2 O. ⇒ 12 mg 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∼ 120 × 12 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100
[m= 28 →equivalent of CaO =10 mg 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100 So, Total hardness = (10+10) mg/litre
Temporary hardness= c×m=28× 28 =100
=20 mg/litre
∴ Temporary hardness= 100ppm . (Ans.)
=20 ppm (Ans.)
⦿ Engineering Materials ⦿ Applied Chemistry Suggestion ⦿ 1st Semester ⦿ WB Polytechnic
Polytechnic 1st Semester 4. The common impurities present in bauxite are:
Applied Chemistry (a) 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 and 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐
(b) 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 and 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐
Unit 3: Engineering Materials
(c) 𝑨𝒍𝑪𝒍𝟑 and 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐
(Most Important Questions) (d) 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 and 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐
1. The maximum quantity of carbon is in- Explanation: Bauxite has a number of impurities in
(a) wrought iron it including
(b) pig iron 1) Iron oxides (hematite and goethite), 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
(c) cast iron 2) The sand silicon dioxide 𝑆𝑖𝑂2
(d) steel 3) The clay mineral Kaolinite
4) Small amount of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 known as Anatase.
Explanation: Answer: (a)
Wrought iron is the purest form of iron with 0.1%
to 0.3% C. Steel contains 0.3% to 0.6% C. Cast iron 5. Stainless steel contains which metal as anti-
has 3% C. Pig iron is impure form of iron that corrosive metal?
contains 4% C (a) Al
Answer: (b) (b) Zn
(c) Mn
2. Cu is generally extracted by: (d) Cr
(a) Carbon reduction method Explanation: Stainless steel's resistance to
(b) Electrolytic reduction corrosion results from the chromium Cr , which
(c) Self reduction forms a passive film that can protect the material
(d) None of these and self-heal in the presence of oxygen.
Answer: (d)
Explanation: Copper is obtained from its one by
process of self reduction or auto reduction. 6. German silver is an alloy of –
𝐶𝑢2 𝑆 + 2𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 → 6𝐶𝑢 + 𝑆𝑂2 (a) copper
Answer: (c) (b) aluminium
(c) silver
3. Manufacture of steel by L-D process involves the (d) iron
use of –
(a) 𝑵𝟐 Explanation: German silver is also known as Nickel
(b) 𝑪𝑶𝟐 silver and has the main component Copper with
(c) 𝑶𝟐 varying quantities of Nickel and Zinc. German
(d) 𝑪𝑯𝟒 silver is widely used because of its hardness,
toughness, and resistance to corrosion.
Explanation: In L-D process, liquid pig iron and Answer: (a)
scrap metal are fed into the LD converter, and flux
for making slag is added. Oxygen 𝑂2 is blown 7. Spiegel contains-
into the cast via a lance. (a) Fe, Mo, C
Answer: (c) (b) Fe, Si, Mn
(c) Fe, C, Pt
(d) Fe, C, Mn
Explanation:
It is an alloy of iron with 5-15% manganese and
60% of carbon. It is added to remove oxygen left in
steel from the blast of air and thus to prevent the
formation of blow holes.
Answer: (d)
8. The extraction of aluminium is done by the process- 12. Natural rubber is a polymer of –
(a) carbon reduction (a) vinyl acetate
(b) self reduction (b) propene
(c) electrolytic reduction (c) isoprene
(d) none of these (d) styrene
Explanation: Most Aluminum is produced Explanation: Natural rubber is an addition polymer

electrolytically by the reduction in an electrolytic that is obtained as a milky white fluid known as
cell where aluminum oxide is reduced to metallic latex from a tropical rubber tree. Natural rubber is
aluminum and releasing oxygen that combines from the monomer isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-
with the carbon electrode to become carbon butadiene).
dioxide. Answer: (c)
Answer: (c)
9. The impurity in iron extraction is- 13. Nylon 6 is –

(a) SiO2 (a) polyamide
(b) Al2O3 (b) polyester
(c) ZnO (c) polyphenol
(d) CuO (d) none of these
Explanation: Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a

