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MidtermNotes

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HAZE-12
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1 views

MidtermNotes

Uploaded by

HAZE-12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arduino Programming

I/O Pins

Terminology

 sketch - a program you write to run on an Arduino board


 pin - an input or output connected to something. e.g.
output to an LED, input from a knob.
 digital value - is either HIGH or LOW. (aka on/off,
one/zero) e.g. switch state
 analog - value ranges, usually from 0-255. e.g. LED
brightness, motor speed, etc.
setup
Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT
 The setup section is used for assigning input and outputs
 Inputs - is a signal / information going into the board.
o (Examples: motors, LED’s, sensors etc) to ports
o Examples: Buttons Switches, Light Sensors,
on the Arduino
Flex Sensors, Humidity Sensors, Temperature
 It also specifies whether the device is OUTPUT or INPUT
Sensors
 To do this we use the command “pinMode”
 Output - is any signal exiting the board
o Examples: LEDs, DC motor, servo motor, a
piezo buzzer, relay, an RGB LED
 Microcontrollers are digital devices – ON or OFF.
 Also called – discrete.
 Analog signals are anything that can be a full range of
values.

Digital I/0

 pinMode(pin, mode)
o Sets pin to either INPUT or OUTPUT
 digitalRead(pin)
o Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin
 digitalWrite(pin, value)
o Writes HIGH or LOW to a pin
 Electronic stuff pinMode
 Output pins can provide 40 mA of current
 Writing HIGH to an input pin installs a 20KΩ pullup  A pin on arduino can be set as input or output by using
pinModefunction.
Arduino Timing  pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // sets pin 13 as output pin
 pinMode(13, INPUT); // sets pin 13 as input pin
 delay(ms) – Pauses for a few milliseconds
 delayMicroseconds(us) – Pauses for a few microseconds
o int buttonState = digitalRead (pinNumber);
 Digital Input values are only HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

Digital Sensors
Reading/writing digital values
 Digital sensors are more straight forward than Analog
 digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Makes the output voltage on  No matter what the sensor there are only two settings:
pin 13 , 0V On and Off
 digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Makes the output voltage on  Signal is always either HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)
pin 13 , 5V  Voltage signal for HIGH will be a little less than 5V on
 int buttonState = digitalRead(2); // reads the value of pin your Uno
2 in buttonState  Voltage signal for LOW will be 0V on most systems

Variables

 A variable is like “bucket”


 It holds numbers or other values temporarily

Digital Input

 Connect digital input to your Arduino using Pins # 0 – 13


(Although pins # 0 & 1 are also used for programming)
 Digital Input needs a pinMode command: ANALOG I/O
o pinMode (pinNumber, INPUT);
o Make sure to use ALL CAPS for INPUT Analog Output
 To get a digital reading:
 Can a digital devise produce analog output?
 Analog output can be simulated using pulse width  value is duty cycle: between 0 and 255
modulation (PWM)  Examples:
 analogWrite(9, 128)
o for a 50% duty cycle
 analogWrite(11, 64)
o for a 25% duty cycle

Pulse Width Modulation

 Can’t use digital


pins to directly
supply say 2.5V,
but can pulse
the output on
and off really
fast to produce
the same effect
 The on-off
pulsing happens
Analog Input
so quickly, the
connected
 Think about music stored on a CD---an analog signal
output device
captured on digital media
“sees” the result
o Sample rate
as a reduction in
o Word length
the voltage

Arduino Analog Input

 Resolution: the number of different voltage levels (i.e.,


states) used to discretize an input signal
 Resolution values range from 256 states (8 bits) to
4,294,967,296 states (32 bits)
 The Arduino uses 1024 states (10 bits)
 Smallest measurable voltage change is 5V/1024 or 4.8
mV
 Maximum sample rate is 10,000 times a second

PMW Pins

 Command: analogWrite(pin,value)
How does ADC work?

Serial Communication
Serial Communication

 Compiling turns your program into binary data (ones


and zeros)
 Uploading sends the
bits through USB
cable to the Arduino
 The two LEDs near
the USB connector
blink when data is
transmitted
 RX blinks when the
Arduino is receiving data
 TX blinks when the Arduino is transmitting data

Some Commands

 Serial.begin() - e.g., Serial.begin(9600)


 Serial.print() or Serial.println() - e.g., Serial.print(value)
 Serial.read()
 Serial.available()
 Serial.write()
 Serial.parseInt()

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