Extraction: Iron ore is the main ingredient, it polymer, in particular semicrystalline polyamide.
contains a little iron oxide and a lot of silicon Unlike most other nylons, nylon 6 is not a
dioxide (and such similar dirt/rock-like minerals). condensation polymer.
Answer: (a) Answer: (a)
10. Which metal does not produce hydrogen on 14. The product from blast furnace is called-
reaction with H2SO4 ? (a) cast iron
(a) Mg (b) pig iron
(b) Cu (c) steel
(c) Zn (d) wrought iron
(d) Sn
Explanation: The product of blast furnace is pig
Explanation: Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), iron which is an intermediate product in the
and Platinum (Pt). These metals are less reactive production of steel. It is also called crude iron.
than hydrogen and are not easily oxidized by Answer: (b)
sulfuric acid, so they do not produce hydrogen gas.
Answer: (b) 15. Self-reduction process for the extraction of Copper
is carried out
11. Ore of copper is- (a) blast furnace
(a) CuFeS2 (b) open herth furnace
(b) CuSO4 (c) Bessemer converter
(c) CuCl2 (d) reverberatory furnace
(d) CuCO3 Explanation: Copper metal is oxidised in
Explanation: The chief ore of copper is a Bessemer converter with oxygen. The process is
chalcopyrite(CuFeS2). It yields nearly 76% of the bessemerization. The sulphide is removed as
world production of copper. Other ores of copper sulphur dioxide and forms copper metal. So, self-
are cuprite or ruby copper (Cu2O) and copper reduction of CuS to Cu can be carried out in a
glance(Cu2S). Bessemer converter.
Answer: (a) Answer: (c)
16. What are ores? 20. How slag is formed in a furnace during extraction of
Answer: iron?
Ores: Most metals are too reactive to exist on their Answer: In extraction of iron, limestone is also
own in the ground. Instead, they exist combined decomposed to CaO which removes the silicate
with other elements as compounds called ores. impurity of the ore as slag. Heat furnace
Ores are raw materials for making metals. decomposes the limestone to give calcium oxide.
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
17. What is the difference between an ore and mineral? Calcium oxide is a basic oxide and reacts with
Answer: acidic oxides such as silicon dioxide present in the
Difference between Ores and Minerals: rock. Calcium oxide reacts with silicon dioxide to
Minerals Ores give calcium silicate.
All the naturally Ores are usually used to 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑎𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂3
occurring substances that extract metals
are present in the earth’s economically. A large 21. Define ‘gangue’ and ‘flux’ with example.
crust are known as number of ores are
Answer:
Minerals. present.
All Minerals are not ores. All ores are minerals. Gangue: The impurities present in the ore at the
Minerals are native forms Ores are mineral time of extraction of metal are called gangues.
in which metals exist. deposits. Example: 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 etc.
Flux: The foreign substance which is added to the
18. All ores are minerals but all mineral are not ores. ore to remove gangues is called flux.
Explain. Example: 𝐶𝑎𝑂, 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 etc.
Answer: All ores are minerals while all minerals
are not ores as some of them might have a large 22. How slag is formed in a furnace during extraction of
amount of unwanted substances such as sand, copper?
stones and earthly impurities. For example: Answer: In extraction of copper, concentrated
Aluminium occurs in earth's crust in the form of sulphide ore containing iron as an impurity is
two minerals bauxite and clay. Out of these, mixed with silica and heated in a reverberatory
aluminium can be easily and profitably extracted furnace. During this process, most of the iron
from bauxite only. So, we can infer that bauxite is sulphide is converted into its oxide, which further
an ore of aluminium.On the other hand, it has not reacts with silica to form a fusible slag of iron
been possible to obtain aluminium from clay by silicate. 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 + 𝐹𝑒𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑖𝑂3
some easy and cheap method. So, clay remains
only as mineral and not as ore of aluminum. 23. Name some important ores and metals.
Answer:
19. What is slag? Some important ores:
Answer: Metal Ore Formula
Slag: Slag is the by-product of metal extraction Aluminium Bauxite 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 . 2𝐻2 𝑂
especially iron. Iron is extracted from its ore by a Iron Haematite 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
process called smelting. Slag is produced as a Magnetite 𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4
result of smelting and basically contains the non- Siderite 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑂3
metallic impurities present in the ore. Iron pyrites 𝐹𝑒𝑆2
Use of Slag: It is mainly used for laying roads and Copper Copper pyrites 𝐶𝑢𝐹𝑒𝑆2
also used along with cement to form concrete. Malachite 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑂3 . 𝐶𝑢 𝑂𝐻 2
Cuprite 𝐶𝑢2 𝑂
Copper glance 𝐶𝑢2 𝑆
Zinc Zinc blend 𝑍𝑛𝑆
/Sphalerite
Calamine 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑂3
Zincite 𝑍𝑛𝑂
24. What is self reduction process? Name the metals 28. How aluminium is extracted from pure alumina?
that can be extracted by self reduction process. Answer:
Answer: Extraction Process of Al: Electric current cannot
Self Reduction Process: Self-reduction is the pass through a solid form of alumina. Also, a
process by which the less electropositive metal melting point of alumina is very high at 2348K.
cations can be reduced themselves without adding Electrolysis at such a high temperature is very
any reducing agent. expensive.
The metals that can be reduced by self- Hence, cryolite( 𝑁𝑎3 𝐴𝑙𝐹6 ) is added so that
reduction are Mercury, Copper and Lead. electrolysis can be carried out easily. This mixture
Example: The chemical equation for self-reduction works as a better electric conductor than melted
of Copper is: alumina.
Cu2 S s + 2Cu2 O s → 6Cu s + SO2 g The melting point can be brought still lower by
an addition of feldspar(𝐶𝑎𝐹2 ).
25. How alumina is prepared from bauxite? The mixture of alumina, cryolite and feldspar is
Answer: electrolyzed in a vessel of iron having inner
Conversion of Bauxite into Alumina by Bayer's surface layered with carbon. In this cell, the rods of
Process: The conversion of bauxite into alumina carbon are joined by a copper clamp as anode and
involves the following steps: carbon layered graphite is taken as a cathode.
(1) Bauxite ore is finely divided and heated under
pressure with concentrated caustic soda
solution at 150°C to obtain sodium meta-
aluminate.
𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 . 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐴𝑙𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂
(2) On diluting sodium meta-aluminate with
water, aluminium hydroxide precipitate is
formed. On passing electric current, molten aluminium
𝑁𝑎𝐴𝑙𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐴𝑙 𝑂𝐻 3 is deposited on cathode and dioxygen gas is
(3) The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and produced at the anode.
ignited at 1000°C to get alumina. The molten aluminium collected at the bottom
2𝐴𝑙 𝑂𝐻 3 → 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 of the cell is taken out.
Cathode: 2𝐴𝑙 3+ (𝑙) + 6𝑒 − → 2𝐴𝑙(𝑙)
26. Mention the electrodes and electrolyte requires for Anode: 6𝑂2− 𝑙 → 3𝑂2 𝑔 + 12𝑒 −
extraction of aluminium from alumina. The dioxygen gas produced at the anode reacts
Answer: with the rod of carbon and forms carbon dioxide.
Electrodes: During electrolysis, the negative 𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
electrodes (cathodes) and the positive electrodes
(anodes) both are made of graphite, a form of iron. 29. What does ‘alloy’ mean?
Molten aluminium is produced at the cathode and Answer: Alloys are combinations of metals or
oxygen gas is evolved at the anode. metals and other elements. In order to impart
Electrolysis
Al2 O3 aq → 2Al3+ aq + 3O2− aq certain properties to metals, certain other
𝐀𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐞: 2Al3+ aq + 6e− → 2Al s metals/elements can be added to the metals in
𝐀𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞: 3O(g) + 3O(g) → 3O2 (g) specific ratios to form alloys.
For example, pure aluminium is a relatively
27. What are the impurities normally present in soft metal. Pure copper is also quite soft. However,
aluminium ore? when aluminium is alloyed with copper, the
Answer: The principal ore of aluminium, bauxite, strength of the resulting alloy is far greater than
usually contains titanium oxide (TiO2 ), iron oxide that of its parent metals.
and silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) as impurities.
30. Explain the purpose of making alloy. 33. Write down the composition and uses of important
Answer: alloys.
Purpose of Making Alloy: Alloys are made to Answer: The composition and uses of each of the
1) Enhance the hardness of a metal: An alloy is alloys are given below:
harder than its components. The hardness of a Alloy Composition Uses
metal can be enhanced by alloying it with another (i) Fe = 75% It is used to make
metal or nonmetal. Stainless Ni = 8 – 10 % vessels, automobile
2) Lower the melting point: The melting point steel Cr = 15 –18% parts, furniture,
lowers when pure metals are alloyed with other C = 0.5 – 1% surgical and scientific
metals or nonmetals. instruments, etc.
3) Enhance tensile strength: Alloy formation (ii) Al = 95% It is used to make
increases the tensile strength of the parent metal. Duralumin Cu = 4% aircrafts, automobiles
4) Enhance corrosion resistance: Alloying a Mg = 0.5% and tools.
metal increases the inertness of the metal, which, Mn = 0.5%
in turn, increases corrosion resistance. (iii) Brass Cu = 55 – 95% It is used to make
5) Modify color: The color of pure metal can be Zn = 5 – 45% hardware, electrical
modified by alloying it with other metals or fixtures, medals,
jewellery, musical
nonmetals containing suitable color pigments.
instruments, etc.
6) Provide better castability: Pure molten metal
(iv) Al = 70 – 95% It is used to make
undergo contraction on solidification. Metals need
Magnalium Mg = 5 – 30% machine parts,
to be alloyed to obtain good castings because aircrafts and scientific
alloys expand. instruments.
31. What is alloy-steel? (v) Solder Pb = 50% It is widely used to join

Answer: Sn = 50% wires in electrical
Alloy-Steel: Several elements, including instruments and
circuits in electronic
molybdenum, manganese, nickel, chromium,
gadgets.
vanadium, silicon, and boron, are alloyed with (vi) Cu = 80% It is used to make
steel to create alloy steel. Strength, hardness, wear Bronze Sn = 20%, utensils, statues, coins,
resistance, and toughness are improved by the use P, Pb and Zn medals, decorative
of these alloying components. Amounts of alloying present in articles, etc.
elements can range from 1 to 50%. traces.
(vii) Cu = 78% Used in the casting of
32. Mention the raw materials to get iron from roasted Bell metal Sn = 22%, bells, instruments such
as cymbals, sculptures,
ore.
figurines, and eating
Answer: The raw materials required for the utensils.
extraction of iron from haematite are coke,
(viii) Cu: 85% Used in Foundry work,
limestone, and hot air. The mineral present in Gun Metal Sn: 5% Marine fittings etc.
haematite is iron oxide, which is reduced by Zn: 10%
carbon monoxide to iron. Mostly the haematite ore
is mixed with limestone, coke, and hot air.
(ix) Cu: 50-80% Used for electroplating,
German Zn: 10-35% silverware and making
Silver Ni: 5-35% jewellery.
(x) Ni : 70-78% Used in resistance

Nichrome Cr : 20-23% weir, dental fittings,
Mn : 1.5% electric ignition system
Little % of Fe etc.
34. Give reaction with temperature involve in blast 37. Describe the manufacture by L.D. process.
furnace for extraction of iron. Answer:
Answer: In blast furnace, iron oxides are reduced L.D. Process: This process combines the high
at different temperature ranges. In the lower part productivity of the acid Bessemer process and the
of the blast furnace, the temperature is as high superior quality of the basic open hearth steel. The
as 2200 K. It is called combustion zone. At the top, furnace used in this process is a vessel (shown in
the temperature is as low as 500−800 K. It is figure)
called reduction zone. In the lower temperature
range, carbon is the reducing agent and in the
higher temperature range, CO is the reducing
agent. In the reduction zone 500−800 K ,
following reactions occur.
3𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂 → 2𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑂2
𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 + 4𝐶𝑂 → 3𝐹𝑒 + 4𝐶𝑂2
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂 → 2𝐹𝑒𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
In the temperature range 900-1500 K, following
reactions occur.
𝐶 + 𝐶𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂
𝐹𝑒𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐶𝑂2
Around 1270 K (middle portion), decomposition of
limestone gives lime (CaO) and 𝐶𝑂2 . Lime is a flux
and combines with silicate impurity to form slag of
calcium silicate. The vessel has a basic lining. In this process a jet of
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 very pure oxygen (99%) is blown at a pressure of
𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂3 0.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 to 10.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , through a specially
designed water cooled nozzle called lance at a
35. Metallurgy (Metal Extraction) is a process of speed greater than the sound to melt the bath of
reduction. Explain. hot metal. The temperature thus produced is in
Answer: Loss of oxygen or decreases in oxidation between 2500℃ to 3000℃, which burns the
state is termed reduction. Metal extraction is a impurities like carbon, Furnace of nitrogen,
reduction process because when in the process of phosphorus, sulphur etc., and highly pure L-D
churning out metal from its ore, the ore is Process low carbon steel is produced.
converted into oxide, to which further reduction is L-D process is the only process through which
needed. sulphur content can be efficiently reduced. But it
Example: Carbon or Carbon monoxide is used to has some limitations also which are –
reduce Iron oxide. (i) It cannot treat pig-iron of all grades and
Fe2 O3 (s) + CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 2CO2 (g) varieties.
(ii) An external oxygen plant is required to
36. Why aluminium cannot be extracted by carbon prepare oxygen.
reduction process? (iii) Temperature cannot be controlled
Answer: Aluminium is so reactive that their oxides precisely.
cannot be reduced by carbon. Aluminum is too
high in the electrochemical series (reactivity 38. Show the percentage of carbon in wrought iron,
series) i.e. it is a stronger reducing agent than steel, cast iron and pig iron.
carbon and therefore it cannot be extracted from Answer:
its ore using carbon reduction. Wrought iron contains 0.1% to 0.3% Carbon.
Steel contains 0.3% to 0.6% Carbon.
Cast iron contains 3% Carbon.
Pig iron contains 4% Carbon
39. How cast iron can be converted to wrought iron? 43. What is Spiegel?
Answer: Answer:
Cast iron to wrought iron conversion process: Spiegel: It is an alloy of iron with 5-15%
Wrought iron is prepared from cast iron by manganese and 60% of carbon. It is added to
oxidizing impurities in a reverberatory furnace remove oxygen left in steel from the blast of air
lined with haematite. This haematite oxidizes and thus to prevent the formation of blow holes.
carbon to carbon monoxide.
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 3𝐶 ⟶ 2𝐹𝑒 + 3𝐶𝑂 44. What is blister copper?
Wrought Iron Answer:
Limestone is added as flux and sulphur, silicon and Blister Copper: Blister copper is metallic copper of
phosphorous are oxidized and removed. Hence a black blistered surface, being the product of
pure iron called wrought iron is produced. converting copper matte and being about 98.5 to
99.5 per cent pure. It is called also Bessemer
40. What is anode mud in the copper extraction? copper. It has 1% impurity.
Answer: During Electrorefining:
Anode: Impure copper or crude copper 45. Write the reactions and principles to extract copper
Cathode: Pure copper metal.
Electrolyte: 15% CuSO4 Solution + 5% H2SO4 Answer: In electrolytic refining of Cu metal a setup
When electric current is passed through the is arranged in which two electrode are present,
electrolyte, the anode gradually dissolves and one cathode (made up of pure metal) and other
pure copper is deposited on the cathode which one is anode (made up of impure metal).
gradually grows in size. Impurities like. Fe, Zn, Ni Both the electrodes are suspended in
etc, dissolve in the solution as sulphates while electrolyte which is the solution of salt of the
gold, silver, platinum settle down below the anode metal. When current passed, metal ions from the
as anode mud. electrolyte deposited at cathode in pure metal
form and an equivalent amount of metal dissolve
41. What is copper matte? from the anode.
Answer: At Anode:- 𝐶𝑢(𝑠) ⟶ 𝐶𝑢2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 −
Copper Matte: Copper Matte is a combination of At Cathode:- 𝐶𝑢2+ + 2𝑒 − ⟶ 𝐶𝑢(𝑠)
copper sulphide and a small amount of iron
sulphide. In the process of copper extraction, 46. Write the chemical composition of Portland cement.
Matte is the stage subsequent to the final reduction Answer: Port land cement consists of raw
process which involves converting it to crude materials mainly compounds of lime mixed with
copper. silica and alumina.
The composition of copper matte is: CaO→50−60%
1. Copper Sulphide which makes up 80−95% SiO2 →20−25%
2. Fe−Co alloys, which makes up 5−17% of the Al2 O3 →5−10%
mixture Fe2 O3 →1−2%
MgO→2−3%
42. How is copper extracted from copper matte? SO3 →1−2%
Answer: Copper matte is charged in to Bessemer and few amount of oxides of iron, magnesium and
convertor. Hot air blast is blown to convert Cu2S to sulphur.
metallic copper.
2𝐶𝑢2 𝑆 + 3𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 + 2𝑆𝑂2 47. What are thermoplastics?
2𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑢2 𝑆 → 6𝐶𝑢 + 𝑆𝑂2 Answer:
Some 𝐶𝑢2 𝑆 is oxidized to 𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 . The reaction Thermoplastics: Plastics that get deformed easily
between 𝐶𝑢2 𝑆 and 𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 gives metallic copper. on heating are thermoplastics. They turn liquid
The process is auto reduction. The solidified when heated and freeze to a very glassy state
copper obtained has blisters on the surface due to when cooled sufficiently. They can be recycled.
the evolution of 𝑆𝑂2 . It is about 99% pure. Example: Polythene and PVC
48. What is thermosetting polymer? 52. Explain why, frying pan handles are made of
Answer: thermosetting plastics.
Thermosetting Polymer: A thermosetting polymer Answer: Thermosetting plastic is the one which
which is also known as a thermoset or can withstand high temperature and does not get
thermosetting plastic is a polymer consisting of deformed on heating. This the reason why it is
cross-linked structure or heavily branched used as handles of saucepans and utensils. Also, it
molecules. These polymers which are in the soft is a good insulator and doesn't heat up so; it is
solid or viscous state on heating undergo extensive used to make electrical plugs and switches.
cross-linking in moulds and become irreversibly
hard as well as insoluble products. One of the main 53. What are the difference between thermoplastics
properties of thermoset plastics or polymers is and thermosetting plastics?
that they harden during the moulding process and Answer?
after solidifying they cannot be softened. Difference between thermoplastic and
Examples: One of the most common examples of thermosetting plastics:
thermosets is bakelite which is relatively a bad
conductor of electricity and heat. Thermoplastic plastics Thermosetting plastics
1) Such polymers or 1) These plastics are
plastics are usually usually formed by
49. What are thermoplastic polymers used for? formed by addition condensation
Answer: polymerisation. polymerisation.
Use of Thermoplastic Polymers: When heated, 2) They are linear or 2) They are cross linked
thermoplastic polymers are easy to form into a slightly branched long or heavily branched.
variety of shapes, thermoplastic polymers soften chain polymers.
and also lend themselves to recycling. Popular uses 3) They can be easily 3) It cannot be softened
for thermoplastic polymers include the soften on heating and on heating.
hardened on cooling.
manufacture of pipes, ropes, belts, insulators, and
4) They are held together 4) They are held together
adhesives. by Van der Waal forces of by strong hydrogen
attraction. bonds.
50. What are the main properties of thermosetting 5) By nature they are 5) They are strong, hard
plastics? soft, weak and less brittle. and more brittle in
Answer: nature.
Properties of Thermosetting Plastics: Epoxy resin, 6) Their molecular 6) Their molecular
weight is low. weight is large.
melamine formaldehyde, polyester resin, and urea
7) They are quite soluble 7) They are insoluble in
formaldehyde are the main thermosetting plastics. in organic solvents. organic solvents.
Healthy electrical insulator, strong, brittle unless 8) They can be 8) They cannot be
reinforced, is well resistant to chemicals. Adhesive, remoulded into desired remoulded.
bonding of other components, used for casting and shapes.
encapsulation. 9) Monomers used here 9) Monomers used here
do not have more than have more than two
51. What are the examples of thermoplastic? two reaction sites. reaction sites.
10) Examples: polythene, 10) Examples: bakelite,
Answer:
polystyrene, polyvinyls, urea-formaldehyde
Examples of Thermoplastics: Polyethylene, etc. resins, etc.
polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride polystyrene,
polybenzimidazole, acrylic, nylon, and Teflon.
Thermo-softening plastic, or thermoplastic, at
some temperatures becomes soft and flexible, and
solidifies when cooled.
54. How is Bakelite prepared? 57. How vulcanization of rubber done.
Answer: Answer:
Preparation of Bakelite: Bakelite is formed from Vulcanization of Rubber: Vulcanization is the
the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde. Basically process of introducing sulfur atoms cross-links
it is formed in two steps. between the polymeric chains. It is known to
1st Step: formaldehyde reacts with phenol and improve the thermo-stability and elasticity of the
produces o-Hydroxymethyl phenol. natural rubber. The stiffness of vulcanized rubber
depends on the quantity of added sulphur. Higher
tensile strength, increasing of elastic strength to a
greater range of temperature, resistance to
swelling, and abrasion are the improved
properties obtained after vulcanization.
2nd Step: o-Hydroxy methyl phenol and phenol
When rubber is treated with sulphur, cross-
come together and form Bakelite.
links formed between polyisoprene units as shown
below.
The reaction is condensation polymerisation as

two molecules condense and give out by-product.
In case of bakelite phenol and formaldehyde
condense to form the monomer giving out 𝐻2 𝑂 as a
by-product. Hence the obtained product in the
above reaction is Bakelite. And when this reaction
proceeds at larger extent or we can say multiple
units come together, Bakelite will expand its size
gradually and make a chain like structure.
55. What is refractory?

Answer:
Refractory: Refractories are ceramic materials
designed to withstand the very high temperatures
(in excess of 538°) encountered in modern
manufacturing. More heat-resistant than metals,
they are used to line the hot surfaces found inside
many industrial processes. 58. How is nylon 6,6 prepared?
Answer: Nylon 66 is synthesized by
56. What are refractories made of? polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and
Answer: Refractories are produced from natural adipic acid. Equivalent amounts of
and synthetic materials, usually nonmetallic, or hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid are
combinations of compounds and minerals such as combined with water in a reactor. Thus
alumina, fireclays, bauxite, chromite, dolomite, moltennylon 66 is formed, whereas, nylon 6 is only
magnesite, silicon carbide, and zirconia. made from one kind of monomer, a monomer
called caprolactam. Nylon 6,6 is made from two
monomers, adipoyl chloride and hexamethylene
diamine.
⦿ Fuels and Lubricants ⦿ Applied Chemistry Suggestion ⦿ 1st Semester ⦿ WB Polytechnic
Polytechnic 1st Semester 4. Which of the following compound readily goes
Applied Chemistry under the process of knocking?
(a) 2-ethly butane
Unit 4: Fuels and Lubricants
(b) n-heptane
(Most Important Questions) (c) benzene
(d) toluene
1. Which of the following is/are constituent(s) of Explanation: n-heptane is a straight chain
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)? hydrocarbon which knocks readily and hence its
(a) Propane octane number is zero. Presence of straight chain
(b) Butane hydrocarbon in gasoline reduces its rate of
(c) Isobutane combustion.
(d) All of the above Answer: (b)
5. A gaseous fuel which is also used as a source of
Explanation: Propane, butane and isobutane are hydrogen is-
the constituents of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). (a) water gas
LPG is known to be an extremely flammable (b) producer gas
mixture of all these hydrocarbons. (c) coal gas
Answer: (d) (d) natural gas
Explanation: Natural gas is widely used as a source
2. Which of the following compound is considered for of hydrogen gas needed to manufacture fertilizers.
calculating the cetane number? Hydrogen production from natural gas is done by
(a) n-butane partial oxidation. Natural gas is used as a starting
(b) n-hexane material for various fertilizers.
(c) iso-octen Answer: (d)
(d) cetane molecule
6. In proximate analysis, which of the following can be
Explanation: Cetane, C16H34, is a saturated determined?
hydrocarbon that has a very short ignition lag as (a) % of hydrogen
compared to any commercial diesel fuel. Its cetane (b) % of moisture content
number is 100. Cetane number is the percentile of (c) % of nitrogen
cetane in a mixture of cetane and α-methyl (d) none of these
naphthalene. Explanation: The proximate analysis is also called
as quantitative analysis. It is used to find the % of
3. Which of the following compound is considered for moisture content, volatile matter, ash content and
calculating the octane number? fixed carbon in coal.
(a) n-heptane Answer: (b)
(b) n-hexane
(c) iso-octane 7. Viscosity index is measure for the change of
(d) iso-butane viscosity with change in-
(a) temperature
Explanation: The octane number of a fuel is (b) pressure
numerically taken as the percentage of iso-octane (c) volume
in a mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane. The (d) all of these
octane number of iso-octane is 100 and of n- Explanation: The viscosity index (VI) is an
heptane is 0. arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluid's change in
Answer: (c) viscosity relative to temperature change. It is
mostly used to characterize the viscosity-
temperature behavior of lubricating oils. The
lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by
changes in temperature.
Answer: (a)
8. Which of the following has the highest calorific 12. CNG is the abbreviation of ________.
value? a) Compressed natural gas
(a) Coal gas b) Compress neutral gas
(b) Water-gas c) Compress national gas
(c) Producer gas d) None of the above
(d) Carbon dioxide gas Explanation: The full form of CNG is Compressed
Natural Gas. CNG is a fuel that can be used in
Explanation: The calorific value of- replacement of diesel, petrol, and LPG (liquefied
coal gas is 18 – 20 MJ/m3 petroleum gas). The burning of CNG creates less
water gas is around 11 MJ/m3 toxic gases.
producer gas is around 5.8 MJ/m3 Answer: (a)
Answer: (a)
13. Which of the following is used as an industrial fuel?
9. Octane number is related to with the petroleum (a) Coal gas
product- (b) Nitrogen gas
(a) diesel oil (c) Carbon dioxide gas
(b) petrol (d) All of the above
(c) lubricating oil
(d) kerosene Explanation: Coal gas is produced during coal
Explanation: processing to obtain coke. It is used as fuel in
Octane number is related to petrol industries and therefore is referred to as an
Cetane number is related to diesel industrial fuel.
Answer: (b) Answer: (a)
10. Which variety of coal contains highest percentage of 14. Lubrication is necessary to protect wear and tear
carbon? caused due to _______________.
(a) Anthracite (a) Electrostatic force
(b) Bituminous (b) Gravitational force
(c) Lignite (c) Frictional force
(d) Peat (d) Magnetic force
Explanation: The rank of coal is based on the
amount of the plant converted into carbon. Based Explanation: Lubrication is necessary to protect
on this four types of coal are generated:- wear and tear caused due to frictional force.
(i) Anthracite= 90% carbon Electrostatic, gravitational and magnetic forces do
(ii) Bituminous= 70% carbon not cause wear and tear.
(iii) Lignite= 40% carbon Answer: (c)
(iv) Peat= 28% carbon
Anthracite has highest % of carbon. 15. In solid lubricants, the _________ will be low.
Answer: (a) (a) coefficient of friction
(b) calorific value
11. What is the common name of petroleum? (c) stability
(a) Blue gold (d) cleanliness
(b) Yellow gold
(c) Black gold Explanation: The coefficient of friction will be low
(d) None of the above for the solid lubricants and it is one of the
Explanation: Black gold is the common name for disadvantages of the solid lubricants. They are
petroleum as it is a vital energy source, and its stable at high temperatures also. Cleanliness of the
byproducts are valuable too. Further, crude solid lubricants is also high.
petroleum glimpses black in colour. Therefore, it is Answer: (a)
known as black gold.
Answer: (c)
16. Chief ingredient for natural gas is – 18. Where is coal formed?
(a) acetylene Answer: The energy in coal comes from energy
(b) ethylene stored in giant plants, which lived in swamp
(c) ethane forests hundreds of millions of years ago, even
(d) methane before the dinosaurs! When those giant plants and
ferns died, layers at the bottom of the swamps
Explanation: Natural gas is a fossil fuel. It is used were created. Water and soil began to pile up
for cooking, heating and electricity generation. It is around the remains of the dying vine.
found in the deep underground rock formation. It
is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture 19. Which coal is the best quality?
consisting primarily of methane but also contains Answer: Anthracite, often called hard coal, is a
ethane, propane. It also contains small amounts of hard, compact carbon variety with a submetallic
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest
trace amounts of water. Its compressed form impurities, and the highest energy density of all
(CNG) is also used as fuel for vehicles. coal types, and is the highest coals ranking.
Answer: (d)
20. What is coal and its uses?
Answer: Coal has many significant uses all over the
17. Classify lubricants with example. world. Coal’s most important applications are in
Answer: The classification of the lubricants is they power generation, steel manufacturing, cement
are classified on basis of their physical state as- production and as liquid coal. Different coal types
1) Solid lubricants have varying uses. Steam coal-also known as
Example: Teflon, talc, graphite, molybdenum thermal coal-is used primarily in generating
dissuade power.
2) Semi-solid lubricants
Example: greases, wax, Vaseline 21. Define flash point of lubricating oil.
3) Liquid lubricants: These are further classified Answer:
on basis of their origin as- Flash Point: Flash point is the lowest temperature
i) Vegetable oil – these are obtained from plants. at which the lubricating oil gives off enough
Example: olive oil, palm oil, castor oil, cottonseed vapours that ignite for a moment when tiny flame
oil etc. is brought near it.
ii) Animal oil – these are obtained from animals
like fishes etc. 22. Define fire point of lubricating oil.
Example: fish oils, tallow, lard. Answer:
iii)Mineral oil – these are obtained from petroleum Fire Point: Fire point is the lowest temperature at
oils containing mostly of hydrocarbons which the vapours of the oil burn continuously for
Example: paraffin base oils and naphthalene base at least five seconds when a tiny flame is brought
oils. near it.
iv) Blended oil– these are mineral oils mixed with
vegetable or animal oils in various additives to 23. What are the significance of flash point and fire
improve its lubricating property. point?
v) Synthetic oils- these are designed to serve a Answer: Fire point is usually 5-40℃ above the
specific purpose. flash point. A good lubricant should have flash
Example: silicones, dibasic acid esters, organic point at least above the working temperature. This
phosphate esters, halogenated hydrocarbons poly ensures safety against the risk hazards. Thus flash
alkylene glycols and their derivatives. point acts as a guide for the safe storage,
transportation and use in machine. Good lubricant
oil should have high flash and fire point.
24. Write chemical composition of water gas. 29. Mention source, composition and use of producer
Answer: gas.
Composition of Water Gas: Water gas is composed Answer:
of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) gas. It Source: Producer gas is the product obtained
is a poisonous flammable gaseous mixture. It is when coal or coke is burnt with air deficiency and
used as fuel and illuminant. with a controlled amount of moisture. Producer
gas is a gas mixture containing carbon monoxide
25. Write the principle and reactions to prepare water hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
gas. Composition: The percentage composition of
Answer: Water gas is the combination of Carbon Producer Gas is discussed below:
monoxide and Hydrogen gas(CO+H2). It can be Carbon dioxide = around 3%
prepared by passing alternatively steam and air Hydrogen Gas = 10 % to 15 %
through a bed of red hot Coke or Coal maintained Carbon monoxide = 22 % to 30 %
at about 473 − 1273K. Nitrogen Gas = 50 % to 55 %
473−1273K Use of Producer Gas: Producer Gas is used-
C(s) + H2 O(g) → CO(g) + H2 (g)
Carbon Water Hydrogen 1) as a fuel in various industries.
2) to remove the CO2 Gas from the fuel cells.
3) to manufacture the fuel Gas.
26. Mention source, composition and use of coal gas. 4) to produce hot air in the industries.
Answer:
Source: Coal gas, also known as a gaseous mixture, 30. What is octane number?
is a fuel made up of hydrogen, methane, and Answer: Octane Number is used for measuring the
carbon monoxide produced by destructive knocking character of fuel used in the petrol
distillation (continuous heating in the absence of engine. The octane number of a given sample may
air) of bituminous coal. be defined as the percentage by volume of iso-
Composition: Typical composition of the Coal gas is octane present in a mixture of iso-octane and n-
as follows: heptane which has the same knocking
Hydrogen 50% performance as the fuel itself.
Methane 35%
Carbon monoxide 10% 31. What is cetane number?
Ethylene 5% Answer: Cetane number is the measure of
Use of Coal Gas: It is mainly used as a fuel in combustion quality of diesel oil or it is the measure
industries situated near coal processing plants. of the ignition delay, the higher the cetane number
Earlier, it was used as a source of light. Now, it is of diesel the shorter the ignition delay, and the
more commonly used to provide heat for domestic greater the fuel quality, and vice versa. A short
and industrial purposes. delay affords more time for diesel fuel to burn
completely.
27. Write the chemical composition of LPG.
Answer: 32. Define destructive distillation of coal. What are the
Composition of LPG: The primary components of byproducts formed on destructive distillation of
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are propane, coal?
butane, propylene, butylene, and isobutane. The Answer:
most active components of LPG are propane and Destructive Distillation of Coal: The process of
butane. heating coal in the absence of air is known as the
destructive distillation of coal.
28. What chemical is used to detect LPG gas? Byproducts: Coke, coal tar and coal gas are the
Answer: Ethyl mercaptan is added to the LPG byproducts obtained during the destructive
because it possesses a strong odour. The smell distillation of coal.
helps us detect an LPG leak.
33. What is knocking? 37. Write short note on calorific value of fuel.
Answer: Answer:
Knocking: A sharp metallic sound produced in the Calorific Value of Fuel: Calorific value is the amount
internal combustion of engine is known as of heat energy present in fuel and which is
knocking. It results in a huge loss of energy. determined by the complete combustion of
Gasoline or petrol is used as a fuel in internal specified quantity at constant pressure and in
combustion of engine. The vapours of petrol mixed normal conditions. It is also called calorific power.
with air are compressed by piston and allowed to The unit of calorific value is kilojoule per kilogram
burn in the cylinder of engine after sparking. i.e. KJ/Kg.
This produces large expansion resulting in the
movement of piston and consequently the 38. What is viscosity index?
automobile. But if the petrol is of such quality that Answer:
its vapours mixed with air can ignite prior to high Viscosity Index (VI): Viscosity index is a
compression on passing of firing spark, the energy dimensionless number that represents how the
produced by burning of fuel is not utilized in viscosity of a hydraulic fluid changes with
moving the piston, rather is lost in creating a temperature. It also applies to fluids like engine
metallic sound, called knocking. and automatic transmission oils, gear lubricants,
and power-steering fluids.
34. Define antiknock compound and with example. The greater the viscosity index (VI), the
Answer: smaller the change in fluid viscosity for a given
Antiknock Compound: The substance which is change in temperature, and vice versa.
utilized for the reduction of engine knocking is Thus, a fluid with a low viscosity index will
termed an anti-knocking agent. It is a gasoline experience a relatively large swing in viscosity as
additive and helps in the increment of fuel’s octane temperatures change. High-VI fluids, in contrast,
number by increasing the temperature and are less affected by temperature changes.
pressure.
Example: The substances which are used as anti- 39. Name solid lubricants.
knocking agents are Tetraethyl Lead (TEL), Answer: The four most commonly used solid
Toluene, Ferrocene, Isooctane, etc. lubricants are:
1) Graphite.
35. How percentage of carbon and hydrogen are 2) Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)
determined in coal? 3) Hexagonal boron nitride.
Answer: The percentage of carbon and hydrogen in 4) Tungsten disulfide.
coal are determine in the following way-
1) About 0.2 gm of accurately weighed coal is 40. Where is boundary lubrication used?
burnt in oxygen in apparatus. Answer:
2) KOH and CaCl2 absorbs CO2 and H2O Boundary Lubrication: Boundary lubrication
respectively. mostly occurs under high-load and low-speed
3) Increase in weights of the tube are noted. conditions in bearings, gears, piston rings, pumps,
increased in wt .of KOH tube ×12 transmissions, etc. It usually represents the critical
4) % of C = weight of coal sample taken ×44
× 100
increased in wt .of CaCl 2 tube ×2
regime that limits the life of components.
5) % of H = weight of coal sample taken ×18 × 100 The most common boundary lubricants are
greases. Greases are so widely used because they
36. Define saponification value of lubricating oil. have the most desirable properties of a boundary
Answer: Saponification value or saponification lubricant. They not only shear easily, they flow.
number (SV or SN) represents the number of They also dissipate heat easily, form a protective
milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or barrier for the surfaces, preventing dust, dirt, and
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify corrosive agents from harming the surfaces.
one gram of fat under the conditions specified.
41. What is proximate analysis of coal? 44. What is combustion?
Answer: Answer:
Proximate Analysis of Coal: Proximate analysis is Combustion: It is a chemical process where any
one of the first analyses performed on coal after fuel has a reaction with air (oxidant) to produce
mining. The test involves heating the coal under heat energy. And when this heat energy release it
various conditions for variable amounts of time to will also produce light in the form of a flame. This
determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, is the visible part of the reaction, the flames. The
and ash yield. general exothermic reaction of combustion can be
Moisture in coal is determined by heating the expressed as:
coal to a temperature slightly above the boiling Hydrocarbon + O2 → CO2 + Water + Heat Energy
point of water (377–383K) and holding it at that
temperature until there is no further weight loss. 45. Discuss the qualities of good lubricants.
Answer: A good lubricant generally possesses the
42. What are the differences between cloud point and following characteristics:
pour point? 1) A high boiling point and low freezing point in
Answer: The differences between cloud point and order to stay liquid within a wide range of
pour point are as follows- temperature.
2) A high viscosity index. This helps the
Cloud point Pour point mechanical parts work better when lubricants
When an oil sample The temperature at
are applied to a machine.
cooled slowly, the which oil stops flowing
temperature at which it even after tilting the 3) Thermal stability
appears hazy or cloudy glass tube containing 4) Hydraulic stability
is known as cloud point. the oil under test to 5) Demulsibility
horizontal position for 6) Corrosion prevention
5 seconds is known as 7) A high resistance to oxidation
pour point 8) Pour Point (the minimum temperature at
It has comparatively It has lower value for which oil will flow under prescribed test
higher value for an oil the same oil sample.
conditions)
sample.
It is more significant in It is more significant in
case of fuel oils. case of lubricating oils.
It is obtained It is obtained 46. Calculate the net calorific value (NCV) of a coal
comparatively faster as comparatively late as it sample having the following composition: C=80%,
it shows beginning shows complete H=5%, O=4%, N=3%, S=3.5% and ash=5%.
solicitation. solidification. Solution:
Apply the Dulong’s formula that is:
1 O
43. Write the major component of bio-gas. HCV = 100 8080C + 34500 H − 8 + 2240S
Answer: Biogas is formed by the decomposition of 4
HCV = 80.8 × 80 + 345 5 − 8 + 22.4 × 3.5
organic matter with the action of bacteria in the
absence of oxygen. = 8094.9 cal/g
The components in biogas are as follows: So, HCV (or) GCV = 8094.9cal/g
Methane 50-75% Then apply the formula NCV=(GCV-0.09H×587),
Carbon dioxide 25-50% here 587cal/g is the latent heat of steam then you
Nitrogen 0-10% will get NCV=7830.75cal/g. (Ans.)
Hydrogen 0-1%
Hence, methane is the major component in biogas.
⦿ Electro Chemistry ⦿ Applied Chemistry Suggestion ⦿ 1st Semester ⦿ WB Polytechnic
Polytechnic 1st Semester 4. The amount of electricity required to liberate 8 gm
Applied Chemistry oxygen is-
(a) 2F
Unit 5: Electro Chemistry
(b) F/2
(Most Important Questions) (c) F
(d) F/4
1. Oxidation number of Cl in KClO4 is-
(a) -1 Explanation:
(b) +3 Equivalent mass of O2 = 32/4 = 8 g =1 mol O2
(c) +5 ∴ 1F electricity liberates 1 gram equivalent of O2
(d) +7 Answer: (c)
Explanation: Let, 𝑥 be the oxidation number of Cl in 5. Unit of electrochemical equivalent weight is-
KClO4. (a) ampere/gm
∴ +1 + 𝑥 + 4 −2 = 0 (b) gm/coulomb
⇒ +1 + 𝑥 − 8 = 0 (c) coulomb
⇒ 𝑥−7=0 (d) coulomb/gm
⇒ 𝑥 = +7 Explanation: Electrochemical equivalent of a
Answer: (d) substance may be defined as the mass of the
substance deposited when a current of 1 Ampere is
2. Which of the following molecules can act as an passed for 1 Second, i.e. a quantity of electricity of
oxidising agent as well as a reducing agent? one Coulomb is passed. hence its unit
(a) HNO3 is Gram/Coulomb.
(b) H2O2 Answer: (b)
(c) SO2
(d) H2S 6. If one Faraday of electricity is passed through
CuSO4 solution, then amount of copper deposited
Explanation: In H2O2, oxygen is present in -1 on the electrode is-
oxidation state so it can acts as both oxidising as (a) 63.5 gm
well as reducing agent. (b) 36.5 gm
Answer: (b) (c) 31.75 gm
(d) 13.75 gm
3. Oxidation state of oxygen in F2O is:
(a) +1 Explanation:
(b) -1 Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5, Valency = 2
(c) +2 63.5
Equivalent weight E = = 31.75
(d) -2 2
E 31.75
W = ZQ = F × 1F = F
× 1F = 31.75 gm
Explanation: In F2O, as fluorine is more Answer: (c)
electronegative than oxygen, fluorine will have a
negative charge and oxygen will have a positive 7. While passing 0.03 F of electricity produces element
charge. The oxidation state of fluorine is −1. at electrode is-
In F2O, oxidation state of oxygen will (a) 0.01 Eq
be 0− −1×2 =+2 (b) 0.02 Eq
Answer: (c) (c) 0.03 Eq
(d) 0.06 Eq
Explanation:
1 F of electricity gives 1 gm equivalent.
∴ 0.03 F electricity gives 0.03 Eq.
Answer: (c)
8. Which can act both as oxidant and reductant? 11. What is the oxidation number of O in OF2.
(a) HNO2 Answer: Let 𝑥 be the oxidation state of O in OF2.
(b) SO2 Since the overall charge on the complex is 0,
(c) CO the sum of oxidation states of all elements in it
(d) All of above should be equal to 0.
Therefore, 𝑥 + 2(−1) = 0
Explanation: Compound Oxidation state- or, 𝑥 = +2.
HNO2 +3(N) Hence, the oxidation state of O in OF2 is +2.
SO2 +4(S)
CO +2(C) 12. Name the factor on which emf of a cell depends:
As all the compounds have elements in the Answer: Emf of a cell depends on the following
intermediate oxidation state (i.e. greater than factors
minimum and less than maximum), therefore, all a. Nature of reactants.
can be used as an oxidizing agent and a reducing b. Concentration of solution in two half cells.
agent both. c. Temperature
Answer: (d) d. Pressure of gas.
13. What is the electrolyte used in a dry cell?

9. The number of moles in 160 gm of sodium Answer: A paste of NH4Cl, MnO2 and Carbon.
hydroxide –
(a) 1 14. Write differences between primary cell and
(b) 2 secondary cell.
(c) 8 Answer:
(d) 4 Differences: Primary Cell & Secondary Cell
Explanation: Gram molecular Mass of NaOH Primary Cell Secondary Cell
The type of cell that can The type of cell that can
=Mass of Na+Mass of O+Mass of H
only convert the convert chemical energy
=23+16+1 chemical energy into into electrical energy and
=40g electrical energy is vice-versa is called
Given mass=160g known as primary cell. secondary cell.
Given mass
No. of moles= Primary cell involves The reversible chemical
Gram Molecular Mass
160 irreversible chemical reaction takes place in a
= =4 mol
40 reaction. secondary cell.
Answer: (d) Primary cell cannot be Secondary cell can be
recharged, once it recharged many times.
10. The amount of electricity that can deposit 108 gm of discharged completely.
silver (equivalent wt. 108) from AgNO3 solution is – The internal resistance of Secondary cells have low
(a) 1 Ampere the primary cells is high. internal resistance.
(b) 1 Coulomb There is no fluid inside a Secondary cell contains
(c) 1Faraday primary cell, hence it is wet cell and molten salts
(d) None of these sometimes called dry inside it.
Explanation: 1 Faraday of charge discharges E cell.
Dry cells, mercury cell Nickel-cadmium cell,
gram of an ion, where E is the equivalent weight.
and Daniel cell are the Nickel-iron cell, Lead-
For silver, the value of E is 108 g Thus, the amount common examples of acid cell, etc. are the
of electricity that can deposit 108 g of silver primary cells. examples of secondary
form AgNO3 solution is 1 Faraday. cells.
Answer: (c) The primary cells are Secondary cells are used
generally used in clocks, in digital cameras, toys,
remote controls, torches labs to perform
and many other small experiments, etc.
sized portable devices.
15. What is the composition of carborundum? 19. What is the difference between sherardizing and
Answer: Silicon carbide(SiC), also commonly galvanizing?
known as Carborundum, is a compound of Answer: The main difference between galvanising
silicon(Si) and carbon(C). Silicon carbide is a and sherardising is how the zinc is
semiconductor material as an emerging material attached/coated to the base steel material. Whilst
for applications in semiconductor devices. they both require high temperatures in the
process, sherardising uses a rotating drum to
16. What are the key uses of silicon carbide? vaporise the zinc which then clings to the steel,
Answer: whilst galvanising involves the steel being dipped
Use of Carborundum: Silicon carbide is a very in a bath containing the zinc.
popular abrasive in modern lapidary owing to its Galvanising is a cheaper process and can also
durability and the relatively low cost of the be completed on a larger scale bringing the costs
material. It is, therefore, crucial to the art industry. down further. Contrastingly, sherardising is
In the manufacturing industry, this compound is carried out in small batches and has a higher
used for its hardness in several abrasive machining process cost.
processes such as honing, grinding, water-jet Therefore galvanised products such as nails
cutting, and sandblasting. are cheaper than sherardised nails.
17. What is electrochemical equivalence and equivalent 20. What is Faraday? What is its value?
weight? Answer: Faraday represents the magnitude of
Answer: electric charge per mole of the electron. Faraday is
Electrochemical equivalent: It may be defined as equivalent to the Faraday constant. Denoted by the
the mass of the substance deposited when a symbol F.
current of 1 Ampere is passed for 1 Second, i.e. a Value of Faraday Constant:
quantity of electricity of one Coulomb is passed. 1F = 96485 𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 (Appox.)
Equivalent weight: It is the mass of a substance Generally taken as 1𝐹 = 96500 𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
especially in grams that combines with or is
chemically equivalent to eight grams of oxygen or 21. What is the formula of the Faraday Constant?
one gram of hydrogen. Answer: This constant can be expressed in terms of
We can find the equivalent weight of a two other physical constants as
substance by dividing the molar mass by valency. F = eN
Where,
18. Define electrochemical corrosion with example. e is the charge of the electron in coulombs
Answer: e = 1.60217662×10-19 C
Electrochemical Corrosion: Material degradation N is the Avogadro constant.
caused by an electrochemical reaction is known as N = 6.022141×1023 mol-1.
electrochemical corrosion and typically affects
metals. 22. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of
Example: According to electrochemical theory of electronic theory.
rusting the impure iron surface behaves like small Answer: On the basis of electronic concept-
electrochemical cell in presence of water Oxidation: It may be defined as a reaction in which
containing dissolves oxygen or carbon dioxide. In one or more electron is lost, by atom, ion or
this cell pure iron acts as anode and impure iron molecule. For example: Zn⟶Zn2+ +2e−
surface acts as cathode. Moisture having Reduction: It may be defined as a reaction in which
dissolved CO2 or O2 acts as an electrolyte. one or more electron is gained by an atom, ion or
1
2𝐹𝑒 2+ + 2 𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 4𝐻 + molecule. For example: Cu2+ +2e−⟶Cu
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 𝑥𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 . 𝑥𝐻2 𝑂 (Rust)
23. State Faraday’s law of electrolysis. 25. A current of 2𝑨 was passed through an N/10
Answer: solution of copper sulphate for 16 minutes 5
Faraday's First law of electrolysis: The amount of second. Calculate the amount of copper deposited in
substance 𝑊 that undergoes oxidation or the cathode. [At. wt. of Cu = 63.54]
reduction at each electrode during electrolysis is Solution: Given, current 𝑐 = 2 𝐴
directly proportional to the amount of electricity Time 𝑡 = 16 min+ 5 sec = 16×60+5=965 sec
𝑄 that passes through the cell. 63.54
𝐸= 2
= 31.77 , 𝐹 = 96500 𝐶
Mathematically, 𝑾 ∝ 𝑸 𝐸𝑐𝑡
We know, 𝑊 = [Faraday’s 1st law]
⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑍𝑄 𝐹
31.77×2×965
(Where Z is electrochemical equivalent) = = 0.6354 𝑔𝑚 (Ans.)
96500
⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑍. 𝑐 𝑡 [∵ 𝑄 =Current × Time = 𝑐. 𝑡]
Faraday's second law of electrolysis: When same 26. Find – (i) The weight of hydrogen liberated at the
amount of electricity is passed through different cathode and (ii) weight of oxygen at the anode
cells containing different electrolytes and arranged when10 A current passes through acidulated water
in series, the amounts of substances oxidized or for 16 minutes and 5 seconds.
reduced at the respective electrodes are directly Answer: Given, current 𝑐 = 10 𝐴
proportional to their chemical equivalent masses. time 𝑡 = 16 min 5𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 965 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Mathematically it can be represented as (i) Equivalent weight of H2 𝐸𝐻 = 1.008
follows– ∴ Wt. of H2 liberated 𝑊𝐻 =
𝐸𝐻 𝑐𝑡
W∝ E 𝐹
1.008×10×965
Where W = Weight of the substance = 96500
E = Chemical equivalent = 0.1008 gm (Ans.)
W E1 (ii) Equivalent wt. of O2 𝐸𝑂 = 8
It can also be expressed as – 1 =
W2 E2 𝐸𝑂 𝑐𝑡
∴ Wt. of O2 liberated 𝑊𝑂 = 𝐹
8×10×965
24. Deduce the relationship between electrochemical = 96500
equivalent and chemical equivalent of an element. = 0.8 gm (Ans.)
Answer:
Let, the chemical equivalent of an element = E 27. Mention the products during electrolysis of CuSO4
Now, W gm of the substance is deposited at the solution using Cu electrodes.
electrode by the passage of Q coulomb of Answer: When copper sulphate dissociates to form
electricity. The electrochemical equivalent of the cupric ions and sulphate ions. This reaction can be
element is Z. represented as,
From Faraday’s – CuSO4⇌Cu2+ +SO42-
1st law W∝Q when E = constant At Cathode, reduction takes place. Cupric ions
2nd law W∝E when Q = constant present in the electrolyte gain two electrons and
∴ W∝QE get converted to copper metal. This copper metal
or, W=kQE where k = constant is deposited on copper electrodes.
1
k is found to be equal to F Cu2+2e−→Cu
Where, F =1 Faraday = 96500 C Since this reduction reaction occurs at cathode,
∴W=
QE copper electrode is the cathode.
F
QE
At anode, oxidation takes place. Copper
⇒ ZQ = F [∵ W = ZQ, from 1st law] sulphate solution has water as solvent. These
E
⇒ Z=F water molecules get dissociated due to action of
Chemical Equivalent current to form protons and hydroxyl ions.
i. e. Electrochemical Equivalent = F Protons combine with sulphate ions present in the
solution to form sulphuric acid. Now, the hydroxyl
ions present in the solution undergo oxidation to
liberate oxygen gas at anode. This reaction is
represented as,
1
2OH−→H2O+2O2+2e−
28. Mention the products during electrolysis of CuSO4 31. Explain: Hydrogen is an oxidizing agent.
solution using Pt electrodes. Answer: Hydrogen is a reducing agent.
Answer: In aqueous solution of CuSO4, CuSO4 and ZnO+H2→Zn+H2O
H2O are present. A reaction in which metallic oxide loses its oxygen
Hence to form pure metal is called a reduction reaction.
CuSO4⇌Cu2++SO42- This property of hydrogen is called the reducing
H2O⇌H++OH− property.
At cathode, reduction reaction takes place and at
anode, oxidation reaction takes place. 32. Explain with example: All reactions are not
At cathode: Between Cu and H2O, Cu will get
2+ 2+ oxidation reduction reaction.
reduced at cathode to Cu because Cu2+/Cu has Answer: All reactions are not oxidation reduction
higher standard reduction potential as compared reaction or redox reaction.
1 For example-
to H+/2H2.
NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
Hence copper gets deposited at cathode.
In the above reaction, all the species remain in the
Cu2+(aq)+2e−→Cu s
same oxidation state as none of the species has
been oxidized nor reduced. There is only exchange
At anode: Between H2O and SO42-, H2O will oxidize
of ions taking place. Hence, this reaction is not an
to O2 because H2O has a greater tendency to get
oxidation-reduction reaction.
oxidized.
Thus reactions taking place at anode is
33. Write the oxidation number of 𝑴𝒏 in 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 .
2H2O→O2+4H++4e−
Answer: Let 𝑥 be the oxidation number of 𝑀𝑛 in
Therefore, copper will deposit at cathode and
potassium permanganate 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 . Since, the
oxygen gas will be released at anode.
overall charge on the complex is 0, the sum of
oxidation states of all elements in it should be
29. Does oxidation always involve addition of O2.
equal to 0.
Answer: The term “oxidation” in chemistry is not
∴ +1 + 𝑥 + 4(−2) = 0
limited to reactions involving oxygen. Oxidation, in
⇒ 𝑥 = +7
general, is a process whereby a substance suffers a
∴ Oxidation number of 𝑀𝑛 in 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 is +7 (Ans.)
net loss of electron density.
Example: The following reaction involves an
34. Write the oxidation number of 𝑪𝒓 in 𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟐 𝑪𝒍𝟐 .
oxidation of methane:
Answer: Let 𝑥 be the oxidation number of 𝐶𝑟 in
CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) → CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g)
chromyl chloride 𝐶𝑟𝑂2 𝐶𝑙2 .
The carbon of the methane acquires a partial
∴ 𝑥 + 2(−2) + 2(−1) = 0
positive charge when it becomes bonded to Cl,
⇒ 𝑥 = +6 (Ans.)
because of the higher electronegativity of chlorine.
Hence it has “lost” some of its electron cloud and
has been oxidised. 35. Write the oxidation number of 𝑰 in 𝑵𝒂𝑰𝑶𝟑 .
Answer: Let 𝑥 be the oxidation number of 𝐼
30. Explain how oxidation and reduction take place in 𝑁𝑎𝐼𝑂3 .
simultaneously. ∴ 1 + 𝑥 + 3(−2) = 0
Answer: Oxidation is a losing of electrons and ⇒ 𝑥 = +5 (Ans.)
Reduction is a gaining of electrons. The reaction in
which oxidation and reduction is taking place
simultaneously are called as Redox reaction.
For example,
Cuo+H2→Cu+H2O
In this example copper oxide is reduced and acts as
oxidizing agent and H2 is oxidized and acts as
reducing agent. These are the reaction in which
oxidation and reduction are occurs in a same
compound.
36. Write the electrodes, electrolytes and reactions 39. What are the electrodes, electrolyte used for Nickel
involved in Dry Cell. plating on iron metal?
Answer: In dry cells, a chemical reaction generates Answer: Nickel electroplating is a technique in
electricity. which a thin layer of nickel is electroplated on a
Anode: Oxidation reaction occurs at zinc anode to metal. In this process nickel sulfate is used as an
form zinc cations. Zinc atom loses two electrons to electrolyte, an article to be electroplated is placed
form zinc cations. at cathode and a block of nickel metal is used as
Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e− anode. So-
Cathode: Reduction reaction occurs at graphite Electrolyte: Aqueous solution of nickel sulphate
cathode. Anode: Block of nickel metal.
2NH4+ + 2MnO2 + 2 e− → Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O Cathode: Article of iron metal to be electroplated.
The overall cell reaction: Anode Reaction: 𝑁𝑖(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑖 2+(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 −
Zn+2MnO2(s) + 2NH4+ Cathode Reaction: 𝑁𝑖 2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − → 𝑁𝑖(𝑠)
→Mn2O3+H2O+Zn2+ + 2NH3
The voltage obtained from the dry cell is 1.5 volts.
Electrolyte: In dry cells, paste of ammonium 40. Discuss the uses of electroplating.
chloride electrolyte is used, so that amount of Answer:
water can be minimized. Due to this dry cell can be Uses of Electroplating: Talking about the uses of
used in any orientation without any spillage. This electroplating, apart from enhancing the
increases the ease of handling and convenience of appearance of the substrate it is used in various
its usage. Hence, dry cells can be used into portable other purposes as well. The major application is to
equipment. optimize a material’s resistance towards corrosion.
The plated layer often serves as a sacrificial
37. Write the electrodes, electrolyte and reactions in coating which reveals that it dissolves before the
lead storage cell. base substance. Some of the other common
Answer: Lead storage batteries can be recharged applications of electroplating involve:
again, so it is a secondary battery. 1) Improving wear resistance.
Electrodes: In lead storage battery anode is made 2) Improving the thickness of the metal surface.
up of lead and the cathode is made up of lead grids 3) Enhancing the electrical conductivity.
packed with lead oxide. 4) Minimizing Friction.
Electrolyte: The electrolytic solution used in lead 5) Improving surface uniformity.
storage batteries is percent sulphuric acid.
Reactions: 41. What is cathodic protection? Give example.
At anode: Solid lead oxidized in presence of Answer:
sulphuric acid to form lead sulphate and release Cathodic Protection: A process in which a metal is
two electrons. connected with a more reactive metal which act as
Pb(s) +SO42- aq →PbSO4(s)+2e− anode and the metal to be protected acts as
At cathode: Solid lead oxide is reduced in presence cathode is known as cathodic protection. In this
of sulphuric acid to form lead sulphate and water. way, the two metals form an electrochemical cell
PbO2(s)+SO42(aq)+4e−+2H+→PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l) and oxidation of the metal is prevented.
The overall reaction is as follows: For example: The pipelines (iron) under the
Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+H2SO4 aq →2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l) surface of the earth are protected from corrosion
by connecting them to a more reactive metal
38. What is electroplating? (Magnesium or Zinc) which are buried in the earth
Answer: Electroplating is the process of aligning and connected to the pipelines by a wire.
another metal onto a metal. This is accomplished
using an electroplating apparatus that includes a
brine solution, a battery, wires, and alligator clips
that hold carbon rods attached to the metal to be
electroplated and the metal to be layered.
42. Explain alloying method to prevent corrosion with oxides, acids, bases, etc also promote corrosion of
examples? certain electrical equipment.
Answer: For example - Oxidation of Copper wires.
Alloying: In this method, a metal is made by 3) Biological Substances: Dirt and bacteria also
combining two or more metallic elements, cause corrosion in metals.
especially to give greater strength or resistance to For example - inland water pipes, waste pipes etc.
corrosion. It is a very good method of improving
the properties of a metal. 46. Balance the redox equations:
For example: Iron is the most widely used metal. MnO4-(aq) + Fe2+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)
But it is never used in its pure state. This is by Half-equation or ion electron method in a basic
because pure iron is very soft and stretches easily solution.
when hot. But, if it is mixed with a small amount of Answer: Gen Equation-
carbon (about 0.05%), it becomes hard and strong. MnO4-(aq) + Fe2+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)
When iron is mixed with nickel and chromium to Split into oxidation and reduction half reactions
form stainless steel which is hard and does not Fe2+  Fe3+ oxidized
rust, its properties change. In fact, the properties Mn O4  Mn
7+ - 2+ reduced
of any metal can be changed, if it is mixed with Balance for atoms other than H & O
some other substances. Fe2+  Fe3+
Mn7+O4-  Mn2+
43. What do you mean by corrosion? How can you Balance for O by adding H2O to the sides with less
prevent it? O
Answer: When some metals are exposed to Fe2+  Fe3+
moisture, acids etc., they tarnish due to the Mn7+O4-  Mn2+ + 4 H2O
formation of respective metal oxide on their
Balance for H by adding H+ to the sides with less H
surface. This process is called corrosion. Corrosion
Fe2+  Fe3+
can be prevented by painting the surface, oiling,
8 H+ + Mn7+O4-  Mn2+ + 4 H2O
greasing, galvanizing, chrome plating or making
Since this is done in a basic solution, add the same
alloys. –OH as H+ to form same of H2O’s add –OH to both
sides)
44. Explain Electrolytic Refining Of Metals.
Fe2+  Fe3+
Answer:
8 -OH + 8 H+ + Mn7+O4-  Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 8 –OH
Electrolytic Refining of Metals: Electrolytic refining
8 H2O + Mn7+O4-  Mn2+ + 4 H2O+ 8 –OH
is a technique used for the extraction and
Cancel H2O’s if you can
purification of metals that are obtained by refining
methods. Pure metals are used as a cathode and Fe2+  Fe3+
impure metal is used as an anode. The same metal 8 H2O + Mn7+O4-  Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 8 –OH
is used as an electrolyte. 4 H2O + Mn7+O4-  Mn2+ + 8 –OH
Example of electrolytic refining: Balance for charge by adding electrons
At Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu Fe2+  Fe3+ + 1 electron
At Anode: Cu − 2e− → Cu 4 H2O + Mn7+O4- + 5 electrons  Mn2+ + 8 –OH
Therefore, Electrolytic refining is used for the Balance for electrons by multiplying
extraction of Metals. 5(Fe2+  Fe3+ + 1 electron)
4 H2O + MnO4- + 5 electrons  Mn2+ + 8 –OH
45. What are the main causes of Corrosion? 5 Fe2+  5 Fe3+ + 5 electron
Answer: The main causes of corrosion are given 4 H2O + MnO4- + 5 electrons  Mn2+ + 8 –OH
below. Combine ½ reactions and cancel anything that can
1) Weather conditions: Metals on exposure to be
environmental elements like water, wind, and 5Fe2++ 4H2O + MnO4-  5Fe3++Mn2++8 -OH
moisture oxidize the metal surface and corrode it.
2) Harmful gases and chemicals: Corrosive
substances like NH3, Cl2, Sulfur oxide, Hydrogen

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Sl No Chapters No. of Question PDF Page No.

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Explanation: Zinc sulphide ZnS is employed in α -

17. The hybridization of ‘B’ in 𝑩𝑪𝒍𝟑 , is-

Explanation: Both HCl and NaOH being strong acid

61. What is the value of magnetic quantum number for

77. Give one example each of 𝒔𝒑, 𝒔𝒑𝟐 and 𝒔𝒑𝟑

81. Why 𝑪𝑪𝒍𝟒 is a covalent compound?

86. Show the bonding in CaO.

83. Show the bonding in 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟐 .

97. Write the electronic configuration of Ca, Cr, Cu, Cl,

99. What do you mean by pH of a solution?

Explanation: Water distillation is a process in Explanation: Water is neutral in nature. The pH of

Explanation: Explanation: Zeolite softening is done by the

Explanation: 23. Write down the reasons for temporary hardness.

18. Purest form of natural water is-

Explanation: Most Aluminum is produced Explanation: Natural rubber is an addition polymer

9. The impurity in iron extraction is- 13. Nylon 6 is –

Explanation: Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a

31. What is alloy-steel? (v) Solder Pb = 50% It is widely used to join

(x) Ni : 70-78% Used in resistance

The reaction is condensation polymerisation as

55. What is refractory?

13. What is the electrolyte used in a dry cell?

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